單片機(jī)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

畢業(yè)論文說(shuō)明書畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯Singlechip

MCUisthroughrunning,andcanbemodified.Throughdifferentprocedurestoachievedifferentfunctions,inparticularspecialuniquefeatures,thisisanotherdevicemucheffortneedstobedone,somegreateffortsareverydifficulttodo.Anotverycomplexfunctionsifthe50'swiththeUnitedStatesdeveloped74series,orthe60'sCD4000seriesofthesepurehardwarebuttoned,thenthecircuitmustbealargePCBboard.ButiftheUnitedStatesifthe70'swithaseriesofsuccessfulSCMmarket,theresultwillbeadrasticchange.Justbecauseyouarepreparedbymicrocomputerprogramscanachievehighintelligence,highefficiencyandhighreliability.Asthemicrocontrolleronthecost-sensitive,sonowthedominantsoftwareorthelowestlevelassemblylanguage,whichisthelowestlevelinadditiontomorethanbinarymachinecodelanguage,andassolowwhyistheuse?Manyhigh-levellanguagehasreachedthelevelofvisualprogrammingWhyisnotit?ThereasonissimplythatthereisnohomecomputerasasinglechipCPU,notashardasamassstoragedevice.Avisualizationofsmallhigh-levellanguageprogramwhichevenifonlyonebutton,willreachtensofKofsize!ForthehomePC'sharddriveintermsofnothing,butintermsoftheMCUisnotacceptable.SCMintheutilizationofhardwareresourcestobeveryhighforthejobsoalthoughtheoriginalisstillinthecompilationofalotofuse.Thesametoken,ifthegiantcomputeroperatingsystemandapplicationsrunuptogethomePC,homePC,alsocannotaffordto.Canbesaidthatthetwentiethcenturyacrossthethree"power"era,thatis,theageofelectricity,theelectronicageandhasenteredintothecomputerage.However,thiscomputer,usuallyreferstothepersonalcomputer,referredtoasPC.Itconsistsofthehost,keyboard,monitorandothercomponents.Anothertypeofcomputer,mostpeopledonotknowhow.Thiscomputeristogiveallkindsofintelligentmachinessinglechip(alsoknownasmicro-controller).Asthenamesuggests,thiscomputersystemtookonlyaminimalintegratedcircuit,canbeasimpleoperationandcontrol.Becauseitissmall,usuallyhiddeninthechargedmechanical"stomach"in.Itisinthedevice,likethehumanbrainplaysarole,itgoeswrong,thewholeplantwasparalyzed.Now,thismicrocontrollerhasaverybroadfieldofuse,suchassmartmeters,real-timeindustrialcontrol,communicationsequipment,navigationsystems,andhouseholdappliances.OnceallkindsofproductswereusingSCM,canservetoupgradetheeffectivenessofproducts,oftenintheproductnameprecededbytheadjective-"intelligent,"suchasintelligentwashingmachines.Nowsometechnicalpersonneloffactoriesorotheramateurelectronicsdeveloperstoengageinoutofcertainproducts,notthecircuitistoocomplicated,thatfunctionistoosimpleandcaneasilybecopied.Thereasonmaybestuckintheproductdidnotuseamicrocontrollerorotherprogrammablelogicdevice.3SCMhistorySCMwasborninthelate20thcentury,70,experiencedSCM,MCU,SOCthreestages.

3.1Firstmodel

1.SCMthesinglechipmicrocomputer(SingleChipMicrocomputer)stage,mainlyseekingthebestofthebestsingleformofembeddedsystemsarchitecture."Innovationmodel"success,layingtheSCMandgeneralcomputercompletelydifferentpathofdevelopment.Intheopenroadofindependentdevelopmentofembeddedsystems,IntelCorporationcontributed.MCUthemicro-controller(MicroControllerUnit)stage,themaindirectionoftechnologydevelopment:expandingtomeettheembeddedapplications,thetargetsystemrequirementsforthevariousperipheralcircuitsandinterfacecircuits,highlighttheobjectofintelligentcontrol.Itinvolvestheareasassociatedwiththeobjectsystem,therefore,thedevelopmentofMCU'sresponsibilityinevitablyfallsonelectrical,electronicsmanufacturers.Fromthispointofview,IntelfadedMCUdevelopmenthasitsobjectivefactors.Philipscompanyinembeddedapplications,itsgreatadvantage,theMCS-51single-chipmicro-computerfromtherapiddevelopmentofthemicro-controller.Therefore,whenwelookbackatthepathofdevelopmentofembeddedsystems,donotforgetIntelandPhilipsinHistory.3.2EmbeddedSystems

Embeddedsystemmicrocontrollerisanindependentdevelopmentpath,theMCUimportantfactorinthedevelopmentstage,isseekingapplicationstomaximizethesolutiononthechip;Therefore,thedevelopmentofdedicatedsinglechipSOCtrendofthenaturalform.Asthemicroelectronics,ICdesign,EDAtoolsdevelopment,applicationsystembasedonMCUSOCdesignhavegreaterdevelopment.Therefore,theunderstandingofthemicrocontrollerchipmicrocomputercanbe,extendedtothesingle-chipmicro-controllerapplications.4MCUapplications

SCMnowpermeateallareasofourlives,whichisalmostdifficulttofindtracesofthefieldwithoutSCM.Missilenavigationequipment,aircraft,alltypesofinstrumentcontrol,computernetworkcommunicationsanddatatransmission,industrialautomation,real-timeprocesscontrolanddataprocessing,extensiveuseofvarioussmartICcard,civilianluxurycarsecuritysystem,videorecorder,camera,fullyautomaticwashingmachinecontrol,andprogram-controlledtoys,electronicpet,etc.,whichareinseparablefromthemicrocontroller.Nottomentiontheareaofrobotcontrol,intelligentinstruments,medicalequipmentwas.Therefore,theMCUlearning,developmentandapplicationofthelargenumberofcomputerapplicationsandintelligentcontrolofthescientists,engineers.

SCMiswidelyusedininstrumentsandmeters,householdappliances,medicalequipment,aerospace,specializedequipment,intelligentmanagementandprocesscontrolfields,roughlydividedintothefollowingseveralareas.4.1IntheapplicationofIntelligentInstruments

SCMhasasmallsize,lowpowerconsumption,controllingfunction,expansionflexibility,theadvantagesofminiaturizationandeaseofuse,widelyusedinstrument,combiningdifferenttypesofsensorscanberealizedZhuruvoltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperature,flow,speed,thickness,angle,length,hardness,elemental,physicalpressuremeasurement.SCMmakesuseofdigitalinstruments,intelligence,miniaturization,andfunctionalitythanelectronicordigitalcircuitsmorepowerful.Suchasprecisionmeasuringequipment(powermeter,oscilloscope,variousanalyticalinstrument).4.2Intheindustrialcontrolapplication

WiththeMCUcanconstituteavarietyofcontrolsystems,dataacquisitionsystem.Suchasfactoryassemblylineofintelligentcontrol.4.3InHouseholdAppliances

ItcanbesaidthattheappliancesarebasicallyusingSCM,praisefromtheelectricrice,washingmachines,refrigerators,airconditioners,colorTV,andotheraudiovideoequipment,totheelectronicweighingequipment,varied,andomnipresent.

4.4Inthefieldofcomputernetworksandcommunicationsapplications

MCUgeneralwithmoderncommunicationinterface,canbeeasywiththecomputerdatacommunication,networkingandcommunicationsincomputerapplicationsbetweendeviceshadexcellentmaterialconditions,arebasicallyallcommunicationequipmenttoachieveacontrolledbyMCUfrommobilephone,telephone,mini-program-controlledswitchboards,buildingautomatedcommunicationscallsystem,trainradiocommunication,tothedailyworkcanbeseeneverywhereinthemobilephones,trunkedmobileradio,walkie-talkies.4.5Microcomputerinthefieldofmedicaldeviceapplications

SCMintheuseofmedicaldevicesisalsoquiteextensive,suchasmedicalrespirator,thevariousanalyzers,monitors,ultrasounddiagnosticequipmentandhospitalbeds,etc.callsystem.

4.6Inavarietyofmajorappliancesinthemodularapplications

Designedtoachievesomespecialsinglespecificfunctiontobemodularinavarietyofcircuitapplications,withoutrequiringtheuseofpersonneltounderstanditsinternalstructure.Ifmusicintegratedsinglechip,seeminglysimplefunction,miniatureelectronicchipinthenet(theprincipleisdifferentfromthetapemachine),youneedacomputersimilartotheprincipleofthecomplex.Suchas:musicsignaltodigitalformstoredinmemory(likeROM),readbythemicrocontroller,analogmusicintoelectricalsignals(similartothesoundcard).

Inlargecircuits,modularapplicationsthatgreatlyreducethevolume,simplifiesthecircuitandreducethedamage,errorrate,butalsoeasytoreplace.

4.7Microcontrollerintheapplicationfieldofautomotiveequipment

SCMinautomotiveelectronicsiswidelyused,suchasavehicleenginecontroller,CANbus-basedIntelligentElectronicControlEngine,GPSnavigationsystem,absanti-lockbrakingsystem,brakesystem,etc..

Inaddition,theMCUinbusiness,finance,research,education,nationaldefense,aerospaceandotherfieldshasaverywiderangeofapplications.5Applicationofsiximportantpartoflearning

MCUlearninganimportantpartofthesixapplications.

5.1Bus

Weknowthatacircuitisalwaysmadebythedevicesconnectedbywires,inanalogcircuits,theconnectiondoesnotbecomeaproblembecausethedeviceisaserialrelationshipbetweenthegeneral,thedeviceisnotmuchconnectionbetweenthe,butthecomputerisnotthesamecircuit,itisamicroprocessorcore,thedevicemustbeconnectedwiththemicroprocessor,thedevicemustbecoordinationbetween,sotheyneedtoconnectonalot,asifstillanalogcircuitlikethemicroprocessoranddevicesintheconnectionbetweentheindividual,thenumberoflineswillbealittlemoresurprising,thereforetheintroductionofthemicroprocessorbusZhongEachdeviceGongtongaccessconnections,alldevices8Shujulineallreceivedeightpubliconline,thatistheequivalentofalldevicestogetherinparallel,butonlythisdoesnotwork,iftherearetwodevicessenddataatthesametime,a0,a1,then,whetherthereceiverreceivedwhatisit?Thissituationisnotallowed,sotobecontrolledbycontrollingtheline,time-sharingthedevicetoworkatanytimeonlyonedevicetosenddata(whichcanhavemultipledevicestoreceiveboth).Device'sdataconnectionisknownasthedatabus,thedeviceiscalledlineofcontrolallthecontrolbus.Internalorexternalmemoryinthemicrocontrollerandotherdeviceshavememorycells,thememorycelltobeassignedaddresses,youcanuse,distribution,ofcourse,toaddressgivenintheformofelectricalsignals,andasmorememorycells,so,fortheaddressallocationThelineisalsomoreoftheselinesiscalledtheaddressbus.5.2data,address,command

Thereasonwhythesethreetogetherbecauseofthenatureofthesethreearethesame-thenumber,orareastringof'0'and'1'formthesequence.Inotherwords,addresses,instructionsarealsodata.Instruction:fromsinglechipdesignerprovidesanumberofcommonlyusedinstructionswithmnemonicwehaveastrictcorrespondencebetweenthedevelopercannotbechangedbytheMCU.Address:thesearchforMCUinternal,externalstorageunits,inputandoutputportbasedontheaddressoftheinternalunitvalueprovidedbythechipdesignerisgood,cannotbechanged,theexternalunitcanbesinglechipdeveloperstodecide,butthereareanumberofaddressunitsisamust(seeproceduresfortheimplementationoftheprocess).

5.3P0port,P2andP3ofthesecondfunctionIuse

BeginnersoftenontheP0port,P2andP3portIusethesecondfunctionpuzzledthatthesecondfunctionandhaveaswitchbetweentheoriginalfunctionoftheprocess,orhaveadirective,infact,theportThesecondfeatureisautomatic,donotneedinstructionstoconvert.SuchasP3.6,P3.7respectivelyWR,RDsignal,whenthemicrochipprocessingmachinesexternalRAMorexternalI/Oport,theyareusedasasecondfunction,notasageneral-purposeI/Oportused,solongasaAmicroprocessorimplementationoftheMOVXinstruction,therewillbeacorrespondingsignalsentfromtheP3.6orP3.7,noprioruseofcommands.Infact'notasageneral-purposeI/Oportuse'isalsonota'no'but(user)'not'asageneral-purposeI/Oporttouse.YoucanarrangetheorderofaSETBP3.7'sinstructions,andwhentheMCUexecutiontotheinstruction,thealsomakeP3.7intoahigh,butuserswillnotdosobecausethisisusuallywillcausethesystemtocollapse.5.4theprogram'simplementation

Reductioninpowerafterthe8051microcontrollerwithintheprogramcounter(PC)inthevalueof0000',theprocessisalwaysfromthe0000'unitsstarted,thatis:thesystemmustexistinROM0000'thisunit,andin0000'unitmustbestoredinasingleinstruction.

5.5thestack

Stackisaregion,isusedtostoredata,thereisnospecialabouttheregionitselfisapartofinternalRAM,specialaccesstoitsdatastorageandthewaythattheso-called'advancedpostoutbackwardfirstout',andthestackhasaspecialdatatransmissioninstructionsthat'PUSH'and'POP',hasaspecialexpertiseinitsservicesunit,thatis,thestackpointerSP,wheneveraPUSHinstructionexecution,SPon(intheBasedontheoriginalvalue)automaticallyadd1,whenevertheimplementationofaPOPinstruction,SPwill(onthebasisoftheoriginalvalue)automaticallyby1.AstheSPvaluescanbechangedwiththeinstructions,solongasthebeginningoftheprocesstochangethevalueoftheSP,youcansetthestackmemoryunitrequired,suchastheprogrambegins,withanMOVSP,#5FHinstructionsWhensetonthestackstartingfromthememoryunit60Hunit.Thereisalwaysthebeginningofthegeneralprocedurewithsuchadirectivetosetthestackpointer,becauseboot,SPinitialvalueof07H,08HThisunitfromthebeginningtostacknext,and08Hto1FH8031isthesecondintheregion,threeorfourworkingregisterarea,oftenused,thiswillleadtoconfusionofdata.Differentauthorswhenwritingprograms,initializethestackisnotexactlythesamedirective,whichistheauthor'shabit.Whensetupthestackzone,doesnotmeanthattheregionbecomeaspecialmemory,itcanstillusethesamememoryregionasnormal,butgenerallytheprogrammerdoesnotregarditasanordinarymemoryused.1單片機(jī)單片機(jī)也被稱為微控制器（MicrocontrollerUnit）,常用英文字母的縮寫MCU表示單片機(jī)，它最早是被用在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機(jī)由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來(lái)。最早的設(shè)計(jì)理念是通過(guò)將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個(gè)芯片中，使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成進(jìn)復(fù)雜的而對(duì)體積要求嚴(yán)格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計(jì)出的處理器，從此以后，單片機(jī)和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚(yáng)鑣。早期的單片機(jī)都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)單可靠而性能不錯(cuò)獲得了很大的好評(píng)。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)。基于這一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機(jī)，但因?yàn)樾詢r(jià)比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機(jī)技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTELi960系列特別是后來(lái)的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用，32位單片機(jī)迅速取代16位單片機(jī)的高端地位，并且進(jìn)入主流市場(chǎng)。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機(jī)的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機(jī)主頻已經(jīng)超過(guò)300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器，而普通的型號(hào)出廠價(jià)格跌落至1美元，最高端的型號(hào)也只有10美元。當(dāng)代單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機(jī)環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機(jī)上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機(jī)核心處理的高端單片機(jī)甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linux操作系統(tǒng)。單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實(shí)上單片機(jī)是世界上數(shù)量最多的計(jì)算機(jī)。現(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中都會(huì)集成有單片機(jī)。手機(jī)、電話、計(jì)算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配件中都配有1-2部單片機(jī)。而個(gè)人電腦中也會(huì)有為數(shù)不少的單片機(jī)在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機(jī)，復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺(tái)單片機(jī)在同時(shí)工作！單片機(jī)的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)PC機(jī)和其他計(jì)算的總和，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。單片機(jī)又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)集成到一個(gè)芯片上。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)微型的計(jì)算機(jī)，和計(jì)算機(jī)相比，單片機(jī)只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價(jià)格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機(jī)是了解計(jì)算機(jī)原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。單片機(jī)內(nèi)部也用和電腦功能類似的模塊，比如CPU，內(nèi)存，并行總線，還有和硬盤作用相同的存儲(chǔ)器件，不同的是它的這些部件性能都相對(duì)我們的家用電腦弱很多，不過(guò)價(jià)錢也是低的，一般不超過(guò)10元即可用它來(lái)做一些控制電器一類不是很復(fù)雜的工作足矣了。我們現(xiàn)在用的全自動(dòng)滾筒洗衣機(jī)、排煙罩、VCD等等的家電里面都可以看到它的身影。它主要是作為控制部分的核心部件。它是一種在線式實(shí)時(shí)控制計(jì)算機(jī)，在線式就是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制，需要的是有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力，較低的成本，這也是和離線式計(jì)算機(jī)的（比如家用PC）的主要區(qū)別。2單片機(jī)芯片單片機(jī)是靠程序運(yùn)行的，并且可以修改。通過(guò)不同的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能，尤其是特殊的獨(dú)特的一些功能，這是別的器件需要費(fèi)很大力氣才能做到的，有些則是花大力氣也很難做到的。一個(gè)不是很復(fù)雜的功能要是用美國(guó)50年代開發(fā)的74系列，或者60年代的CD4000系列這些純硬件來(lái)搞定的話，電路一定是一塊大PCB板。但是如果要是用美國(guó)70年代成功投放市場(chǎng)的系列單片機(jī)，結(jié)果就會(huì)有天壤之別。只因?yàn)閱纹瑱C(jī)的通過(guò)你編寫的程序可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性。由于單片機(jī)對(duì)成本是敏感的，所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級(jí)匯編語(yǔ)言，它是除了二進(jìn)制機(jī)器碼以上最低級(jí)的語(yǔ)言了，既然這么低級(jí)為什么還要用呢？很多高級(jí)的語(yǔ)言已經(jīng)達(dá)到了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢？原因很簡(jiǎn)單，就是單片機(jī)沒(méi)有家用計(jì)算機(jī)那樣的CPU，也沒(méi)有像硬盤那樣的海量存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。一個(gè)可視化高級(jí)語(yǔ)言編寫的小程序里面即使只有一個(gè)按鈕，也會(huì)達(dá)到幾十K的尺寸。對(duì)于家用PC的硬盤來(lái)講沒(méi)什么，可是對(duì)于單片機(jī)來(lái)講是不能接受的。單片機(jī)在硬件資源方面的利用率必須很高才行，所以匯編雖然原始卻還是在大量使用。一樣的道理，如果把巨型計(jì)算機(jī)上的操作系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用軟件拿到家用PC上來(lái)運(yùn)行，家用PC的也是承受不了的?？梢哉f(shuō)，二十世紀(jì)跨越了三個(gè)“電”的時(shí)代，即電氣時(shí)代、電子時(shí)代和現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入的電腦時(shí)代。不過(guò)，這種電腦，通常是指?jìng)€(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)，簡(jiǎn)稱PC機(jī)。它由主機(jī)、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。還有一類計(jì)算機(jī)，大多數(shù)人卻不怎么熟悉。這種計(jì)算機(jī)就是把智能賦予各種機(jī)械的單片機(jī)（亦稱微控制器）。顧名思義，這種計(jì)算機(jī)的最小系統(tǒng)只用了一片集成電路，即可進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)算和控制。因?yàn)樗w積小，通常都藏在被控機(jī)械的“肚子”里。它在整個(gè)裝置中，起著有如人類頭腦的作用，它出了毛病，整個(gè)裝置就癱瘓了。現(xiàn)在，這種單片機(jī)的使用領(lǐng)域已十分廣泛，如智能儀表、實(shí)時(shí)工控、通訊設(shè)備、導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)、家用電器等。各種產(chǎn)品一旦用上了單片機(jī)，就能起到使產(chǎn)品升級(jí)換代的功效，常在產(chǎn)品名稱前冠以形容詞“智能型”，如智能型洗衣機(jī)等?，F(xiàn)在有些工廠的技術(shù)人員或其它業(yè)余電子開發(fā)者搞出來(lái)的某些產(chǎn)品，不是電路太復(fù)雜，就是功能太簡(jiǎn)單且極易被仿制。究其原因，可能就卡在產(chǎn)品未使用單片機(jī)或其它可編程邏輯器件上。3單片機(jī)歷史單片機(jī)誕生于20世紀(jì)70年代末，經(jīng)歷了SCM、MCU、SoC三大階段。3.1起初模型1.SCM即單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)（SingleChipMicrocomputer）階段，主要是尋求最佳的單片形態(tài)嵌入式系統(tǒng)的最佳體系結(jié)構(gòu)?！皠?chuàng)新模式”獲得成功，奠定了SCM與通用計(jì)算機(jī)完全不同的發(fā)展道路。在開創(chuàng)嵌入式系統(tǒng)獨(dú)立發(fā)展道路上，Intel公司功不可沒(méi)。2.MCU即微控制器（MicroControllerUnit）階段，主要的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向是：不斷擴(kuò)展?jié)M足嵌入式應(yīng)用時(shí)，對(duì)象系統(tǒng)要求的各種外圍電路與接口電路，突顯其對(duì)象的智能化控制能力。它所涉及的領(lǐng)域都與對(duì)象系統(tǒng)相關(guān)，因此，發(fā)展MCU的重任不可避免地落在電氣、電子技術(shù)廠家。從這一角度來(lái)看，Intel逐漸淡出MCU的發(fā)展也有其客觀因素。在發(fā)展MCU方面，最著名的廠家當(dāng)數(shù)Philips公司。Philips公司以其在嵌入式應(yīng)用方面的巨大優(yōu)勢(shì)，將MCS-51從單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)迅速發(fā)展到微控制器。因此，當(dāng)我們回顧嵌入式系統(tǒng)發(fā)展道路時(shí)，不要忘記Intel和Philips的歷史功績(jī)。3.2嵌入式系統(tǒng)單片機(jī)是嵌入式系統(tǒng)的獨(dú)立發(fā)展之路，向MCU階段發(fā)展的重要因素，就是尋求應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)在芯片上的最大化解決；因此，專用單片機(jī)的發(fā)展自然形成了SOC化趨勢(shì)。隨著微電子技術(shù)、IC設(shè)計(jì)、EDA工具的發(fā)展，基于SOC的單片機(jī)應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)有較大的發(fā)展。因此，對(duì)單片機(jī)的理解可以從單片微型計(jì)算機(jī)、單片微控制器延伸到單片應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。4單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域目前單片機(jī)滲透到我們生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，幾乎很難找到哪個(gè)領(lǐng)域沒(méi)有單片機(jī)的蹤跡。導(dǎo)彈的導(dǎo)航裝置，飛機(jī)上各種儀表的控制，計(jì)算機(jī)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊與數(shù)據(jù)傳輸，工業(yè)自動(dòng)化過(guò)程的實(shí)時(shí)控制和數(shù)據(jù)處理，廣泛使用的各種智能IC卡，民用豪華轎車的安全保障系統(tǒng)，錄像機(jī)、攝像機(jī)、全自動(dòng)洗衣機(jī)的控制，以及程控玩具、電子寵物等等，這些都離不開單片機(jī)。更不用說(shuō)自動(dòng)控制領(lǐng)域的機(jī)器人、智能儀表、醫(yī)療器械了。因此，單片機(jī)的學(xué)習(xí)、開發(fā)與應(yīng)用將造就一批計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用與智能化控制的科學(xué)家、工程師。單片機(jī)廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用設(shè)備、航空航天、專用設(shè)備的智能化管理及過(guò)程控制等領(lǐng)域，大致可分如下幾個(gè)范疇：4.1在智能儀器儀表上的應(yīng)用單片機(jī)具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強(qiáng)、擴(kuò)展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于儀器儀表中，結(jié)合不同類型的傳感器，可實(shí)現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長(zhǎng)度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測(cè)量。采用單片機(jī)控制使得儀器儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強(qiáng)大。例如精密的測(cè)量設(shè)備（功率計(jì)，示波器，各種分析儀）。4.2在工業(yè)控制中的應(yīng)用用單片機(jī)可以構(gòu)成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的智能化管4.3在家用電器中的應(yīng)用可以這樣說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都采用了單片機(jī)控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機(jī)、電冰箱、空調(diào)機(jī)、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設(shè)備，五花八門，無(wú)所不在。4.4在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代的單片機(jī)普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和通信設(shè)備間的應(yīng)用提供了極好的物質(zhì)條件，現(xiàn)在的通信設(shè)備基本上都實(shí)現(xiàn)了單片機(jī)智能控制，從手機(jī)，電話機(jī)、小型程控交換機(jī)、樓宇自動(dòng)通信呼叫系統(tǒng)、列車無(wú)線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見的移動(dòng)電話，集群移動(dòng)通信，無(wú)線電對(duì)講機(jī)等。4.5單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用單片機(jī)在醫(yī)用設(shè)備中的用途亦相當(dāng)廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機(jī)，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護(hù)儀，超聲診斷設(shè)備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。4.6在各種大型電器中的模塊化應(yīng)用某些專用單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)用于實(shí)現(xiàn)特定功能，