《商業(yè)倫理》 課件 劉白玉 Chapter 7 Environmental Ethics、Chapter 8 Business Ethics in Cross-cultural Management

BusinessEthics商業(yè)倫理Chapter7EnvironmentalEthics新視界商務(wù)英語系列教材LearningObjectives1.Outlinethekeyglobalenvironmentalissues.2.Analyzeethicalapproachestoenvironmentalproblems.3.Identifytheethicsofconservingtheenvironment.4.Evaluatetheattitudeofbusinessestowardtheenvironment.5.Describeglobalenvironmentalgoals.6.Explaintheroleofgovernmentinenvironmentalimprovement.7.Specifycorporateenvironmentalresponsibility.8.Examinethevalueofcorporatesustainabilitymanagement.目錄01Mini-case02OutlineofBusinessEthics03CaseStudy04ChineseEthicalCultureCONTENTS05Exercises06ReferencesMini-casePEPSI,Coca-Cola,andeightothercompaniesaremisleadingthepublicaboutthecostsofplasticpollutionandrefusingtoswitchtomoresustainablematerialstoreaphigherprofits,anenvironmentalgroupnamedEarthIslandInstitutesaysinanewlawsuitfiledinaCaliforniaSuperiorCourt.NestleUSAInc.,MarsInc.,DanoneNorthAmerica,Colgate-PalmoliveCo.,andProcter&GambleCo.werealsonamedinthelawsuit.“Thereisastaggering150millionmetrictonsofplasticinthemarineenvironment,”accordingtothelawsuit,whichsaysplasticisestimatedtooutweighfishintheoceanby2050.EarthIslandsaysrecyclingfacilitiesintheU.S.can’tprocessthesheervolumeofproductsfromCoke,Pepsi,andothercompaniesthattheyreceiveonanannualbasis.Thelawsuitsaysthereisnodemandforrecycledplasticduetotheavailabilityofcheapmaterialstomake“virginplastic.”Mini-caseEarthIslandsaysthecostofcleaningCalifornia’sbeaches,informingthepublicaboutplasticandaidingmarinelifethathasbeenchoked,poisoned,orstarvedbyplastic,hasgrownexponentiallyinrecentyears.Thegroupsaysmuchoftheplasticlabeledas“recyclable”isfalseandmisleadingduetotheinabilityofconsumerstoaccessfacilitiesthatwillactuallyrecyclethecompanies’products.Questions1.Whatdoyouthinkofthelawsuitagainstthesecompanies?2.Aretheyresponsiblefortheimpactofplasticpackagingtooceans,coasts,andmarinelife?ReferenceKeytotheQuestionsofMini-caseQuestion:1.Whatdoyouthinkofthelawsuitagainstthesecompanies?2.Aretheyresponsiblefortheimpactofplasticpackagingtooceans,coasts,andmarinelife?Thecompanies’actionsarenegligentandconstituteafailuretowarnovertheimpactofplasticpackagingtooceans,coasts,andmarinelife.Fundamentally,thelawsuitseekstoholdcorporationsaccountablefortheirshareofplasticpollutionandtheirclaimsthatplasticpackagingisrecyclable.Also,byconvincingconsumersthesolutiontotheplasticproblemisrecycling,thecompanieshaveexternalizedthecostoftheirproductsalesandproductionsystemtothepublic.EnvironmentalEthics1.GlobalEnvironmentalIssuesEnvironmentalissuescanbegenerallyclassifiedasproblemsofpollutionandresourcedepletion,bothofwhicharemajorethicalissues.MajorTypesofPollution1)AirPollution2)WaterPollution3)LandPollutionMajorTypesofResourceDepletion1)DepletionofSpeciesandHabitats2)DepletionofFossilFuelsandMineralsEnvironmentalEthics2.EthicalApproachestotheEnvironmentalProblemsTherearemainlythreeethicalapproachestotheenvironmentalproblems:ecologicalapproach,environmentalrightsapproach,andmarketapproach.EcologicalApproachEcologicalethicsarebasedontheideathatatleastsomenonhumanpartsofnaturehaveanintrinsicvaluethatisnotrelatedinanywaytotheirusefulnessorvaluetohumans.Proponentsofthisapproachhaveformulatedtheirviewsasfollows:EnvironmentalEthics1)Thewellbeingandflourishingofhumanandnonhumanlifeonearthhavevalueinthemselves.Thesevaluesareindependentoftheusefulnessofthenonhumanworldforhumanpurposes.2)Richnessanddiversityoflifeformscontributetotherealizationofthesevaluesandarealsovaluesinthemselves.3)Humanshavenorighttoreducethisrichnessanddiversityexcepttosatisfyvitalneeds.4)Theflourishingofhumanlifeandculturesiscompatiblewithasubstantialdecreaseofthehumanpopulation.Theflourishingofnonhumanliferequiressuchadecrease.5)Presenthumaninterferencewiththenonhumanworldisexcessive,andthesituationisrapidlyworsening.EnvironmentalEthics6)Policiesmustthereforebechanged.Thechangesinpoliciesaffectbasiceconomic,technological,andideologicalstructures.Theresultingstateofaffairswillbedeeplydifferentfromthepresent.7)Theideologicalchangeismainlythatofappreciatinglifequalityratherthanadheringtoanincreasinglyhigherstandardofliving.8)Thosewhosubscribetotheforegoingpointshaveanobligationdirectlyorindirectlytoparticipateintheattempttoimplementthenecessarychanges.EnvironmentalEthicsEnvironmentalRightsApproachWilliamT.Blackstonearguesinaninfluentialarticlethatthepossessionofalivableenvironmentisnotmerelyadesirablesituation,butsomethingtowhicheachhumanbeinghasaright.What’smore,thisrightshouldbeincorporatedintothelegalsystem.However,criticsofBlackstone’sviewcontendedthattheconceptofenvironmentalrightscanleadtoabsolutebansonpollution,evenwhenthecostsfaroutweighthebenefits.EnvironmentalEthicsMarketApproachOnewaytosolvetheproblemconnectedwithBlackstone’spropositionofenvironmentalrightsistoseeenvironmentalissuesasmarketdefects.Ifanindustrypollutestheenvironment,themarketpricesofitscommoditieswillnolongerreflectthefullcostsofproducingthecommodities.Pollutionimposesexternalcosts,whichmeansthattheprivatecostsofproductionarelessthanthesocialcosts.Consequently,marketswithpollutiondonotimposeanoptimaldisciplineonproducers,andtheresultisadropinsocialutility.Thuspollutionisaviolationoftheutilitarianprinciplesthatunderlieamarketsystem.EnvironmentalEthicsPollutionalsoviolatesjusticeandrightsthatcharacterizeacompetitivefreemarket.Inawell-functioningcompetitivefreemarket,thevalueofwhatbuyersandsellersonaveragereceivefromtheirmarketexchangesequalsthevalueofwhattheycontribute.However,whenamarketgeneratespollution,thereareexternalcoststhatsomepeoplehavetopayinadditiontowhattheypayforthegoodstheyreceivefromthemarket.Thesecostsareunfairlyimposedonpeoplebytheproducers.Besides,allmarketexchangesarevoluntaryinacompetitivefreemarket,andpeoplearefreetoenterorleavethemarket.Yet,whenaproducergeneratespollution,thatproducerimposescostsonpeoplethattheydidnotvoluntarilychoose,therebyviolatingtheirrighttochoose.EnvironmentalEthicsTheremedyforexternalcosts,accordingtothemarketapproach,istoensurethatthecostsofpollutionareinternalized,thatis,tobeabsorbedbytheproducerandtakenintoaccountwhendeterminingthepriceofitsgoods.Inthisway,goodswillbeaccuratelypriced,marketforceswillprovidetheincentivesthatwillencourageproducerstominimizeexternalcosts,andsomeconsumerswillnolongerenduppayingmorethanothersforthesamecommodities.EnvironmentalEthics3.TheEthicsofConservingtheEnvironmentConservationlooksprimarilytothefuture:totheneedtolimitconsumptionnowtohaveresourcesavailablefortomorrow.TheRightsofFutureGenerationsItmightappearthatwehaveanobligationtoconserveresourcesforfuturegenerationsbecausetheyhaveanequalrighttothelimitedresourcesofthisplanet.Iffuturegenerationshaveanequalrighttotheworld’sresources,thenbydepletingtheseresources,wearetakingwhatisactuallytheirsandviolatingtheirrighttotheseresources.EnvironmentalEthicsJusticeforFutureGenerationsTodetermineajustwayofdistributingresourcesbetweengenerations,JohnRawlssuggestedthatthemembersofeachgenerationshouldputthemselvesinthe“originalposition,”adoptingtheprinciplethateachgenerationhasanobligationtoleavetheworldnoworsethantheyreceiveditfromthepreviousgeneration.ProponentsofcareethicsalsosuggestconservationpoliciessimilartothoseadvocatedbyRawls’sviews.AndRawls’sideaisalsosupportedbysomeutilitarianviews.EnvironmentalEthicsSustainableDevelopmentTheterm“sustainability”waspopularizedbytheUNWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentinits1987report(theBrundtlandReport),whichspecifiedthekindoffunctioningthatwewanttocontinueintothefuture,thatis,thefunctionofmeetingpresentandfutureneeds.Inlightofthisreport,sustainabilityisnowwidelyunderstoodasthecapacitysomethinghastocontinuetomeettheneedsofpresentgenerationswithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstoalsomeettheirneeds.

EnvironmentalEthicsTheconceptofsustainabilityisnowcommonlyinterpretedasencompassingthreedomains:economicactivities,socialactivitiesandenvironmentalactivities.Thesethreedomainsaresocloselyinterrelatedthatsustainabilityinanyonedomainispossibleonlyiftheotherdomainsaresustainable.TheideaofsustainabilityisconsistentwiththeethicaljudgmentofRawlsandAttfieldthatweshouldleaveourchildrenaworldthatisnoworsethantheoneourparentsleftus.Thismeans,specifically,thatwemustnotconsumerenewableresourcesfasterthantheycanrenewthemselves,thatwemustnotproducemorepollutionthantheenvironmentcanabsorb,andthatweshouldnotdepletenonrenewableresourcesfasterthanourtechnologycandevelopadequatesubstitutes.4.BusinessandEnvironmentTraditionally,followingtheirownself-interest,businessestendtoviewthenaturalworldasa“freeandunlimitedgood,”thatis,somethingtobeutilized,evenlavishedon,withoutregardtothefuturegenerations.Thistendencytowardirresponsibilityforenvironmentleadstoadisparitybetweentheprivatecostsandthesocialcostsofabusinessactivity.Accordingtomarketapproachtoenvironmentalproblems,economistsdistinguishbetweenwhatitcostsamanufacturerprivatelytomakeaproductandwhatitcoststhesocietyasawhole.Thisdisparitybetweenprivatecostsandsocialcostsistermedasexternality.Pollutionisfundamentallyaproblemofthisdivergencebetweenprivateandsocialcosts;inotherwords,thefirm’sprivatecostsarelessthanthetotalsocialcostsinvolved.EnvironmentalEthics5.GlobalEnvironmentalGoalsIfhumansocietiesexploitresourcesfasterthantheycanbereplenished,andcreatewastefasterthanitcanbedisposedof,environmentaldeteriorationanddevastationwillbeinevitable.Theterm“ecologicalfootprint”servestomeasuretheEarth’scarryingcapacityandhowfaritisexceededbyhumanactivity.Inaconsumersociety,bothindividualsandorganizationsconcernedaboutecologicalfootprintshoulddecidetochangetheirpatternsofconsumption.Aninfrastructure-basedapproachtocityplanningcanbeadoptedforurbansustainability.Residences,businessareasandplacesofentertainmentcouldbebuiltclosertoeachotherandtopublictransit,socity-dwellerandcommuterscouldgetwheretheyneededtogowithmoreenergyefficiency.EnvironmentalEthicsEnvironmentalEthics6.RoleofGovernmentinEnvironmentalImprovementGovernmentplaysacrucialroleininvolvingbusinessandcivilsocietyinacollectiveefforttoachieveenvironmentalgoals.ARegulativeApproachGovernment,bysettingacommonstandardforallbusinessesthroughregulations,determineshowthepollutionbillispaidbyanoffender.

AnIncentiveApproachFinancialinducementlikegovernmentinvestment,subsidy,taxbreakandgeneraleconomicincentivesencouragethevoluntaryactionofcompaniestomeetenvironmentalstandards.AMarket-basedApproachAmarket-basedapproachofpollutioncontrolistheestablishmentofchargesandfeesforemissionoreffluenttiedtotheamountofdamagecausedtotheenvironment.RoleoftheChineseGovernmentInChina,theenvironmentalprotectionismainlygovernment-oriented,consistingofenvironmentalregulation,governmentinvestmentpolicyandenvironmentaltaxpolicy.EnvironmentalEthicsEnvironmentalEthics8.CorporateEnvironmentalResponsibilityTocombatthedegradationofenvironment,businessandgovernmentshouldworktogethertoachievethesharedenvironmentalgoals.CarbonNeutralityBusinessesmovetowardsCarbonNeutrality,thatis,attainingnet-zeroemissionofgreenhousegasesbybalancingtheiremissionandremoval.IndustrialEcosystemBusinessesinitiateresourceconservationandenergyefficiencybyconstructingself-containedindustrialecosystems.ProductStewardshipCompaniescommitthemselvestoProductStewardship,focusingonsustainabilitymanagementofthefulllifecycleofaproduct.ExtendedProductResponsibilityFirmsembracetheideasofExtendedProductResponsibilitythattheyhaveacontinuingresponsibilityfortheenvironmentalimpactoftheirproductsevenaftertheyaresold.EnvironmentalEthicsInnovativeTechnologyBusinessesdevelopinnovativenewtechnologiesthatsupportsustainability,notonlypreventingharmsbutalsoreapingactualenvironmentalbenefits.ChiefSustainabilityOfficerMostoftheseCSOsatlargefirmsreportdirectlytotheCEOandoperateacompany’ssustainabilitymanagement.Chiefsustainabilityofficershelptheircompaniesevaluatetheircurrentenvironmentalimpact,devisestrategiesforsustainabilitymission,deployresources,supervisestaffandcoordinatetheworkacrossmanyfunctionalareas.EnvironmentalEthics8.ValueofCorporateSustainabilityManagementManybusinessesareseekingtobecomemoresustainablebecauseofitsgreatbenefitsofgainingacompetitiveadvantagefortheirsurvivalandsuccessnowandinthefuture.CostReductionCompaniesthatcontrolpollution,reducewaste,economizeenergy,andreuseorrecyclematerialscanconsiderablycutcostandboostproductivity.PositiveBrandImageCompaniesthatestablishareputationforenvironmentalimprovementbuildabrandimageappealingtolike-mindedcustomers.EnvironmentalEthicsEnvironmentalEthicsTechnologicalAdvancementCompaniesseekingleadershipinundertakingenvironmentalresponsibilityhavepotentialstobecometechnologicalgiants.StrategicCorporatePlanningForward-lookingcompaniesthatplanstrategicallyfortheireffectsonenvironmentareabletoanticipateawiderrangeofexternalfactorsinplaythanecologicalones.CaseStudyTheMostEnvironmentallyFriendlyCompaniesintheUSAMcDonald’sAsoneofthelargestfoodstoresintheworld,McDonald’sisleadinggreentransitionbyreducingitsoverallenergyconsumptionanddrasticallycuttingdownonplastic/foampackaging.Thecompanyhasreducedenergywasteduringbusinessactivitiesby25percentbyusingenergy-efficientappliances.McDonald’sencouragesitsemployeesandcustomerstousehybridorelectricvehiclesbyprovidinggreenparkinglotsspecificallyforthesevehicles.Theparkinglotshavechargingsystemsforthevehiclesandthecapabilityofcleaninggroundwater.Havingachieved67percentofitspackagingtobesustainable,thecompanylastyearpledgedtoreachthegoalofmeeting100percentgreenstandardinpackagingwithintwoyears.Itisalsoworkinghardtoobtainallanimalproductsusingconsideratemeanstominimizeimpactsondestroyinganimalhabitationsthroughtraditionalprocedures.CaseStudyBankofAmericaTheneedforpromotingasustainableenvironmentencouragedtheBankofAmericatoinvestmoreintogreenpractices.BankofAmerica’sgreeninitiativeshasenabledthecompanytocutdownitspaperrequirementsby32percentwithinaperiodoffiveyears.Ithasalsorecycledabout30,000tonsofpaperyearlythroughaninternalrecyclingprogram.That’sconservingabout200,000treeseveryyearifweconvertthepaper.Since2007,thebankhasraisedover$90billionforsustainableandlow-carbonbusinessactivities.Ithaspumpedatotalof$125billionintoprojectsaimedatdevelopingsolutionstovariousenvironmentalchallengessuchasclimatechange.Thebankalsosupportsitsemployeestogogreenbyofferingthem$3,000cash-backasarewardformovingtoahybridorelectriccars.That’salotofsupporttosustainourecosystem.CaseStudyTesla,IncAsidefrompromotingeco-friendlyproducts,Teslaisoneofthemajorcompaniesleadingtheworld’stransitiontogreenenergy.Tesla’sGigafactory1inNevadahastheworld’slargestsolarrooftoparray.Thecompany’smanufacturingfacilitiesstillunderconstructionwillnotdependonfossilfuelsdirectly;hence,productionwillbedonethroughrenewableenergysourcesasidefromthefactthattheproductsarecompletelyeco-friendly.Teslaproductsincludeelectriccars,powerwall,solarpanels,andrechargeablebatteries,solartiles,etc.It’salsoimportanttonotethatTesla’svehicleswithzero-carbonemissionarenotinanywaylessefficientwhilebeingcost-effective.Asasustainableenergycompany,TeslahasassistedseveralhomesandcommunitiessuchasIslandnationofSamoatotransitionto100percentcleanenergy.CaseStudyThesizeofyourbusinessorsectorcannotinanywaylimitinitiativesaimedatmakingyourbusinessmoresustainableandethical.Carefullyscoringeffortsbytheabove-mentionedcompaniesinvariousareastoensurethattheircorporatemodelsareenvironmentallyfriendlycouldprovideinsightsonthedutytowardssustainability.Goinggreenisagradualprocess.Youshouldnotexpecttodraftaprogramthatwouldmoveyourbusinessfrom0to100percentgreen.Whilethismaybepossible,itwouldrequiresomuchfromyourcompanyasidefromfund.Agradualtransitionismuchsaferandallowsyoutoproperlyevaluateeachgreeninitiativebeforemakingadive.QuestionsforDiscussion1.Whatdoyouthinkofthesecompanies’effortstolimitenvironmentalfootprints?2.Discussinsmallgroupstothinkaboutgreenerbusinesspracticesthatcanbeimplementedregardlessofthebusinesssize?ReferenceKeytotheQuestionsofCaseStudy1.Whatdoyouthinkofthesecompanies’effortstolimitenvironmentalfootprints?Thesegreen-goingcompaniesarenotonlyrecognizingthecrucialcallfortheconservationofglobalecosystembutrealigningtoenvironmentalregulationsgraduallyrelegatingbusinessprotocolsthatarenoteco-friendly.Theymakegoodeffortsinvariousareas(serving,manufacturingandproductionprocedures)tolimitenvironmentalfootprintssuchaswastemanagement,theuseofsustainablematerials,promotionofeco-friendlybrandsandlessrelianceoncoal-firedenergysources.Theyembracegreeninitiativesasnotonlyasocialresponsibilitybutaspartofcorporateliability.ReferenceKeytotheQuestionsofCaseStudy2.Discussinsmallgroupstothinkaboutgreenerbusinesspracticesthatcanbeimplementedregardlessofthebusinesssize.Herearesomeeco-friendlybusinesspracticesanybusinesscanbeginwith:1)Engageyouremployeesindesigninganddeployingyoursustainabilityprogramssuchasaskingemployeestoprovideidealwaysofendingdisposablecupsorplasticproductsinyouroffice.2)Avoidtheuseofthosecleaningsuppliesthatareharshontheenvironment.3)Manageenergyusagebycreatingawarenessandteachingyouremployeestoturnoffappliancesandelectronicsfacilitieswhentheyarenotinuse.Scrutinizealldivisionsandensurethatelectronicsdevicesnotinuseareunpluggedtosaveenergy.4)Switchtodigitalfilestocutdowntheuseofpaperinyourbusiness.Digitalfilesarenotonlyeasytosharewitheveryoneinyourcompany,organizingthemarealsoveryeasy.ChineseEthicalCulture:中國倫理文化子曰：“知者樂水，仁者樂山。知者動(dòng)，仁者靜。知者樂，仁者壽?！保ā墩撜Z·雍也》）Confuciusremarked,“Menofintellectualcharacterdelightinwaterscenery;menofmoralcharacterdelightinmountainscenery.Intellectualmenareactive;moralmenarecalm.Intellectualmenenjoylife;moralmenlivelong.”(ChapterVI,TheAnalectsofConfucius)ChineseEthicalCulture:中國倫理文化2.要建設(shè)資源節(jié)約、環(huán)境友好的綠色發(fā)展體系，實(shí)現(xiàn)綠色循環(huán)低碳發(fā)展、人與自然和諧共生，牢固樹立和踐行“綠水青山就是金山銀山”理念，形成人與自然和諧發(fā)展的現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)新格局。（摘自習(xí)近平在主持中共十九屆中央政治局第三次集體學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)的講話，2018年1月30日）Agreendevelopmentsystemthatconservesresourcesandisenvironmentallyfriendlyistobedeveloped,toachievegreen,circularandlow-carbondevelopmentandharmoniouscoexistencebetweenhumanityandnature,tofirmlyestablishandpracticetheconceptthatclearwatersandgreenmountainsareinvaluableassets,andtobringintobeinganewmodelofmodernizationwherehumanityandnaturedevelopinharmony.(FromthespeechatthethirdgroupstudysessionofthePoliticalBureauofthe19thCPCCentralCommittee,January30,2018)Exercises1.Trueorfalse.1)Proponentsofanthropocentricviewseenatureassomethingthatistheretoservetheinterestsofmankindandhasonlyaninstrumentalvalue.2)Accordingtoecologicalethics,humanshavenorighttoreducetherichnessanddiversityoflifeformsexcepttosatisfyvitalneeds.3)WilliamT.Blackstoneclaimedthatenvironmentalrightsaremoreimportantthanpeople’slegalpropertyrights.4)Theterm“conservation”ismoreapplicabletotheproblemsofpollutionthantotheproblemsofresourcedepletion.TTTF5)RobinAttfieldsuggestedleavingtheworldwiththesameoutputcapacitymeansleavingtheworldwiththesameresources.6)Accordingtoecologicalapproachtoenvironmentalproblems,economistsdistinguishbetweenprivatecostsandsocialcosts.7)Toreducetheoverallecologicalfootprint,peopleshouldconsumelessandmakeenvironmentallyinformedpurchases.8)Benefitsoftheenforcementofanyspecificregulationoutweighitsoverallcosts.9)Anincentiveapproachtoreachingenvironmentalgoalsisimposingataxonthepollutantsreleasedintotheenvironment.10)Customershabituallymakepurchasingdecisionsfor“greenness”ofproductsorservices,whichishowgreenmarketingworksoncustomerneedsandperceptions.FFTFFF

Exercises2.GivethefollowingdefinitionsforthenamesinEnglish.1)EcologicalethicsEcologicalethicsrefertotheideathatatleastsomenonhumanpartsofnaturehaveanintrinsicvaluethatisnotrelatedinanywaytotheirusefulnessorvaluetohumans.2)SustainabilitySustainabilityreferstothecapacitysomethinghastocontinuetomeettheneedsofpresentgenerationswithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstoalsomeettheirneeds.3)SocialCostsSocialcostsrefertowhatamanufacturercostssocietyasawhole,includingtheprivatecostswhenitmakesaproductandtheexternalcostswhenitpollutestheenvironment.4)CarbonneutralityCarbonneutralitymeansattainingnet-zeroemissionofgreenhousegasesbybalancingtheiremissionandremoval.5)Life-cycleanalysisA“Life-cycleanalysis”involvescollectinginformationontheenvironmentalimpactofitsproductthroughoutitslifecycle.Exercises3.TranslatethefollowingtermsintoChinese.1)Resourcedepletion

2)Anthropocentric

3)Marketdefects

4)Ecologicalfootprint

5)ChiefSustainabilityOfficer(CSO)

資源消耗人類中心論的

市場(chǎng)缺陷

生態(tài)足跡首席可持續(xù)發(fā)展官

Exercises4.TranslatethefollowingtermsintoEnglish.1)環(huán)境權(quán)

2)宜居的環(huán)境

3)外部成本

4)節(jié)能

5)品牌形象

EnvironmentalrightsAlivableenvironmentExternalcostsEnergyefficiencyBrandimage5.Answerthequestionsbriefly.1)Whatistheremedyforexternalcostscausedbypollutionaccordingtomarketapproach,oneoftheethicalapproachestoenvironmentalproblems?Theremedyforexternalcostsistoensurethatthecostsofpollutionareinternalized,thatis,tobeabsorbedbytheproducerandtakenintoaccountwhendeterminingthepriceofitsgoods.2)AccordingtoJohnRawls,whatisthejustwayofdistributingresourcesbetweengenerations?JohnRawlssuggestedthatthemembersofeachgenerationshouldputthemselvesintheoriginalposition,”adoptingtheprinciplethateachgenerationhasanobligationtoleavetheworldnoworsethantheyreceiveditfromthepreviousgeneration.Exercises3)Whatarethethreedomainsinvolvedintheconceptofsustainability?Theconceptofsustainabilityinvolveseconomicactivities,socialactivitiesandenvironmentalactivities.4)What’stheroleofChinesegovernmentinenvironmentalprotection?InChina,theenvironmentalprotectionismainlygovernment-oriented,includinglegislativechangesintermsofgovernmentregulation,governmentinvestmentpolicyasincentivesandenvironmentaltaxpolicyexemplifyingamarketapproach.5)WhataretheresponsibilitiesofaCorporateSustainabilityOfficer(CSO)ACSOisresponsibleforoperatingacompany’ssustainabilitymanagement,helpingthe

companyevaluateitscurrentenvironmentalimpact,devisestrategies,deployresources,supervisestaffandmakecoordination.Exercises6.CaseStudyBanksStepUpforEnvironmentallyFriendlyProjectsEmergingindustriesrelatingtoShanxi’ssustainabledevelopment,especiallyintheareasofnewenergy,recyclingandthereductionofpollution,aregivenprioritybyfinancialinstitutions’services.JinkunMineralProducts,acompanybasedinthecityofShuozhou,isoneofthebeneficiariesoffinancialplayers’improvedservices.Thehigh-techcompanyisengagedintherecyclingandreuseofcoalminerefuse.ThecompanyrecentlyappliedtotheShuozhoubranchofAgriculturalBankofChinaforaloan.Aloanof9.9millionyuanwasgrantedthreedaysaftertheapplicationwassubmitted.AnexecutiveoftheABCShuozhoubranchsaidthattheloanwasapprovedquicklybecausetheyhavealong-termpartnershiprelationwiththecompanyandareconfidentaboutitsdevelopmentpotentialasalocalleadingplayerinapromising,environmentallyfriendlyindustry.AwindpowerprojectinthecountyofGujiao,whichwasestablishedbyGuangdong-basedChinaGeneralNuclearPower,isanotherenti