單片機(jī)方面畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

中文譯文單片機(jī)單片機(jī)也被稱為微控制器（MicrocontrollerUnit），常用英文字母的縮寫MCU表示單片機(jī)，它最早是被用在工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域。單片機(jī)由芯片內(nèi)僅有CPU的專用處理器發(fā)展而來。最早的設(shè)計(jì)理念是通過將大量外圍設(shè)備和CPU集成在一個(gè)芯片中，使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)更小，更容易集成進(jìn)復(fù)雜的而對(duì)體積要求嚴(yán)格的控制設(shè)備當(dāng)中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照這種思想設(shè)計(jì)出的處理器，從此以后，單片機(jī)和專用處理器的發(fā)展便分道揚(yáng)鑣。早期的單片機(jī)都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因?yàn)楹唵慰煽慷阅懿诲e(cuò)獲得了很大的好評(píng)。此后在8031上發(fā)展出了MCS51系列單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)。基于這一系統(tǒng)的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)直到現(xiàn)在還在廣泛使用。隨著工業(yè)控制領(lǐng)域要求的提高，開始出現(xiàn)了16位單片機(jī)，但因?yàn)樾詢r(jià)比不理想并未得到很廣泛的應(yīng)用。90年代后隨著消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品大發(fā)展，單片機(jī)技術(shù)得到了巨大提高。隨著INTELi960系列特別是后來的ARM系列的廣泛應(yīng)用，32位單片機(jī)迅速取代16位單片機(jī)的高端地位，并且進(jìn)入主流市場(chǎng)。而傳統(tǒng)的8位單片機(jī)的性能也得到了飛速提高，處理能力比起80年代提高了數(shù)百倍。目前，高端的32位單片機(jī)主頻已經(jīng)超過300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的專用處理器，而普通的型號(hào)出廠價(jià)格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型號(hào)也只有10美元。當(dāng)代單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不再只在裸機(jī)環(huán)境下開發(fā)和使用，大量專用的嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)被廣泛應(yīng)用在全系列的單片機(jī)上。而在作為掌上電腦和手機(jī)核心處理的高端單片機(jī)甚至可以直接使用專用的Windows和Linux操作系統(tǒng)。單片機(jī)比專用處理器更適合應(yīng)用于嵌入式系統(tǒng)，因此它得到了最多的應(yīng)用。事實(shí)上單片機(jī)是世界上數(shù)量最多的計(jì)算機(jī)。現(xiàn)代人類生活中所用的幾乎每件電子和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品中都會(huì)集成有單片機(jī)。手機(jī)、電話、計(jì)算器、家用電器、電子玩具、掌上電腦以及鼠標(biāo)等電腦配件中都配有1-2部單片機(jī)。而個(gè)人電腦中也會(huì)有為數(shù)不少的單片機(jī)在工作。汽車上一般配備40多部單片機(jī)，復(fù)雜的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)上甚至可能有數(shù)百臺(tái)單片機(jī)在同時(shí)工作！單片機(jī)的數(shù)量不僅遠(yuǎn)超過PC機(jī)和其他計(jì)算的總和，甚至比人類的數(shù)量還要多。單片機(jī)又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個(gè)邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)集成到一個(gè)芯片上。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)微型的計(jì)算機(jī)，和計(jì)算機(jī)相比，單片機(jī)只缺少了I/O設(shè)備。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。它的體積小、質(zhì)量輕、價(jià)格便宜、為學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用和開發(fā)提供了便利條件。同時(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)使用單片機(jī)是了解計(jì)算機(jī)原理與結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳選擇。單片機(jī)內(nèi)部也用和電腦功能類似的模塊，比如CPU，內(nèi)存，并行總線，還有和硬盤作用相同的存儲(chǔ)器件，不同的是它的這些部件性能都相對(duì)我們的家用電腦弱很多，不過價(jià)錢也是低的，一般不超過10元即可......用它來做一些控制電器一類不是很復(fù)雜的工作足矣了。我們現(xiàn)在用的全自動(dòng)滾筒洗衣機(jī)、排煙罩、VCD等等的家電里面都可以看到它的身影！......它主要是作為控制部分的核心部件。它是一種在線式實(shí)時(shí)控制計(jì)算機(jī)，在線式就是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制，需要的是有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力，較低的成本，這也是和離線式計(jì)算機(jī)的（比如家用PC）的主要區(qū)別。單片機(jī)芯片單片機(jī)是靠程序運(yùn)行的，并且可以修改。通過不同的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)不同的功能，尤其是特殊的獨(dú)特的一些功能，這是別的器件需要費(fèi)很大力氣才能做到的，有些則是花大力氣也很難做到的。一個(gè)不是很復(fù)雜的功能要是用美國50年代開發(fā)的74系列，或者60年代的CD4000系列這些純硬件來搞定的話，電路一定是一塊大PCB板！但是如果要是用美國70年代成功投放市場(chǎng)的系列單片機(jī)，結(jié)果就會(huì)有天壤之別！只因?yàn)閱纹瑱C(jī)的通過你編寫的程序可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高智能，高效率，以及高可靠性！由于單片機(jī)對(duì)成本是敏感的，所以目前占統(tǒng)治地位的軟件還是最低級(jí)匯編語言，它是除了二進(jìn)制機(jī)器碼以上最低級(jí)的語言了，既然這么低級(jí)為什么還要用呢？很多高級(jí)的語言已經(jīng)達(dá)到了可視化編程的水平為什么不用呢？原因很簡單，就是單片機(jī)沒有家用計(jì)算機(jī)那樣的CPU，也沒有像硬盤那樣的海量存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。一個(gè)可視化高級(jí)語言編寫的小程序里面即使只有一個(gè)按鈕，也會(huì)達(dá)到幾十K的尺寸！對(duì)于家用PC的硬盤來講沒什么，可是對(duì)于單片機(jī)來講是不能接受的。單片機(jī)在硬件資源方面的利用率必須很高才行，所以匯編雖然原始卻還是在大量使用。一樣的道理，如果把巨型計(jì)算機(jī)上的操作系統(tǒng)和應(yīng)用軟件拿到家用PC上來運(yùn)行，家用PC的也是承受不了的?？梢哉f，二十世紀(jì)跨越了三個(gè)“電”的時(shí)代，即電氣時(shí)代、電子時(shí)代和現(xiàn)已進(jìn)入的電腦時(shí)代。不過，這種電腦，通常是指個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)，簡稱PC機(jī)。它由主機(jī)、鍵盤、顯示器等組成。還有一類計(jì)算機(jī)，大多數(shù)人卻不怎么熟悉。這種計(jì)算機(jī)就是把智能賦予各種機(jī)械的單片機(jī)（亦稱微控制器）。顧名思義，這種計(jì)算機(jī)的最小系統(tǒng)只用了一片集成電路，即可進(jìn)行簡單運(yùn)算和控制。因?yàn)樗w積小，通常都藏在被控機(jī)械的“肚子”里。它在整個(gè)裝置中，起著有如人類頭腦的作用，它出了毛病，整個(gè)裝置就癱瘓了?，F(xiàn)在，這種單片機(jī)的使用領(lǐng)域已十分廣泛，如智能儀表、實(shí)時(shí)工控、通訊設(shè)備、導(dǎo)航別是WR、RD信號(hào)，當(dāng)微片理機(jī)外接RAM或有外部I/O口時(shí)，它們被用作第二功能，不能作為通用I/O口使用，只要一微處理機(jī)一執(zhí)行到MOVX指令，就會(huì)有相應(yīng)的信號(hào)從P3.6或P3.7送出，不需要事先用指令說明。事實(shí)上‘不能作為通用I/O口使用’也并不是‘不能’而是（使用者）‘不會(huì)’將其作為通用I/O口使用。你完全可以在指令中按排一條SETBP3.7的指令，并且當(dāng)單片機(jī)執(zhí)行到這條指令時(shí)，也會(huì)使P3.7變?yōu)楦唠娖?，但使用者不?huì)這么去做，因?yàn)檫@通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)的崩潰。四、程序的執(zhí)行過程：單片機(jī)在通電復(fù)位后8051內(nèi)的程序計(jì)數(shù)器（PC）中的值為‘0000’，所以程序總是從‘0000’單元開始執(zhí)行，也就是說：在系統(tǒng)的ROM中一定要存在‘0000’這個(gè)單元，并且在‘0000’單元中存放的一定是一條指令。五、堆棧：堆棧是一個(gè)區(qū)域，是用來存放數(shù)據(jù)的，這個(gè)區(qū)域本身沒有任何特殊之處，就是內(nèi)部RAM的一部份，特殊的是它存放和取用數(shù)據(jù)的方式，即所謂的‘先進(jìn)后出，后進(jìn)先出’，并且堆棧有特殊的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸指令，即‘PUSH’和‘POP’，有一個(gè)特殊的專為其服務(wù)的單元，即堆棧指針SP，每當(dāng)執(zhí)一次PUSH指令時(shí)，SP就（在原來值的基礎(chǔ)上）自動(dòng)加1，每當(dāng)執(zhí)行一次POP指令，SP就（在原來值的基礎(chǔ)上）自動(dòng)減1。由于SP中的值可以用指令加以改變，所以只要在程序開始階段更改了SP的值，就可以把堆棧設(shè)置在規(guī)定的內(nèi)存單元中，如在程序開始時(shí)，用一條MOVSP，#5FH指令，就時(shí)把堆棧設(shè)置在從內(nèi)存單元60H開始的單元中。一般程序的開頭總有這么一條設(shè)置堆棧指針的指令，因?yàn)殚_機(jī)時(shí)，SP的初始值為07H，這樣就使堆棧從08H單元開始往后，而08H到1FH這個(gè)區(qū)域正是8031的第二、三、四工作寄存器區(qū)，經(jīng)常要被使用，這會(huì)造成數(shù)據(jù)的混亂。不同作者編寫程序時(shí)，初始化堆棧指令也不完全相同，這是作者的習(xí)慣問題。當(dāng)設(shè)置好堆棧區(qū)后，并不意味著該區(qū)域成為一種專用內(nèi)存，它還是可以象普通內(nèi)存區(qū)域一樣使用，只是一般情況下編程者不會(huì)把它當(dāng)成普通內(nèi)存用了。外文資料原文Single-chipSCMisalsoknownasmicro-controller(MicrocontrollerUnit),commonlyusedlettersoftheacronymMCUthatitwasfirstusedinindustrialcontrol.OnlyasinglechipbytheCPUchipdevelopedfromadedicatedprocessor.ThefirstdesignisbyalargenumberofperipheralsandCPUonachipinthecomputersystem,smaller,moreeasilyintegratedintoacomplexanddemandingonthevolumecontroldevicewhich.INTEL'sZ80isthefirstdesignedinaccordancewiththisideaprocessor,thenonthedevelopmentofmicrocontrolleranddedicatedprocessorshavepartedways.Are8-bitmicrocontrollerearlyor4bits.OneofthemostsuccessfulistheINTEL8031,forasimple,reliableandgoodperformancewasalotofpraise.Thendevelopedin8031outofMCS51MCUSystems.SCMsystemsbasedonthissystemuntilnowisstillwidelyused.Withtheincreasedrequirementsofindustrialcontrolfield,begana16-bitmicrocontroller,becausethecostisnotsatisfactorybuthavenotbeenverywidelyused.After90yearswiththegreatdevelopmentofconsumerelectronics,microcontrollertechnologyhasbeenahugeincrease.WithINTELi960series,especiallythelaterseriesofwidelyusedARM,32-bitmicrocontrollerquicklyreplacehigh-end16-bitMCUstatusandenterthemainstreammarket.Thetraditional8-bitmicrocontrollerperformancehavebeentherapidincreasecapacityincreasecomparedto80thenumberoftimes.Currently,high-end32-bitmicrocontrollerclockedover300MHz,theperformancecatchingthemid-90'sdedicatedprocessor,whiletheaveragemodelpricesfalltooneU.S.dollars,themosthigh-end[1]modelonly10dollars.ModernSCMsystemsarenolongeronlyinthedevelopmentanduseofbaremetalenvironment,alargenumberofproprietaryembeddedoperatingsystemiswidelyusedinthefullrangeofSCM.Thehandheldcomputersandcellphonesasthecoreprocessingofhigh-endmicrocontrollercanevenuseadedicatedWindowsandLinuxoperatingsystems.SCMismoresuitablethanthespecificprocessorusedinembeddedsystems,soitwasuptotheapplication.InfactthenumberofSCMistheworld'slargestcomputer.Modernhumanlifeusedinalmosteverypieceofelectronicandmechanicalproductswillbeintegratedsinglechip.Phone,telephone,calculator,homeappliances,electronictoys,handheldcomputersandcomputeraccessoriessuchasamousewitha1-2inboththeDepartmentofSCM.PersonalcomputerwillhavealargenumberofSCMinthework.Generalcarwithmorethan40SCM,complexindustrialcontrolsystemsmayevenhavehundredsofSCMinthesametimework!SCMisnotonlyfarexceedsthenumberofPCandothercomputingthesum,orevenmorethanthenumberofhumanbeingsSinglechip,alsoknownassingle-chipmicrocontroller,itisnotcompleteacertainlogicchips,buttoacomputersystemintegratedintoachip.Equivalenttoamicro-computer,andcomputerthanjustthelackofamicrocontrollerI/Odevices.Generaltalk:achipbecomesacomputer.Itssmallsize,lightweight,cheap,forthestudy,applicationanddevelopmentoffacilitiesprovided.Atthesametime,learningtousetheMCUistounderstandtheprincipleandstructureofthecomputerthebestchoice.SCMandthecomputerfunctionsinternallywithsimilarmodules,suchasCPU,memory,parallelbus,thesameeffectaswell,andharddiskmemorydevices,anddifferentisitsperformanceofthesecomponentswererelativelyweakmanyofourhomecomputer,butthepriceislow,usuallynotmorethan10yuanyoucandowithit......somecontrolforaclassisnotverycomplicatedelectricalworkisenoughof.Weareusingautomaticdrumwashingmachine,smokehood,VCDandsoonapplianceswhichcouldseeitsshadow!......ItisprimarilyasacontrolsectionofthecorecomponentsItisanonlinereal-timecontrolcomputer,control-lineisthatthesceneisneededisastrongeranti-jammingability,lowcost,andthisis,andoff-linecomputer(suchashomePC),themaindifference.Singlechip

MCUisthroughrunning,andcanbemodified.Throughdifferentprocedurestoachievedifferentfunctions,inparticularspecialuniquefeatures,thisisanotherdevicemucheffortneedstobedone,somegreateffortsareverydifficulttodo.Anotverycomplexfunctionsifthe50'swiththeUnitedStatesdeveloped74series,orthe60'sCD4000seriesofthesepurehardwarebuttoned,thenthecircuitmustbealargePCBboard!ButiftheUnitedStatesifthe70'swithaseriesofsuccessfulSCMmarket,theresultwillbeadrasticchange!Justbecauseyouarepreparedbymicrocomputerprogramscanachievehighintelligence,highefficiencyandhighreliability!Asthemicrocontrolleronthecost-sensitive,sonowthedominantsoftwareorthelowestlevelassemblylanguage,whichisthelowestlevelinadditiontomorethanbinarymachinecodelanguage,andassolowwhyistheuse?Manyhigh-levellanguagehasreachedthelevelofvisualprogrammingWhyisnotit?ThereasonissimplythatthereisnohomecomputerasasinglechipCPU,notashardasamassstoragedevice.Avisualizationofsmallhigh-levellanguageprogramwhichevenifonlyonebutton,willreachtensofKofsize!ForthehomePC'sharddriveintermsofnothing,butintermsoftheMCUisnotacceptable.SCMintheutilizationofhardwareresourcestobeveryhighforthejobsoalthoughtheoriginalisstillinthecompilationofalotofuse.Thesametoken,ifthegiantcomputeroperatingsystemandapplicationsrunuptogethomePC,homePC,alsocannotaffordto.Canbesaidthatthetwentiethcenturyacrossthethree"power"era,thatis,theageofelectricity,theelectronicageandhasenteredintothecomputerage.However,thiscomputer,usuallyreferstothepersonalcomputer,referredtoasPC.Itconsistsofthehost,keyboard,monitorandothercomponents.Anothertypeofcomputer,mostpeopledonotknowhow.Thiscomputeristogiveallkindsofintelligentmachinessinglechip(alsoknownasmicro-controller).Asthenamesuggests,thiscomputersystemtookonlyaminimalintegratedcircuit,canbeasimpleoperationandcontrol.Becauseitissmall,usuallyhiddeninthechargedmechanical"stomach"in.Itisinthedevice,likethehumanbrainplaysarole,itgoeswrong,thewholeplantwasparalyzed.Now,thismicrocontrollerhasaverybroadfieldofuse,suchassmartmeters,real-timeindustrialcontrol,communicationsequipment,navigationsystems,andhouseholdappliances.OnceallkindsofproductswereusingSCM,canservetoupgradetheeffectivenessofproducts,oftenintheproductnameprecededbytheadjective-"intelligent,"suchasintelligentwashingmachines.Nowsometechnicalpersonneloffactoriesorotheramateurelectronicsdeveloperstoengageinoutofcertainproducts,notthecircuitistoocomplicated,thatfunctionistoosimpleandcaneasilybecopied.Thereasonmaybestuckintheproductdidnotuseamicrocontrollerorotherprogrammablelogicdevice.SCMhistorySCMwasborninthelate20thcentury,70,experiencedSCM,MCU,SOCthreestages.

Firstmodel

1.SCMthesinglechipmicrocomputer(SingleChipMicrocomputer)stage,mainlyseekingthebestofthebestsingleformofembeddedsystemsarchitecture."Innovationmodel"success,layingtheSCMandgeneralcomputercompletelydifferentpathofdevelopment.Intheopenroadofindependentdevelopmentofembeddedsystems,IntelCorporationcontributed.2.MCUthemicro-controller(MicroControllerUnit)stage,themaindirectionoftechnologydevelopment:expandingtomeettheembeddedapplications,thetargetsystemrequirementsforthevariousperipheralcircuitsandinterfacecircuits,highlighttheobjectofintelligentcontrol.Itinvolvestheareasassociatedwiththeobjectsystem,therefore,thedevelopmentofMCU'sresponsibilityinevitablyfallsonelectrical,electronicsmanufacturers.Fromthispointofview,IntelfadedMCUdevelopmenthasitsobjectivefactors.InthedevelopmentofMCU,themostfamousmanufacturersasthenumberofPhilipsCorporation.Philipscompanyinembeddedapplications,itsgreatadvantage,theMCS-51single-chipmicro-computerfromtherapiddevelopmentofthemicro-controller.Therefore,whenwelookbackatthepathofdevelopmentofembeddedsystems,donotforgetIntelandPhilipsinHistory.

EmbeddedSystems

Embeddedsystemmicrocontrollerisanindependentdevelopmentpath,theMCUimportantfactorinthedevelopmentstage,isseekingapplicationstomaximizethesolutiononthechip;Therefore,thedevelopmentofdedicatedsinglechipSOCtrendofthenaturalform.Asthemicroelectronics,ICdesign,EDAtoolsdevelopment,applicationsystembasedonMCUSOCdesignhavegreaterdevelopment.Therefore,theunderstandingofthemicrocontrollerchipmicrocomputercanbe,extendedtothesingle-chipmicro-controllerapplications.MCUapplications

SCMnowpermeateallareasofourlives,whichisalmostdifficulttofindtracesofthefieldwithoutSCM.Missilenavigationequipment,aircraft,alltypesofinstrumentcontrol,computernetworkcommunicationsanddatatransmission,industrialautomation,real-timeprocesscontrolanddataprocessing,extensiveuseofvarioussmartICcard,civilianluxurycarsecuritysystem,videorecorder,camera,fullyautomaticwashingmachinecontrol,andprogram-controlledtoys,electronicpet,etc.,whichareinseparablefromthemicrocontroller.Nottomentiontheareaofrobotcontrol,intelligentinstruments,medicalequipmentwas.Therefore,theMCUlearning,developmentandapplicationofthelargenumberofcomputerapplicationsandintelligentcontrolofthescientists,engineers.

SCMiswidelyusedininstrumentsandmeters,householdappliances,medicalequipment,aerospace,specializedequipment,intelligentmanagementandprocesscontrolfields,roughlydividedintothefollowingseveralareas:1.IntheapplicationofIntelligentInstruments

SCMhasasmallsize,lowpowerconsumption,controllingfunction,expansionflexibility,theadvantagesofminiaturizationandeaseofuse,widelyusedinstrument,combiningdifferenttypesofsensorscanberealizedZhuruvoltage,power,frequency,humidity,temperature,flow,speed,thickness,angle,length,hardness,elemental,physicalpressuremeasurement.SCMmakesuseofdigitalinstruments,intelligence,miniaturization,andfunctionalitythanelectronicordigitalcircuitsmorepowerful.Suchasprecisionmeasuringequipment(powermeter,oscilloscope,variousanalyticalinstrument).2.Intheindustrialcontrolapplication

WiththeMCUcanconstituteavarietyofcontrolsystems,dataacquisitionsystem.Suchasfactoryassemblylineofintelligentcontrol3.InHouseholdAppliances

canbesaidthattheappliancesarebasicallyusingSCM,praisefromtheelectricrice,washingmachines,refrigerators,airconditioners,colorTV,andotheraudiovideoequipment,totheelectronicweighingequipment,varied,andomnipresent.

4.Inthefieldofcomputernetworksandcommunicationsapplications

MCUgeneralwithmoderncommunicationinterface,canbeeasywiththecomputerdatacommunication,networkingandcommunicationsincomputerapplicationsbetweendeviceshadexcellentmaterialconditions,arebasicallyallcommunicationequipmenttoachieveacontrolledbyMCUfrommobilephone,telephone,mini-program-controlledswitchboards,buildingautomatedcommunicationscallsystem,trainradiocommunication,tothedailyworkcanbeseeneverywhereinthemobilephones,trunkedmobileradio,walkie-talkies,etc..5.Microcomputerinthefieldofmedicaldeviceapplications

SCMintheuseofmedicaldevicesisalsoquiteextensive,suchasmedicalrespirator,thevariousanalyzers,monitors,ultrasounddiagnosticequipmentandhospitalbeds,etc.callsystem.

6.Inavarietyofmajorappliancesinthemodularapplications

Designedtoachievesomespecialsinglespecificfunctiontobemodularinavarietyofcircuitapplications,withoutrequiringtheuseofpersonneltounderstanditsinternalstructure.Ifmusicintegratedsinglechip,seeminglysimplefunction,miniatureelectronicchipinthenet(theprincipleisdifferentfromthetapemachine),youneedacomputersimilartotheprincipleofthecomplex.Suchas:musicsignaltodigitalformstoredinmemory(likeROM),readbythemicrocontroller,analogmusicintoelectricalsignals(similartothesoundcard).

Inlargecircuits,modularapplicationsthatgreatlyreducethevolume,simplifiesthecircuitandreducethedamage,errorrate,butalsoeasytoreplace.

7.Microcontrollerintheapplicationfieldofautomotiveequipment

SCMinautomotiveelectronicsiswidelyused,suchasavehicleenginecontroller,CANbus-basedIntelligentElectronicControlEngine,GPSnavigationsystem,absanti-lockbrakingsystem,brakesystem,etc..

Inaddition,theMCUinbusiness,finance,research,education,nationaldefense,aerospaceandotherfieldshasaverywiderangeofapplications.Applicationofsiximportantpartoflearning

MCUlearninganimportantpartofthesixapplications

1,Bus:

Weknowthatacircuitisalwaysmadebythedevicesconnectedbywires,inanalogcircuits,theconnectiondoesnotbecomeaproblembecausethedeviceisaserialrelationshipbetweenthegeneral,thedeviceisnotmuchconnectionbetweenthe,butthecomputerisnotthesamecircuit,itisamicroprocessorcore,thedevicemustbeconnectedwiththemicroprocessor,thedevicemustbecoordinationbetween,sotheyneedtoconnectonalot,asifstillanalogcircuitlikethemicroprocessoranddevicesintheconnectionbetweentheindividual,thenumberoflineswillbealittlemoresurprising,thereforetheintroductionofthemicroprocessorbusZhongEachdeviceGongtongaccessconnections,alldevices8Shujulineallreceivedeightpubliconline,thatistheequivalentofalldevicestogetherinparallel,butonlythisdoesnotwork,iftherearetwodevicessenddataatthesametime,a0,a1,then,whetherthereceiverreceivedwhatisit?Thissituationisnotallowed,sotobecontrolledbycontrollingtheline,time-sharingthedevicetoworkatanytimeonlyonedevicetosenddata(whichcanhavemultipledevicestoreceiveboth).Device'sdataconnectionisknownasthedatabus,thedeviceiscalledlineofcontrolallthecontrolbus.Internalorexternalmemoryinthemicrocontrollerandotherdeviceshavememorycells,thememorycelltobeassignedaddresses,youcanuse,distribution,ofcourse,toaddressgivenintheformofelectricalsignals,andasmorememorycells,so,fortheaddressallocationThelineisalsomoreoftheselinesiscalledtheaddressbus.Second,data,address,command

Thereasonwhythesethreetogetherbecauseofthenatureofthesethreearethesame-thenumber,orareastringof'0'and'1'formthesequence.Inotherwords,addresses,instructionsarealsodata.Instruction:fromsinglechipdesignerprovidesanumberofcommonlyusedinstructionswithmnemonicwehaveastrictcorrespondencebetweenthedevelopercannotbechangedbytheMCU.Address:thesearchforMCUinternal,externalstorageunits,inputandoutputportbasedontheaddressoftheinternalunitvalueprovidedbythechipdesignerisgood,cannotbechanged,theexternalunitcanbesinglechipdeveloperstodecide,butthereareanumberofaddressunitsisamust(seeproceduresfortheimplementationoftheprocess).

Third,P0port,P2andP3ofthesecondfunctionIuse:

BeginnersoftenontheP0port,P2andP3portIusethesecondfunctionpuzzledthatthesecondfunctionandhaveaswitchbetweentheoriginalfunctionoftheprocess,orhaveadirective,infact,theportThesecondfeatureisautomatic,donotneedinstructionstoconvert.SuchasP3.6,P3.7respectivelyWR,RDsignal,whenthemicrochipprocessingmachinesexternalRAMorexternalI/Oport,theyareusedasasecondfunction,notasageneral-purposeI/Oportused,solongasaAmicroprocessorimplementationoftheMOVXinstruction,therewillbeacorrespondingsignalsentfromtheP3.6orP3.7,noprioruseofcommands.Infact'notasageneral-purposeI/Oportuse'isalsonota'no'