1997年考研閱讀真題翻譯

1997年考研閱讀真題翻譯——BY李劍〔東方閱讀教師〕Text1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia’sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.He sentitonviathegroup’son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’sworldhistory.”34516個小時的國會劇烈辯論，澳大利亞北部地區(qū)成為世界上第一個允許醫(yī)生依據(jù)絕癥病人的個人意愿來完畢其生命的合法15票對10票的無可爭議的結(jié)果通過的。該消息幾乎同時消滅在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上。身處地球另一端的加拿大死亡權(quán)利協(xié)會執(zhí)行主席JohnHofsess在看到該消息后便通過協(xié)會的在線效勞網(wǎng)站“死亡之網(wǎng)”公布了公告。他說Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia——whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart——otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.這一法案的深刻意義要得到人們的深刻理解可能還需要一段時間益法使得無論是內(nèi)科醫(yī)生還是一般市民都同樣地力圖從道義和實際意義兩方面來對待這一在積蓄力氣，觀望者們正在等待多米諾骨牌效應(yīng)。UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath——probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill——toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff”periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.“I’mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI’dgo,becauseI’vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,”hesays.病人再需經(jīng)過7天的“冷靜思考期48小時后，病人安樂死的愿望才會得到滿足。對于居住在Darwin54歲的肺癌患者LloydNickson來說，這個法律意味著他可以安靜地生活下去而無須成天懼怕馬上降臨的苦痛“由于我在醫(yī)院看到過病人掙扎著呼吸氧氣，用手抓撓氧氣面罩時的情景Text2AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.這也就值得爭論一番了。Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.活而受人歡送。那個時候，人們的住處彼此格外遙遠(yuǎn)，沉悶、孤獨是是一個普遍的問題。因此生疏人和旅行者很受歡送Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.ItwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableItreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.拓荒者的嚴(yán)酷生活現(xiàn)實也進一步促成了這一好客的傳統(tǒng)入一樣的患病。Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.“Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing.”SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.國仍舊格外流行，尤其是在遠(yuǎn)離旅游熱線的小城鎮(zhèn)聊了聊。沒過多久，他就請我到他家吃飯——這真是不行思議不應(yīng)被看做是外表應(yīng)酬或故作姿勢，而應(yīng)當(dāng)視為是在歷史進展中形成的一種文化傳統(tǒng)。Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translate”culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword“friend,”theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.可能與旅行者母語和文化中的“朋友”涵義大相徑庭。要想分清稱呼“朋友”是出于好客的國人推崇備至的美德，同時他們也期望自己的鄰居和生疏人也能夠如此。Text3Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltaken don’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.煙草這些我們生疏的物質(zhì)也都是藥物煙草這樣的物質(zhì)與濫用海洛因和可卡因一樣有害。Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.〔藥物〕用這些物質(zhì)得到了社會的認(rèn)可，而且很明顯具有其樂觀的作用，但什么時候就變成濫用了量越來越大才能到達預(yù)期效果，而一旦中斷使用就會消滅格外不舒適的停藥病癥。Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethe substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning“mind-manifesting”)becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’sstateofconsciousness.〔物質(zhì)〕被稱為對神經(jīng)起作用的物質(zhì)，這的作用，而冷靜劑則相反：使其活動變緩?；糜X劑主要影響人的感知〔psychedelic一詞源自希臘語，其意思是“心靈顯現(xiàn)，由于它們似乎能轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)说囊庾R狀態(tài)。Text4Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.“Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It’saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.RobertDole質(zhì)問時代--自己的靈魂，莫非你們還肯定要腐化我們這個民族，威逼我們的下一代嗎？”不過，對于成立于1990年的時代--華納公司而言，這樣的質(zhì)問僅僅只是公司自我反思的最表白，是在不同時期關(guān)于責(zé)任、創(chuàng)作自由和公司底線問題的自我反省。AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany’smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompany,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.56歲的現(xiàn)任董事長GeraldLevin1992年接替已故董事長SteveRoss，他現(xiàn)在成為了的有線電視協(xié)議后，公司債務(wù)將到達173億美元。他也同意出售局部財產(chǎn)并重組公司，而現(xiàn)在，投資者們卻仍在焦急地等待著。Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany’srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression_r.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T’sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpression_rofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“l(fā)iesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpression_rbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpression_rthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.”Levin始終以說唱音樂是一種富于表現(xiàn)力的演唱方式為理由來保衛(wèi)公司的這種音樂形式。在1992年，當(dāng)公司因出品冰特樂隊狂暴的說唱歌曲《警察殺手》而患病了巨大的責(zé)備時，Levin說這是街頭文化的合法表達方式，它應(yīng)當(dāng)有自己的宣泄途徑。他在《華爾街日報》一篇專欄文章中寫道社會的檢驗不在于它如何有效地掌握各種言論和情感的表達和表達的最廣泛的自由——不管有時這種做法的結(jié)果會引起多大爭論和生氣面前，我們決不會退卻Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth’sstockholders’meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedas wellaboutthe“balancedstruggle”betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.Levin不愿對上周的評論做出評論，但有跡象說明這位董事長的強硬立場起碼在肯定程度上Levin強調(diào)“音樂不是社會丑惡現(xiàn)象消滅的緣由識的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.“Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,”saysLuce.“Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis.”-華納公司的15位董事是支持Levin士透露，其中有幾位董事對此事表示擔(dān)憂第一條所說的自由并非毫無限制的自由Luce是最近才意識到這一點Text5Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding”or“atouchonthebrakes,”makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.覺得這像是一門嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)。而事實并非如此。利率和通貨膨脹之間的關(guān)系并不是確定的。策的實施比做是駕駛一輛帶有灰暗擋風(fēng)玻璃、后視鏡裂開及方向盤失靈的汽車。Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.業(yè)國去年的平均通脹率降到了2.307月略微上揚到2.7080年月早期經(jīng)受的兩位數(shù)的通脹率。Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfell