高三英語語法復(fù)習(xí)分詞作狀語講義

分詞作狀語一．分詞1.分詞分為doing和donedoing分為動(dòng)名詞（n）和現(xiàn)在分詞（adj/adv）done表現(xiàn)為被動(dòng)和完成。（一般情況下，及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)表現(xiàn)為被動(dòng)，不及物動(dòng)詞表現(xiàn)為完成）Theboypunishedbyhismother(被動(dòng))hadtosweepthefallen（完成）leavesonawindyday.2.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞作定語表示已完成。boilingwater正在沸騰的boiledwater開水developingcountries發(fā)展中國家developedcountries發(fā)達(dá)國家fallingleaves正在飄落的樹葉fallenleaves落葉therisingsun冉冉升起的太陽therisensun升起的太陽achangingworld一個(gè)正在發(fā)生改變的世界achangedworld一個(gè)變了的世界二．狀語從句1.時(shí)間狀語從句when,while,aswhile,before,after,since,until等2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句where,anywhere,wherever,everywhere等3.原因狀語從句because,since,as,inthat等4.結(jié)果狀語從句so...that,such...that等5.目的狀語從句sothat,inorderthat等6.條件狀語從句if,unless,incasethat等7.讓步狀語從句though,although,evenif,eventhough等8.方式狀語從句as,asif,how.theway等9.比較狀語從句as,themore...themore....等每一個(gè)句子都要滿足1.句子要完整2.陳述語序3.時(shí)態(tài)一致三．分詞作狀語狀語就是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，伴隨等部分。狀語由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和從句等來充當(dāng)。當(dāng)從句主語和主句主語一致時(shí)，狀語從句可以省略為分詞形式的狀語。⑴省略從句中的引導(dǎo)詞/連詞、主語和助動(dòng)詞（do/did省略，have不能省略，be可省略可不省略），將從句的謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉衷~形式。(2)判斷主語和從句謂語動(dòng)詞關(guān)系：若是主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作用現(xiàn)在分詞，若是被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作用過去分詞。四．現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(一般用逗號(hào)隔開)(狀語找主語，主語問關(guān)系)(注1.如果分詞動(dòng)作和謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生或相繼發(fā)生則用現(xiàn)在分詞doing。2.如果分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生，則用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式havingdone。3.用when/while/after等+現(xiàn)在分詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)，作時(shí)間狀語)1.Whentheyheardthenews,heburstintotears.Hearingthenews,heburstintotears.(主句從句動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，hear的邏輯主語是he)2.Whenwecameoutofthetheater,wefoundthatitwasquiteimpossibletogetataxi.ingoutofthetheater,wefoundthatitwasquiteimpossibletogetataxi.(主句從句動(dòng)作是相繼發(fā)生的，hear的邏輯主語是he)3.Afterhehadfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.Havingfinishedhishomework,hewenttobed.(從句動(dòng)作是先于主句動(dòng)作，hear的邏輯主語是he)Afterfinishinghishomework,hewenttobed.(連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語)Afterhehadwrittenanimportantletter,helistenedtothemusicforawhile.改寫1.Havingwrittenanimportantletter,helistenedtothemusicforawhile.(從句動(dòng)作是先于主句動(dòng)作)改寫2.Afterwritinganimportantletter,helistenedtothemusicforawhile.(連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語)While______(walk)alongtheroad,MrSmithmetanoldfriendofhis.(walking)(連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時(shí)間狀語)5.BecauseIamaworker,Imustworkhard.Beingaworker,Imustworkhard.6.BecausehehadlivedinNanjingforyears,heknewitverywell.（先后）HavinglivedinNanjingforyears,heknewitverywell.7.Astheyweresorichinthosedays,theycouldaffordtobuyalargehouse.Beingsorichinthosedays,theycouldaffordtobuyahouse.Sorichinthosedays,theycouldaffordtobuyahouse.8.Becausehedidn’tknowwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.Becausewehavenotreceivedareply,wewroteagain.Nothavingreceivedareply,wewroteagain.(原因)9.Anearthquakehitthecitysothatitcaused10deaths.(結(jié)果狀語從句，分詞一般放句尾)Anearthquakehitthecity,causing10deaths.10.Thechildslippedandfell,______(hit)hisheadagainstthedoor.(hitting)(結(jié)果狀語)11.Istoodonthedeck(甲板)，_____(stare)atthehugewaves.(staring)(作伴隨狀語)12.BecauseIdon’tknowherdress,Ican’twritetoher.Notknowingherdress,Ican’twritetoher.13.Ifyouturnleft,youwillfindabeautifulpark.Turningleft,youwillfindabeautifulpark.14.Ifyoubelieveyourself,youwillgetanicepresent.Believingyourself,youwillgetanicepresent.15.AlthoughItookmorecare,Istillmadequiteafewmistakes.Takingmorecare,Istillmadequiteafewmistakes.16.Theteacherstoppedspeaking,asifshewaswaitingforthestudentstobequiet.(方式或伴隨)Theteacherstoppedspeaking,asifwaitingforthestudentstobequiet.17.Afterhehandedinthepaper,helefttheroom.Havinghandedinthepaper,helefttheroom.注：區(qū)別不定式結(jié)果狀語和現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)果狀語不定式作結(jié)果狀語WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?(我說什么了讓你這么生氣？)Shewokeuptofindherselflockedinaroom.以上兩句均不在預(yù)期內(nèi)，出乎意料。現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語，前面一般有副詞thereby或thus,由逗號(hào)同前面的句子隔開，常翻譯為“于是，所以，因?yàn)椤钡取Ｆ溥壿嬛髡Z可以是前面的句子主語，也可以是前面的整個(gè)句子)Hedidn’tetoday,thereby(因此)makingitnecessaryforustofindsomeonetofinishhiswork.Theircarwascaughtinthetrafficjam,thus(因此)causingthedelay.(延期)（此句的前面整個(gè)句子就是分詞的主語）以上兩句在預(yù)期內(nèi)，順理成章，前后有因果關(guān)系。五．過去分詞作狀語(狀語找主語，主語問關(guān)系)(注：在時(shí)間狀語中,如果分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生，則用過去分詞完成式havingbeendone)1.Whenhewastoldthenews,hehurriedhome.Toldthenews,hehurriedhome.2.Becausehewascaughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet.Caughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet.3.Althoughhewasleftathome,hedidn’tfeelafraid.Leftathome,hedidn’tfeelafraid.4.Shesatbythewindowandshewaslostinthought.(并列句—表示伴隨)Shesatbythewindow,lostinthought.注：看得到卻體會(huì)不到的“被動(dòng)”有些過去分詞來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)如:beseated;getlost;belostin（沉溺于);beparedwith,bedressedin;beborn;beworriedabout;betiredof(厭煩);betiredfrom;bemovedby;beinterestedin;bedisappointedat;besurprisedat在系表結(jié)構(gòu)中，這些過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化了，任務(wù)是體現(xiàn)狀態(tài)，所以翻譯時(shí)，體會(huì)不到被動(dòng)。Shesatbythewindow,lostinthought.5.Piggyturnedintoatree,becausehewasforcedbyMonkey.(省略了從句中的引導(dǎo)詞和主語)Piggyturnedintoatree,beingforcedbyMonkey.Piggyturnedintoatree,forcedbyMonkey.（如果把be動(dòng)詞也看成助動(dòng)詞，也可省略）6.Afterweweregivenamap,wefoundourwayeasily.Havingbeengivenamap,wefoundourwayeasily.(分詞動(dòng)作在謂語之前)7.Whenwewereshownaroundthelibrary,wewereattractedbyitsdesign.Shownaroundthelibrary,wewereattractedbyitsdesign.(同時(shí)進(jìn)行)8.Afterwewereshownaroundthelibrary,wecametothehalltoenjoydinner.Havingbeenshownaroundthelibrary,wecametothehalltoenjoydinner.(有先后順序)9.IfIwasgivenanotherchancebyGod,IwouldtellhellIloveher.GivenanotherchancebyGod,IwouldtellhellIloveher.10.AlthoughIwastoldmanytimestodothehomework,Icouldn’tdo.Toldmanytimestodothehomework,Icouldn’tdo.注：過去分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致，如果不一致，我們常在過去分詞前加上其邏輯主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。Hewasfoundlyingontheground,hishandstied.Movedbythestory,tearscametohereyes.(錯(cuò)誤)狀語找主語，主語問關(guān)系。此句狀語的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致。Movedbythestory,sheburstintotears.(正確)Shemovedbythestory,tearscametohereyes.(正確)此句邏輯主語和句子主語不一致，不過它在過去分詞前加上了邏輯主語she,構(gòu)成了獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。練習(xí)：1wefollowedTom,wewentoutofthehouse.______Tom,wewentoutofthehouse.(Following)2wewerefollowedbyTom,wewentoutofthehouse._______byTom,wewentoutofthehouse.(Followed)3.Whenwestandatthetopofthehill,wecanseeourschool._______atthetopofthehill,wecanseeourschool.(standing)4.Seenfromthetopofthehill,wecanseeourschool.(此句錯(cuò)誤)（分詞邏輯主語與主語不一致）改法1.______fromthetopofthehill,wecanseeourschool.(seeing)該法2.______fromthetopofthehill,ourschoolcanbeseenclearly.(seen)5.Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followingbysixstudents.(此句錯(cuò)誤)改寫：Theteachercameintotheclassroom,_______bysixstudents.6.If_____(give)thesametreatmentagain,heissuretogetwell.(given)7.Theputercenter,_______(open)lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.(opened)8.Aswedon’tknowheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.__________heraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.(Notknowing)9.Asshehadalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn’twanttoseeit.______already______thefilmtwice,shedidn’twanttoseeit.(Having,seen)10.WhenIwalkedinthestreet,Icameacrossmyfriend._______inthestreet,Icameacrossmyfriend.(walking)11.Ashewaspoor,hecouldn’taffordahouse.______poor,hecouldn’taffordahouse.(Being)12.Wetravelledbycarandvisitedmanycities._______bycar,wevisitedmanycities.(travelling)13.Ifyouuseyourhead,youwillfindaway._______yourhead,youwillfindaway.(Using)14.Althoughhedri