Unit+4+Natural+Disasters+Discovering+Useful+Structures+定語從句講義 高中英語人教版（2019）必修第一冊

定語從句定義定語從句在句子中作定語，修飾主句中的某一個名詞、名詞詞組或代詞。先行詞：被定語從句修飾的那個名詞、名詞詞組或代詞是先行詞。關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞?？梢苑譃椋宏P(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞替先行詞并在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。Eg:TheboywhoiswearingglassesisHarryPotter.關(guān)系代詞定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞有：that,which,who,whom,whose,as.關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是表人或物的名詞、名詞詞組或代詞；并且在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語。that:既可以指代人（=who/whom），也可以指代物(=which)；在重聚中作主語、賓語、表語。作賓語時可以省略。Eg.Thedoctor(that/whom)youarelookingforisintheroom.(作for后賓語)Heisthemanthat/whowantstoseeyou.(作wants前的主語)which:指物，在從句中作主語、賓語、表語。作賓語時可以省略。Eg:Footballisagamewhich/thatislikedbymostboys.(作is前的主語)Thebook(that/which)heisreadingistoodifficulttounderstand.(作reading后的賓語)who:指人，在從句中作主語，有時也作賓語。Eg:Thepersonwho/thatlostthelibrarybookmustpayforit.(作lost的主語)Theactor(who/that)youwantedtoseedidn’tcome.(作see的賓語)whom:指人，在從句中作賓語，?？墒÷浴g:Heisthedoctortowhomyourmotherspoke.(作to的賓語)Mr.Wangistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.(作about的賓語)whose:既可以指人，也可以指物。在從句中作定語。(=ofwhich/ofwhom)Eg:Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillberepaired.(作定語)Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.（作定語）as:常譯為“正如”“像...一樣的”,在從句中作主語、賓語、表語、狀語。在一些固定搭配中常見：such...as...;so...as....;thesame...as...（相似）,as...as...注意：such...that...引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句（例7）I’veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.(作賓語)ThisisthesameknifeasIlostyesterday.(作賓語)(相似物)ThisisthesamepenthatIusedyesterday.(兩物為同一物)（作賓語）Iwilldoitinthesamewayasyoudid.(作狀語)Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard.(作賓語)Asisknowntoall,heisthebeststudentinourclass.(作主語)ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstandit.作主語作賓語作定語指人who/thatwhom/that(可省)whose指物which/thatwhich/that(可省)whose關(guān)系代詞的特殊用法：①不用that的情況：引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時Eg:Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamous.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時，即沒有“介詞+that”的用法Eg:Thepenwithwhichheiswritingwasboughtyesterday.先行詞本身是that時Eg:Thatwhichyoutoldhimisexciting.一個句子有兩個定語從句，其中一個是由that引導(dǎo)時，另一個為了避免重復(fù)不用thatEg:Heboughtabookwhichcouldgivehimknowledgeandthatcouldhelphimtokillthetime.Eg:Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory,whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.②只用that不用which的情況不定代詞（something,anything,nothing,all,much,any,few,little,none,theone等）作先行詞或修飾先行詞時，用thatEg：Allthatwehavetodoistopracticeeveryday.Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.先行詞被theonly,thevery正是,thelast修飾時,用thatEg:Thisistheonlybookthatcanbeusefultous.先行詞是序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時或者被序數(shù)詞、最高級修飾時，用thatEg:Hecouldn’tanswerthesecondquestionthatwasraisedbyhisteacher.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.先行詞既有人，又有物時，用thatEg:Hetoldusthepeopleandtheplacesthathehadvisited.當(dāng)主句中有疑問代詞which,who等時，用thatEg：WhoisthemanthatisstandingbesideTom?Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?主句是therebe句型，用that（先行詞為人時用who）,注意介詞后用which，如例2Eg:Thereisamanwhowantstoseeyou.Thereisamountainofwhichthetopisalwayscoveredwithsnow.Thereisacarthatbelongstomyfriend.當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語且關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時，用thatEg:Jackisnotthemanthathewas.4.其他特殊情況：當(dāng)先行詞是指人的one,ones,anyone或those時，用who不用thatEg:Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Headmiresthosewhichlooksbeautiful.(注意)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致Eg:Theboywhooftenworksoutinthegymismybrother.Theboyswhooftenworkoutinthegymaremyclassmates.C.“oneofthe+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作先行詞時，且該先行詞在從句中作主語，從句謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式Eg:Thisisoneofthebestfilmsthathavenbeenshownthisyear.D.“theonlyoneofthe+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作先行詞，且該先行詞在從句中作主語，從句謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。Eg:Thisistheonlyoneofthebooksthatwasnotpaidfor.關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞在引導(dǎo)定語從句時，相當(dāng)于介詞短語，在句中作狀語。關(guān)系副詞有：when,where,why,分別在從句中作時間狀語、地點狀語、原因狀語。即：①當(dāng)先行詞為時間名詞且從句中缺少時間狀語，用when引導(dǎo)②當(dāng)先行詞為地點名詞且從句中缺少地點狀語，用where引導(dǎo)；注意：有一些先行詞，如point,position,stage,case,situation,policy等屬于抽象地點名詞，也用where；如：book,novel,scene,joy,story,report,movie,letter,activity等含有內(nèi)容信息的名詞也可作抽象地點名詞，譯為“在...之中”，也用where;③當(dāng)先行詞為reason且從句中缺少原因狀語，用why引導(dǎo)；如果是非限制性定語從句，用forwhich引導(dǎo)Eg:Thereason,forwhichhewasabsentfromthemeeting,wasn’tgiven.④當(dāng)先行詞是theway且在從句中作方式狀語時，關(guān)系詞可用inwhich或that，也可省略注意：如果不作方式狀語，根據(jù)theway在定語從句中的成分來決定（例2）Eg:Thewayinwhichwemanageourtimecangreatlyaffectourproductivity.Thewaywhich/that/不填youthoughtoftosolvetheproblemisveryuseful.(theway在定從中作of的賓語)關(guān)系副詞的特殊用法：某些在從句中充當(dāng)時間、地點、或原因的介詞+關(guān)系代詞可以和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why互換。即when=介詞+關(guān)系代詞；where=介詞+關(guān)系代詞；why=for+關(guān)系代詞Eg:Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichhegaveupthechance.Thisisthecompanywhere/inwhichweworkedlastyear.I’mlookingforwardtoadaywhen/onwhichwecanenjoyacleanandquietenvironment.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句時，關(guān)系代詞指物時，為“介詞+which”；關(guān)系代詞指人時，為“介詞+whom”;關(guān)系代詞是所有格時，為“介詞+whose”Eg:Themantowhomyouspokeisateacher.Thecityinwhichshelivesinfarawayfromherhome.HeisthemaninwhosepocketIfoundmylostmoney.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可能會有some,none,all,both,any,many,most,each,few,neither等代詞Eg:Ihavemanyfriends,mostofwhichhaveagoodcommandofEnglish.IhavemanyfriendsandmostofthemhaveagoodcommandofEnglish.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句意義起限定作用，修飾特定的人或物，從句不可省略，否則原句意義不完整僅作補充或說明，去掉從句，主句意義完整結(jié)構(gòu)不用逗號隔開一般用逗號隔開作用修飾先行詞修飾先行詞、整個主句或主句的一部分，常按并列的分句翻譯整個主句作為先行詞時，從句謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，用which引導(dǎo)（例3）引導(dǎo)詞皆可用that,why不可引導(dǎo)Eg:Peoplewhotakesphysicalexerciselivelonger.Hisdaughter,whoisinBostonnow,iscominghomenextweek.Hehasbeenbusywithhisworkthewholeholiday,whichhasmadehisgirlfriendunhappy.1.(2019天津卷)Theirchildisatthestageshecansayindividu2.(2019全國Ⅱ卷)NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,sheopenedwithherlat3.(2019浙江卷)Ontheedgeofthejacket,thereisapiece