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DDiiggiittaallTTwwiinnssiinnSSmmaarrttCCiittyy智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生A
bridge
between
the
physical
and
virtual
world現(xiàn)實世界與虛擬世界之間的橋梁數(shù)字孿生奠定了發(fā)展智能服務為現(xiàn)實世界服務的基礎(chǔ)。Digital
twins
set
thesmart
services
could
bedeveloped
to
serve
thephysical
world.Being
one
of
the
top
10
strategic
technology
trends
asrated
by
Gartner,
digital
twins
are
recognised
by
publicorganisations
as
an
effective
tool
to
city
planning
andmanagement.
This
paper
presents
our
views
on
the
benefits
of
digital
twins,
a
model
for
assessingtheapproach
for
development
of
afit-for-purpose
digital
twin,
a
development
frameworkoutlining
key
elements
of
a
digital
twin
ecosystem
and
foundation
on
whichexamples
of
how
digital
twins
have
been
used
in
othercities.Thepaperalsodiscussedcommonchallengesencountered
when
implementing
digital
twins
as
wellas
the
way
forward
and
opportunities
for
digital
twindevelopment
in
the
Greater
Bay
Area
(GBA).數(shù)字孿生是Gartner評選的十大戰(zhàn)略技術(shù)趨勢之一,被公共機構(gòu)公認為是城市規(guī)劃和管理的有效工具。本文介紹了普華永道對數(shù)字孿生的好處的看法,展示用於構(gòu)建切合需要的數(shù)字孿生的評估模型,概述數(shù)字孿生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵要素的發(fā)展框架,以及其他城市如何應用數(shù)字孿生的案例。本文還探討了在實施數(shù)字孿生時常見的挑戰(zhàn),以及大灣區(qū)進行數(shù)字孿生發(fā)展的前景和機遇。Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City1智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生What
is
a
digital
twinA
digital
twin
is
a
digital
model
or
replica
of
aphysical
asset,
be
it
a
product,
an
organisation,
apublic
infrastructure
or
even
an
entire
city.
It
has
awide
range
of
applications
–
from
conductingdiagnostics
on
organisational
health,
augmentingservice
designs
to
enabling
more
effective
citymanagement.
In
the
context
of
a
smart
city,adigital
twin
of
the
city
continuously
collectsinformation
from
the
built
environment
(viatechnologies
such
as
sensors,
drones,
or
mobiledevices).
It
is
made
possible
with
the
use
of
remote
communication
technologies
such
as
WiFi
and
Bluetooth
as
well
as
through
Internet
of
Things(IoT)
sensors
that
gather
data
from
the
physicalworld
to
reconstruct
an
identical
digital
copy
of
thecity.
Apart
from
IoT,
the
use
of
Big
Data,
ArtificialIntelligence
(AI),
cloud
computing,
machine
learning
and
advanced
analytics
also
enhance
theaccuracy
and
dynamism
of
this
replica,
allowingstatic,
historical
and
real-
time
data
to
be
processed
and
synthesised
almost
immediately
toprovide
valuable
insights
about
the
performanceof
the
city.
Therefore,
a
digital
twin
can
beconsidered
as
a
“strategy
accelerator”
thatfacilitates
public
sector
organisations
to
identifyinsights
and
connections
more
effectively,
and
todrive
to
better
solutions
with
more
confidence.數(shù)字孿生是產(chǎn)品,機構(gòu),公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施甚至整
個城市的數(shù)字模型或?qū)嵨镔Y產(chǎn)的副本。它具有
廣泛的應用—從對機構(gòu)進行監(jiān)測,增強服務
設(shè)計到實現(xiàn)更有效的城市管理。在智慧城市的
背景下,城市的數(shù)字孿生不斷(通過傳感器,
無人機或流動裝置等的技術(shù))從建筑環(huán)境中收
集信息。通過使用遠程通信技術(shù)(例如WiFi和藍牙),物聯(lián)網(wǎng)(IoT)傳感器以及從現(xiàn)實世界收集數(shù)據(jù),能實現(xiàn)構(gòu)建與城市相同的數(shù)字副本。除物聯(lián)網(wǎng)外,運用大數(shù)據(jù),人工智能(AI),云計算,機器學習和分析的功能,亦可提高數(shù)
字副本的準確性和動態(tài)性,令數(shù)字副本可即時
處理和綜合靜態(tài),歷史和實時數(shù)據(jù),提供有關(guān)
城市表現(xiàn)的見解。因此,數(shù)字孿生可被視為“戰(zhàn)略加速器”,促進公共部門機構(gòu)更有效地洞察數(shù)據(jù)與城市管理的關(guān)聯(lián),并為公共機構(gòu)推動更佳的解決方案注入信心。什么是數(shù)字孿生Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City2智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Harnessing
the
power
of
data
and
real-time
simulation
tbuild
insight-driven
public
sector
organisationsIn
the
face
of
intensifying
global
competition
andgrowing
complexity
in
urban
challenges,
cities
areencountering
increasing
pressure
for
more
efficientresource
allocation
and
proper
city
management.
Infact,
there
is
growing
recognition
amongst
publicsector
organisationsfrom
aroundthe
worldonthevalue
of
leveraging
real
time
digital
data
formonitoring
performance
of
existing
public
services,improving
city
planning
and
optimising
decisionmaking
of
policy
makers.By
feeding
different
sources
of
dynamic
data
toa
digital
twin,
there
is
potential
for
this
replica
to
organisations
to
demonstrate
more
responsivetestbed
ideas
or
simulate
what-if
scenarios
for
thefacilities,
processes
and
city
landscape
which
onewished
to
change
before
actually
putting
actualresources
behind
real-world
implementation.
Suchan
exercise
allows
for
identification
of
potentialissues
in
any
proposed
plans
or
initiatives
beforethey
actually
happen,
thus
allowing
organisations
tofurther
tailortheir
actionsand
mitigatetherisksearly
on.From
a
city
management
perspective,
a
digitaltwin
of
a
building
or
even
an
entire
city
can
greatlyassist
in
urban
planning
as
well
as
the
operation
and
maintenance
(O&M)
of
physical
assets.
Forinstance,
by
first
identifying
and
preventivelymaintaining
physical
assets
or
city
network,
thiscan
save
time
from
subsequent
corrective
maintenance
and
minimise
downtime
to
anyissues.
Likewise,
by
first
simulating
solar
energyexposure
or
risks
created
by
severe
weatherconditions
in
a
city,
there
is
potential
forenhancing
designs
of
built
environment
to
bemore
green
and
resilient.For
public
sector
organisations,
a
digital
twin
canalso
serve
as
an
effective
engagement
tool
tofacilitate
discussion
amongst
different
segments
ofsociety,
including
the
general
public,
the
privatesector,civilsociety
andpolicy
makersamongstothers.
The
ability
to
simulate
scenarios
andtranslate
data
into
meaningful
insights
througha
virtual
representation
of
the
real
world
bringissues
to
life
for
those
who
have
a
stake
in
the
city.A
digital
twin
will
thus
not
only
enable
betterpolicymaking
and
service
improvement,
but
alsopresent
an
opportunity
for
public
sectorand
agile
governance
that
can
ultimately
maximiseimpact
and
value
to
the
communities
and
the
public.面對日益激烈的全球競爭和城市挑戰(zhàn)的復雜
性,各城市正面臨越來越大的壓力,并要求更有效的資源分配和適當?shù)某鞘泄芾怼嶋H上,全球的公共機構(gòu)都越來越認識到利用實時數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)來監(jiān)察現(xiàn)有公共服務的績效,改善城市規(guī)劃和優(yōu)化決策者制定決策的價值。通過將不同的動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)源提供予數(shù)字孿生,此數(shù)字副本將能測試想法,或在投入實際資源應用時,模擬日後改變設(shè)施,流程和城市景觀的假設(shè)情景。這樣的模擬可以提早識別任何擬議的計劃或舉措中的潛在問題,從而使機構(gòu)可以進一步調(diào)整其行動并盡早減輕風險。從城市管理的角度來看,建筑物或整個城市的數(shù)字孿生可有效地協(xié)助城市規(guī)劃以及實物資產(chǎn)的運營和維護。例如,通過首先識別和預防性維護有形資產(chǎn)或城市網(wǎng)絡(luò),可以節(jié)省后續(xù)糾正性維護的時間,并最大程度地減少因任何問題而造成的服務中斷時間。例如,通過首先模擬日曬的情況或城市中惡劣天氣條件造成的風
險??闪罱êB環(huán)境的設(shè)計更環(huán)保和更具彈性。對于公共機構(gòu)而言,數(shù)字孿生可用作有效的參與工具,促進社會各階層之間的討論,包括公營,私營部門,民間社會和決策者等。數(shù)字孿生賦予模擬場景以表達真實世界的能力并將數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為有意義的見解,讓那些相關(guān)者可以更確切地看到問題的要點。因此,數(shù)字孿生不僅可以優(yōu)化政策制定和服務水平,而且還為公共機構(gòu)展示更具響應性和彈性治理的機會,最終可以最大程度地提升對社區(qū)和公眾的影響力和價值。利用數(shù)據(jù)和實時模擬的力量來構(gòu)建受洞察力驅(qū)動的公共部門機構(gòu)Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City3智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Technologies:Visualisation
via
AR,VR
or
a
mixture
of
both虛擬化技術(shù):現(xiàn)實,虛擬現(xiàn)實和混合現(xiàn)實Using
the
Digital
TwinModel
to
constructa
fit-for-purpose
repliWith
a
specific
challenge
to
be
addressed,
the
rightapproach
needs
to
be
used
when
constructing
a
fit-for-purpose
digital
twin.
To
facilitate
this
process,
wehave
developed
the
Digital
Twin
Model
for
assessingthe
approach
for
developing
digital
twins
dependingFor
data,
this
can
generally
be
classified
alongtwoaxes
–
time-space
and
dimensional
components
of
data
as
shown
in
the
2-by-2
matrix
below.
Someindicative
applications
in
the
Digital
Twin
Model
arealso
shown
in
the
diagram.為了解決特定的挑戰(zhàn),在構(gòu)建切合需要的數(shù)字孿生系統(tǒng)時需要使用正確的方法。因此,我們構(gòu)建了數(shù)字孿生模型,根據(jù)使用目的評估構(gòu)建數(shù)字孿生的方法,其數(shù)據(jù)和技術(shù)都需要適當考量。數(shù)據(jù)通??梢匝貎蓚€軸進行分類—數(shù)據(jù)的時空和維度,如以下的2×2矩陣所示。圖中還展示了數(shù)字孿生模型中的一些參考性應用。使用數(shù)字孿生模型構(gòu)建切合需要的數(shù)字副本Dynamic動態(tài)Time
&
Spaceon
the
purpose
of
use.Both
data
and
technologies
Dynamism
of
da
t時a間數(shù)和據(jù)空動間態(tài)
will
need
to
be
duly
considered.Static靜態(tài)n2D
Dime維RReepprreesseennttaattiision
3D度nn
ooff
ddaattaa數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)據(jù)維維度度表表示示Navigation導航?Remote
facility?遠程設(shè)施監(jiān)控
monitoring?Pandemicmanagement
&流行病管理和追蹤人群和交通控制tracking氣候數(shù)據(jù)圖Crowd
&
trafficcontrol城市儀表板Climate
diagramsCity
dashboardNavigation
(3D)?導航(3D)Buildingmanagement
?樓宇管理系統(tǒng)地下管道維修systemMaintenance
ofunderground
pipes
?微氣候和氣流分析Microclimate
andairflow
analysis
?指揮與控制中心/危Command
and機管理Control
Centre/
CrisismanagementMaps
?
地圖Building
plans
?建筑圖則Building
?建筑信息模型InformationAdministrative
? 行政邊界
modelling
(”
BIM”
)
?
地理信息系統(tǒng)boundary
?
GeographicInformation
System
?設(shè)計可視化(室內(nèi)/(“GIS”)
場地)Designo
visualisation(interior/venue)Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City4智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Development
of
a
digital
twin
will
need
to
considerthe
dynamic
and
static
aspects
of
data,
as
well
as
the
need
for
2D
and
3D
representation
of
situation
and
environment.
In
particular,
the
2D/3Ddimensional
representation
of
data
could
be
furtherdifferentiated
between
“on
the
ground”
vs
“belowground”
applications,
and
indoor
vs
outdoorapplications.
For
instance,
“on
the
ground”application
would
involve
data
captured
on
buildingfa?ade
for
buildings
management,
while
“belowground”
application
allows
the
tracking
andmaintenance
ofpipenetworksforcities.With
regard
to
virtualisation
technologies,
this
modelcould
be
further
overlaid
with
Augmented
Reality(AR),
Virtual
reality
(VR)
and
Mixed
Reality
(MR)
forillustrating
the
environment
and
its
associatedinformation.
While
VR
allows
people
to
visualise
3Dvirtual
environments,
AR
takes
computer-generatedimages
and
overlays
them
on
real
view
of
the
world,
and
MR
is
the
merging
of
real
and
virtual
worlds
toproduce
new
environments
and
visualisations,
wherephysical
and
digital
objects
co-exist
and
interact
inreal
time.數(shù)字孿生的構(gòu)建將需要考慮動態(tài)和靜態(tài)方面的數(shù)據(jù),以及運用2D和3D展示情況和環(huán)境的要求。2D/3D維度的數(shù)據(jù)可進一步分成“地面”和“地下”及“室內(nèi)”和“室外”的應用。例如,“地面”應用場景用例之一是將采集在建筑物立面上的數(shù)據(jù)用作建筑物管理,而"地下"用例之一是采集數(shù)據(jù)以便追蹤和維護城市的管道網(wǎng)絡(luò)。關(guān)于虛擬化技術(shù),此模型可以進一步與增強現(xiàn)實(
AR
),虛擬現(xiàn)實(
VR
)和混合現(xiàn)實(MR)重疊,以說明環(huán)境及其相關(guān)信息。VR
可以使人們可視化3D虛擬環(huán)境,AR可以拍攝計算機生成的圖像并將其疊加在真實世界上,而
MR是現(xiàn)實世界與虛擬世界的融合,以產(chǎn)生新的環(huán)境和可視化效果,令實物和數(shù)位物件共同存在并實時互動。Different
applicationscan
adopt
differentDigital
Twin
Model
thatbalances
benefits
andresource
requirements(such
as
data).Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City5智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生不同的應用程序可以采用不同的數(shù)字孿生模型,以平衡效益和資源需求(例如數(shù)據(jù))。FixedNetworks固定網(wǎng)絡(luò)DigitalPersona數(shù)字角色(ID)CloudComputing云計算Interconnected
Urban
Data
Interchange
Platform互聯(lián)的城市數(shù)據(jù)交換平臺MobileNetworks移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)Citizen
Engagement
Platform公民參與平臺Big
Data大數(shù)據(jù)Wireless無線Security,PrivacyandTrust安全,隱私和信任Identity
and
AccessManagement身份和權(quán)限管理RF
Mesh射頻網(wǎng)CommonSpatialDataGateway通用空間數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)關(guān)通道AssetManagement資產(chǎn)管理LPWAN廣域網(wǎng)PaymentGateways支付途徑M
a
n
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c
tu
rin
g制造In
d
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s
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l
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e
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a
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m
a
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m
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a
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m
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e
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s
tru
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re
(
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te
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C
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c
ityin
fra
s
tru
c
tu
re嵌入式傳感基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施(IO
T
)與核心城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Open
DataDatastandTae公開資料lgoogSvyecerunraibntlc
r&sP:rAiIv,acAyR,安R,MR技術(shù)推A
p
p
lic
a
tio
n
s應用WaterDistribution水源分配Roads道路Active
and
Passive
RFID
tags,
multimodal
sensors
and
actuators,
biometrics,connected
objects/
intelligent
devices
(speech
recognition,
location
aware),
mobile
devices主動和被動RFID標簽,多模式感應器和執(zhí)行器,生物識別技術(shù),連接的對象/智能設(shè)備(語音識別,位置感知),流動裝置Device
management
platform
for
city
sensors城市傳感器的設(shè)備管理平臺SewageNetwork污水管網(wǎng)路PublicSpaces公共場所Building建筑Network運輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)ElectricityDistribution電力分配ElectronicPayment電子支付Tele-communicationNetwork電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)appropriate
networks,
systems
and
standards.
Mostcritically,
it
has
to
be
powered
by
a
whole
suite
ofembedded
sensing
infrastructure
and
dataprocesses,數(shù)字孿生不僅僅是信息虛擬化。它透過參與者之間的協(xié)作以及建立適當?shù)木W(wǎng)絡(luò),制度和標準,從而發(fā)揮系統(tǒng)的作用。最關(guān)鍵的是,它必須由一整套嵌入式感應基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)和數(shù)據(jù)處理程序支撐,并負責從現(xiàn)實世界中收集數(shù)據(jù)。Digital
twins
are
more
than
just
virtualisation
of which
will
be
responsible
for
gathering
data
frominformation.
It
functions
as
a
system
with
the
need
for
the
physical
world.
This
is
supported
by
a
myriad
ofcollaboration
of
actors
as
well
as
the
establishment
ofplatforms
where
machine
learning
and
advanceddata
analytics
generate
valuable
information
feedsfor
real-life
real-time
applications.
These
activitiesare
governed
by
data
standards,
security
and
privacy
regulations.
The
diagram
below
illustrates
ahigh-level
framework
of
a
digital
twin
ecosystem:數(shù)據(jù)收集依賴眾多平臺支援,這些平臺透過機器學習和數(shù)據(jù)分析為實時應用提供具價值的信息。這些活動受數(shù)據(jù)標準,安全性和私隱的法規(guī)約束。下圖說明了數(shù)字孿生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的高概要框架。將數(shù)字孿生發(fā)展視為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)Looking
at
digital
twin
developmentas
an
ecosystemDigital
Twins
數(shù)字孿生Sha
re
d
D
ig
ita
l
In
fra
s
tru
c
tu
rep
o
w
e
r
d
ig
ita
l
tw
in
s共享數(shù)字基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施助力數(shù)字孿生Government
&Private
Ownedand
OperatedPlatform
andFunctionalComponents政府和私人擁有和運營的平臺和功能組件Connectivity連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)P
la
tfo
rm
s臺平6Infrastructure
required
to
support
the
developmentand
adoption
of
digital
twins
include:Data
collection
&
production
through
sensors(managed
by
a
device
managementplatform),use
of
mobile
and
smart
tracking
devices;Data
transmission
through
connectivitynetworks;Data
storing,
processing
&
exchange
throughplatforms
that
allows
integration
of
data
fromvarious
datapointsandsystems;andData
usage
through
applications
that
are
able
totranslate
data
inputs
into
valuable
insights
andprovide
real-time
diagnostic
of
situation.支持數(shù)字孿生的構(gòu)建和采用所需的基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)包括:數(shù)據(jù)收集和生產(chǎn):通過傳感器(由設(shè)備管理平臺管理),流動裝置和智能追蹤設(shè)備,進行數(shù)據(jù)收集和生產(chǎn);數(shù)據(jù)傳輸:通過連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸;數(shù)據(jù)存儲、處理和交換:通過平臺匯整來自各個數(shù)據(jù)點和系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù),進行數(shù)據(jù)存儲,處理和交換數(shù)據(jù)使用:通過應用程式進行數(shù)據(jù)使用,這些應用程序可以將數(shù)據(jù)整合并輸入轉(zhuǎn)換為有價值的見解以及提供實時狀況診斷。Protecting
privacy
andsecurity
are
key
toestablish
trust
in
adigital
world.Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City7智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生保護隱私和安全是在數(shù)字世界中建立信任的關(guān)鍵。The
concept
of
digital
twins
has
immense
potential
to
be
applied
across
differentindustries,sectorsand
citiesin
ordertooptimise
productivity
and
performance.
Thediagram
below
shows
the
potential
use
cases
ofdigital
twins
in
both
public
and
private
sectors,and
how
individuals
interact
with
it:數(shù)字孿生的概念具有巨大的潛力,可以在不同的行業(yè),部門和城市中應用,以優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)力和性能。下圖顯示了公營和私營部門中數(shù)字孿生的潛在使用案例,以及個人與數(shù)字孿生的互動:為什么選擇數(shù)字孿生—來自世界各地的例子Why
digital
twins–
examples
from
aroundthe
worldPotential
use
cases數(shù)字孿生的潛在使用案例City
managementUrban
planning
anddesigningPublic
safety
&crisis
managementManufacturing
–prototypingHealthcare
–
drugsdesignLogistics
–
deliveryroute
planning制造—原型制作醫(yī)療保健—藥物設(shè)計物流—交貨路線計劃Individuals
to
obtain
information
for
decision
makingand
share
data
(ifapplicable)個人獲取決策信息并共享數(shù)據(jù)(如果適用)Public
sector公共部門Private
sector私營部門As
we
putmore
and
moresensors
into
service,
acentralised
devicemanagement
platform
could
help
channel
datacollected
from
sensors
tosupport
smart
cityimplementation.Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City8智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生隨著我們將使用越來越多的傳感器,集中管理設(shè)備的平臺可以幫助引導從感應器收集數(shù)據(jù),支持智慧城市的實施。城市管理城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計公共安全與危機管理Virtual
Singapore
is
a
digital
platform
that
willenable
the
public,
businesses,
government
andresearch
agencies
to
derive
insights,
developsolutions
and
run
simulations
using
a
large
scalecity
model
of
Singapore
as
part
of
a
Smart
Nationinitiatives.With
a
rich
data
environment,
Virtual
Singaporeprovides
a
collaborative
platform
to
help
makelong-term
decisions
on
areas
such
asinfrastructure
and
resource
management,
urbanplanning.
Its
capabilities
include:–
Virtual
experimentation,
e.g.
examine
coverageareas
of
3G/4G
networks
to
provide
realisticvisualisation
of
poor
coverage
areas;–
Virtual
test-bedding
to
validate
provision
ofservices,
e.g.
3D
modelling
of
the
new
Sport
Hubwith
semantic
information
to
simulate
crowddispersion
to
establish
evacuation
proceduresduring
an
emergency;
Planning
and
decision
making,
Virtual
Singaporeis
a
holistic
and
integrated
platform
to
developanalytical
applications,
e.g.
apps
to
analysetransport
flows
and
pedestrian
movement
patterns;
and
R&D,
data
to
be
made
available
to
researchcommunity
to
innovate
and
develop
newtechnologies
or
capabilities.VirtualSingapore是一個數(shù)字平臺,作為智慧國家計劃的一部分,它讓公眾,企業(yè),政府和研究機構(gòu)能夠使用大型的新加坡城市模型來獲取靈感,建立解決方案并運行模擬測試。憑借豐富的數(shù)據(jù)環(huán)境,VirtualSingapore提供了一個協(xié)作平臺,協(xié)助在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和資源管理,城市規(guī)劃等領(lǐng)域做出長期決策。其功能包括:–虛擬實驗,例如檢查3G/4G網(wǎng)絡(luò)的覆蓋區(qū)域,以顯示網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋較差的區(qū)域;–以虛擬測試進行服務驗證,例如SportHub的3D建模,可模擬人群分散情況,?建立在緊急情況下疏散程序;–規(guī)劃和決策;Virtual
Singapore是分析應用程序的平臺,例如分析交通流量和行人運動方式的應用程序;和–研發(fā),將數(shù)據(jù)提供給研究團體,以革新建立新技術(shù)的能力。Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City9智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生NewSouthWales
Governmentof
Australiahaslaunched
a
virtual
4D
model
of
Western
Sydneyarea’s
built
and
natural
environment,
with
datasuch
as
buildings,
strata
plans,
terrain,
propertyboundaries,
and
utilities
(e.g.
power,
water
andsewer
pipes).
The
4D
model
is
a
3D
depictionwith
the
addition
of
time
so
that
users
can
createmodels
based
on
historical
or
future
scenarios.The
model
has
brought
great
benefits
as
itenables:澳大利亞新南威爾士州政府已啟動了悉尼西部地區(qū)建筑和自然環(huán)境的虛擬4D模型,其中包含建筑物,地層平面圖,地形,物業(yè)邊界和公用事業(yè)(例如電力,自來水和下水道)等數(shù)據(jù)。4D模型是帶有時間的3D描繪,因此用戶可以根據(jù)歷史或未來場景創(chuàng)建模型。該模型具有以下重大優(yōu)點:–
Urban
planners,
developers
and
policymakers
tomake
more
informed
decisions
and
to
enableintegrated
city
planning;–
Data
from
public
agencies
and
private
sectortobe
brought
together,
hence
enabling
thegovernment
to
better
communicate
plans
forinfrastructure
development;
and–
Better
prediction
and
management
of
trafficcongestion,
monitoring
of
land
cover
andstructural
changes,
bushfire
prediction.–城市規(guī)劃師,地產(chǎn)商和政策制定者做出更明智的決策,并實現(xiàn)整合的城市規(guī)劃;–將公營機構(gòu)和私營部門的數(shù)據(jù)匯整,使政府能夠更好地傳達基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的發(fā)展計劃;和–更好地預測和管理交通擁堵,監(jiān)測土地覆蓋和結(jié)構(gòu)變化,以及預測山火。Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City10智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Amaravati,
Indiais
thefirst
greenfieldcityborneout
of
digital
twin.
It
enables
planners,
architects,and
financial
goals.
Scenarios
are
developed
inadvance
to
optimize
outcomes,
also
adjusted
onthe
fly
to
keep
pace
with
change.
New
digitalservices
andfunctions
plannedto
beincludedaspart
of
the
digital
twin
include:–
Real-time
construction
progressmonitoring,environmental
and
wellness
monitoring,
et
al.
viaubiquitous,
multi-nodal
IoT
sensors;–
Advanced
mobility
and
traffic
monitoring
andsimulations;–
Advanced
microclimate
and
climate
changemonitoring
and
simulations;–
Digital
“drag
and
drop”
building
permitsubmissions;engineers,
and
policy
makers
to
work
in
unisontowards
achieving
collective
design,
policy,
social,
–
Digital
zoning,
setback,
environmental,
traffic,and
other
statutory
compliance-relatedpreliminary
analysis;
and–
Digital
twin
user
ID
scheme
for
every
Amaravati
citizen
that
will
serve
as
a
singlecitizen
portal
for
all
government
information,notifications,
forms,
and
applications.印度阿馬拉瓦蒂(Amaravati)是第一個由數(shù)字孿生衍生的發(fā)展中城市。它使規(guī)劃人員,建筑師,工程師和政策制定者能夠齊心協(xié)力實現(xiàn)集體設(shè)計,政策,社會和財務目標。預先建立場景以優(yōu)化結(jié)果,并配合變化進行實時的調(diào)整。計劃納入數(shù)字孿生的新數(shù)字化服務和功能包括:–實時施工進度監(jiān)控,環(huán)境和健康監(jiān)控等。通過無處不在的多節(jié)點物聯(lián)網(wǎng)傳感器;–流動性和交通監(jiān)控及模擬;–先進的微氣候和氣候變化監(jiān)測與模擬;數(shù)字“拖放”建筑許可證提交;數(shù)字分區(qū),危機,環(huán)境,交通和其他遵規(guī)相關(guān)的初步分析;和Amaravati公民的數(shù)字孿生用戶ID方案,將成爲單一便民窗口,用作處理所有政府信息,通知,表格和應用程序。Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City11智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Whiletheapplicationofdigitaltwinsispromising,itcomes
with
a
whole
set
of
challenges
that
bothpublic
and
private
organisations
may
encounterwhen
developing
and
executing
the
strategy.
Somecommon
challenges
include:VisionEstablishing
a
clear
vision
and
KPIs
–Implementation
of
digital
twins
can
be
aresource-intensive
exercise
involving
awide
range
of
stakeholders.
Establishingcommon
understanding
of
the
vision
ofsuch
implementation
and
developing
a
setof
performance
indicators
are
key
to
asuccessful
digital
twin
implementation.Implementation
coordination
–
Vision
is
justthe
start,
delivery
is
the
hard
part.
At
present,Governments
are
facing
challenges
like
toomuch
choice
and
too
many
cooks.
Cities
need
to
have
an
effective
mechanismtocoordinate
and
govern
the
approach
to
andcontents
of
digital
twin
implementation.盡管數(shù)字孿生的應用前景廣闊,但是公共和私人機構(gòu)在制定和執(zhí)行該策略時亦可能遇到一系列挑戰(zhàn)。一些常見的挑戰(zhàn)包括:愿景建立清晰的愿景和關(guān)鍵績效指標—數(shù)字孿生的實施可能會動用大量資源,?牽涉不同
領(lǐng)域的持份者。建立對此類實施愿景的共識,并制定一套績效指標,對于成功實施數(shù)字孿生至關(guān)重要。實施協(xié)調(diào)—愿景只是起點,而交付才是困難的部分。目前,各國政府面臨的挑戰(zhàn)包括過多的選擇和過多的聲音。因此,城市需要有一個有效的機制來協(xié)調(diào)和管理數(shù)字孿生實施的方法和內(nèi)容。數(shù)字孿生是智慧城市發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),但亦不可避免地Digital
twins
underpinSmart
City
development,but
inevitably
come
withchallenges面臨挑戰(zhàn)Digital
Twins
in
Smart
City12智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生DataDigital
Twins
in
Smart
City13智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Quality
and
sufficiency
of
data
–
Historic
datamay
be
duplicative
or
lack
the
level
of
detail
andaccuracy
needed
for
use
with
the
desired
Digital
Twin
Model
and
technological
solutions
such
asAI.Willingness
to
share
data
–
Stakeholdersmay
be
reluctant
to
share
data
with
otherparties,
especially
sensitive
or
personaldata.
A
robust
accountability
framework(discussed
below)
would
be
required
toencourage
sharing
of
data
while
offering
asufficient
degree
of
protection
to
thoseparties
sharing
data.Data
standards
–
Lack
of
consistent
data
standards
and
rules
for
collecting
data,
creatingdifficulty
fordifferent
unitsto
sharedata,createsynergies
through
collaboration
and
maximisethe
value
of
data.Updated
information
–
The
need
forsystematic
updating
mechanism
to
constantlyupdate
static
object
and
scanning
of
newobjects
to
ensure
accuracy
of
digital
twins
inreal
world
representations
for
accurate
decisionmaking.TalentCompetition
for
talent
–
While
technologysuch
as
AI
can
do
more
with
less
manpower,
mores
specialised
professional
such
as
datascientists/
engineers
and
architects
will
beneeded
to
make
sense
of
the
abundance
ofinformation.數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量和充分性—歷史數(shù)據(jù)可能有所重復,或缺少與數(shù)字孿生模型和AI之類的技術(shù)
解決方案匹配的的細節(jié)和準確程度。共享數(shù)據(jù)的意愿—持份者未必愿意與其他各方共享數(shù)據(jù),尤其是較爲敏感的數(shù)據(jù)或個人
數(shù)據(jù)。因此,需要有一個強而有力的問責框
架(如下所述)來鼓勵數(shù)據(jù)共享,同時為共
享數(shù)據(jù)的各方提供足夠程度的保護。數(shù)據(jù)標準—缺乏一致的數(shù)據(jù)標準和規(guī)則來收集數(shù)據(jù),導致不同部門難以共享數(shù)據(jù),無法
通過協(xié)作創(chuàng)造協(xié)同效益,及最大化數(shù)據(jù)價值。更新信息—需要一套系統(tǒng)更新機制來不斷更新靜態(tài)物件并掃描新出現(xiàn)的物件,以確保與
現(xiàn)實世界對應的數(shù)字孿生的準確性,從而做
出準確的決策。人才人才競爭—盡管AI等技術(shù)可以用更少的人力資源來做更多的事情,事實上仍需要大量的專業(yè)人員(例如數(shù)據(jù)科學家/工程師和建筑
師)來梳理海量的信息。Accountable,
Security
andPrivacyDigital
Twins
in
Smart
City14智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Information
security
and
privacy
–
From
capture,enrichment,
maintenance,
usage,
archiving
and
purging,
the
entire
data
lifecycle
must
be
securedagainst
malicious
actors
and
violation
of
privacyrights.Accountability
–
Lack
of
an
accountabilityframework
such
as
open
data
licence
of
dataissue,
evolving
regulations
pertaining
to
privacyand
cybersecurity,
conditions
of
use
and
liabilityof
parties
as
well
as
IP
rights
will
haveimplications
on
the
design
and
execution
of
digitaltwin
applications.TechnologyTechnology
platforms
–
Different
units
may
adopta
diversity
of
legacy
systems
or
software
with
limited
functionality
for
exchanging
and/or
sharingdata,
resulting
in
challenges
in
rapidly
identifyinguseful
information
from
the
data,
integration
ofdifferent
data
sets
such
as
geo-information
systemand
building
information
management.Sensor
deployment
–
Brown
field
deployment
byretrofitting
on
existing
infrastructure
and
networkmight
present
more
challenges
than
green
fielddeployment
of
sensors,
to
ensure
integration
ofsensor
devices
andnetwork.Device
Management
–
With
the
number
ofinternet-connected
devices
reaching
30
billionby
2020
(source:
IDC),
challenges
lie
in
theprovisioning
and
authentication,
configurationand
control,
constant
monitoring
anddiagnostics,
and
timely
software
updates
andmaintenance.問責,安全和私隱信息安全和私隱—從獲取,充實,維護,
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