2023年考研外語(yǔ)模擬卷12

考研外語(yǔ)模擬卷12

一、UseofEnglish

1、TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth'ssurfaceappears

tobegrowing.Thephenomenon,whichsomedub"global

brightening,(1)scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe

(2)isrealandglobal,howlongwillitlastandwhatare

theconsequencesforclimatechange,theplanet'swatercycle,

andother(3)thatdrawenergyfromsunlight?(4),

theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthe

groundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillget

warmer(5)Notsofast,someresearcherssay.Additional

warmingwouldbecertain(6)nothingelseintheclimate

systemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis(7)static.Some

combinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;others

could(8)it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsand

forecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthe

sunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe(9)thesurface

sendsskyward.Moreover,researcherssay,measurementsofthe

sun，sstrengthatEarth'ssurfacearepotentiallypowerful

toolsfor(10)humaninfluencesontheclimate.

Earth'sradiation“budget"(11)an“extremelyimportant

parameterthatis(12)known,“saysRobertCharlson,an

atmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonat

Seattle."Itneedstobe(13)muchbetterthanitis.”

(14)abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth'ssurface

werefirstraisedin1974.?ResearchersfromtheUnitedStates

andIsraelrecordeda12%drop(15)sunlightover40years

ata(16)stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Since

then,othershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack

(17)sunlight.Threeyearsago,forexample,a(18)

ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity'sLamont-Doherty

EarthObservatorygathereddatafromground(19)around

theworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurface

fell(20)4%from1961to1990.

A.presents

B.offers

C.grants

D.provides

2、⑵

A.trend

B.tread

C.trench

D.treaty

3、(3)

A.creatures

B.resources

C.processes

D.activities

4、(4)

A.Atthebest

B.Atfirstglance

C.Atallevents

D.Atanyrate

5、(5)

A.much

B.far

C.ever

D.still

6、(6)

A.nowthat

B.incase

C.onlyif

D.evenafter

7、(7)

A.nothingbut

B.nothingthan

C.anythingelse

D.anythingbut

8、(8)

A.offset

B.disrupt

C.restore

D.relieve

9、(9)

A.reflection

B.radiation

C.illumination

D.illustration

10、(10)

A.blocking

B.escaping

C.gauging

D.manifesting

11、(11)

A.commits

B.demonstrates

C.reveals

D.represents

12、(12)

A.rarely

B.badly

C.actually

D.poorly

13、(13)

A.indicated

B.emphasized

C.described

D.quantified

14、(14)

A.Attention

B.Worries

C.Concerns

D.Puzzles

15、(15)

A.in

B.of

C.to

D.with

16、(16)

A.monitoring

B.observing

C.measuring

D.recording

17、(17)

A.ongoing

B.outgoing

C.incoming

D.upcoming

18、(18)

A.faculty

B.team

C.group

D.staff

19、(19)

A.points

B.stations

C.establishments

D.bases

20、(20)

A.down

B.around

C.to

D.by

二、ReadingComprehension

1>PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Untilrecently,themainvillainsofthepiecehadseemedto

betheteachers'unions,whohaveopposedanysortofreform,

oraccountability.Nowtheyfacecompetitionfroman

unexpectedlydestructiveforce:thecourt.Fiftyyearsago,it

wasthejudgeswhoforcedtheschoolstodesegregatethrough

BrownV.BoardofEducation(1954).Nowthecourtshavemoved

frombroadprinciplestomicromanagement,tellingschoolshow

muchmoneytospendandwhere—rightdowntothecorrect

computerortextbook,

Twenty-fourstatesarecurrentlystuckinvariouscourtcases

todowithfinancingschoolsystems,andanother21haveonly

recentlysettledvarioussuits.Mostwillstartagainsoon.

Onlyfivestateshaveavoidedlitigationentirely.

Nothingexemplifiesthepowerofthecourtsbetterthanan

Il-year-oldcasethatisduetobesettled(sortof)inNewYork

City,thehomeofAmerica'sbiggestschoolsystemwith1.Im

studentsandabudgetnearing$13billion.Attheendofthis

month,threeelderlymembersoftheNewYorkbarservingas

judicialrefereesareduetoruleinacasebroughtbythe

CampaignforFiscalEquity,aleftishadvocacygroup,against

thestateofNewYork:theywilldecidehowmuchmoremustbe

spenttoprovideeveryNewYorkCitypupilwitha"soundbasic”

education.

Rareisthepoliticianwillingtoarguethatmoremoneyfor

schoolsisabadthing.Butarethecourtsdoinganygood?Two

suspicionsarise.First,judgesaremakingalazyassumption

thatmoremoneymeansbetterschools.Astheinternational

resultsshow,thelinkbetween“inputs"and"outputs"is

vague一somethingwelldocumentedby,amongothers,thelate

SenatorDanielPatrickMoynihanofNewYork.Second,thecourts

aremuddlinganalreadymuddledsystem.Overtime,theyhave

generallymadeithardertogetridofdisruptivepupilsand

badteachers.

Thecurrentcasecouldbeevenworse.Thecourtshavealready

saidthat,inordertodeterminethenecessaryspending,they

mayconsidereverythingfromclasssizetotheavailabilityof

computers,textbooksandevenpencils.Thisdegreeof

interventionisallthemorescandalousbecausethecourtshave

weirdlydecidedtoignoreanothersetof“inputs”—thearchaic

workpracticesofschoolteachersandjanitors.David

SchoenbrodandRossSandlerofNewYorkLawSchoolreckonthe

demandsofthecourtwillsimplyunderminereform,and

transform,anexpensivefailureintoamoreexpensiveone.

Andofcourse,thelitigationneverends.Kentucky,forexample,

isstillincourt16yearsafterthefirstdecision.Alawsuit

firstfiledagainstNewJerseyforitsfundingofschoolsin

1981was“decided"fouryearslater—butithasreturnedtothe

courtninetimessince,includingearlythisyear,witheach

decisionpushingthecourtdeeperintothemanagementofthe

state'sschools.Badjudgesareevenhardertobootoutof

schoolthanbadpupils.

Theauthorseemstobelievethat.

A.thecourts，interventionoftheschoolmicromanagementis

undesirable

B.itisinappropriateforthecourtstoshiftfromprinciples

todailymanagement

C.teachersusedtosupporttheschoolreform,andassumethe

responsibility

D.schoolswereusuallyatalosshowandwheretospendtheir

money

2、

Thethirdparagraphisintendedmainlyto.

A.revealtheproblemsintheAmericanschoolsystem

B.showtheimportanceofthecaseagainstNewYorkstate

C.exemplifythevalueofa'soundbasic"education

D.indicatethecourts;powerovertheschoolmanagement

3、

SenatorD.P.Moynihanwouldprobablyagreethat.

A.moremoneyforschoolswilldamagethefurtheradvancement

B.betterschoolswillnotnecessarilyresultfrommoremoney

C.therelationshipbetweeninputandoutputiswidelyignored

D.politiciansargueagainstmoremoneyfortheschools

4、

InputsasusedinthetextreferstoallofthefollowingExcept

A.moneybudgetfortheschool

B.teachingpracticesofteachers

C.computersandtextbooks

D.performanceofschooljanitors

5、

WhatdoesthelawsuitfiledagainstNewJerseyindicate?

A.Suchlawsuitsusuallystayundecidedforanextremelylong

time.

B.Badjudgesintendtorendertheschoolmanagementatotal

chaos.

C.Thecourtsgetmoreinvolvedintoschoolroutineasthe

lawsuitslast.

D.Thelawsuitsarealwaysdeeplycombinedwiththefunding

ofschools.

6、Inrecentyears,Microsofthasfocusedonthreebigtasks,

buildingrobustsecurityintoitssoftware,resolvingnumerous

antitrustcomplaintsagainstitandupgradingitsWindows

operatingsystem.Thesethreetasksarenowstartingtocollide.

OnAugust27ththefirmsaidthatthesuccessortoitsWindows

XPoperatingsystem,code-namedLonghorn,willgoonsalein

2022withoutoneofitsmostimpressivefeatures:atechnique

tointegrateelaboratesearchcapabilitiesintonearlyall

desktopapplications.(Onthebrightside,Longhornwill

containadvancesinrenderingimagesandenablingdifferent

computingplatformstoexchangedatadirectlybetween

applications.)ItisabigsetbackforMicrosoft,which

considerssearchtechnologyapillarofitsfuturegrowth—not

leastasitcompetesagainstGoogle.

Thefirm'sfocusonsecurity—championedby]BillGates

himself—tookresourcesawayfromLonghorn,admitsGreg

Sullivan,aleadproductmanagerintheWindowsclientdivision.

ProgrammershavebeenfixingWindowsXPratherthanworkingon

Longhorn.Inmid-August,MicrosoftreleasedServicePack2,a

hugesetoffreesoftwarepatchesandenhancementstomake

WindowsXPmoresecure.Thoughsomeofthefixesturnedoutto

havevulnerabilitiesoftheirown,thepatcheshavemostlybeen

welcomed.Microsoft'sdecisiontoforgonewfeaturesinreturn

forbettersecurityisonethatmostcomputeruserswill

probablyapplaud.

Yetironically,asMicrosoftslowlyimprovesthesecurityof

itsproducts一by,forinstance,incorporatingfirewall

technology,anti-virussystemsandspamfilters—itsactions

increasinglystarttoresemblethosethat,inthepast,have

gotthefirmintotroublewithregulators.Issecuritysoftware

an“adjacentsoftwaremarket”,inwhichcaseMicrosoftmaybe

leveragingitsdominanceoftheoperatingsystemintoit?

IntegratingsecurityproductsintoWindowsmightbeconsidered

“bundling“which,withregardtowebbrowsing,soexcited

America'strustbustersinthe1990s.Andbuildingsecurity

directlyintotheoperatingsystemseemsalotlike

“commingling"softwarecode,onwhichbasistheEuropean

CommissionruledearlierthisyearthatMicrosoftabusedits

marketpowerthroughtheWindowsMediaPlayer.Microsoftis

appealingagainstthatdecision,andonSeptember30thitwill

argueforasuspensionofthecommission'sremedies,suchas

therequirementthatitlicenseitscodetorivals.

Justlastmonth,theEuropeanUnion'scompetitiondirectorate

begananinvestigationintoMicrosoftandTimeWarner,alarge

mediafirm,onthegroundsthattheirproposedjoint

acquisitionofContentGuard,asoftwarefirmwhoseproducts

protectdigitalmediafiles,mightprovideMicrosoftwithundue

marketpoweroverdigitalmediastandards.Thecommissionwill

rulebyJanuary2022.Microsoft,itseems,insecurityas

elsewhere,isgoingtohavetogetusedtobeingpunishedfor

itssuccess.ItsWindowsmonopolyletsitenjoyexcessive

profits一buttheresultingmonoculturemakesitanobvious

targetforvirusesandregulatorsalike.

ThatMicrosoft5sthreetasksarecollidingisreflectedinthe

factthat.

A.thenewoperatingsystemwillbemarketedatadiscount

B.searchwillberemovedfromthenewoperatingsystem

C.allsearchcapabilitieswillbecombinedintothedesktop

D.imagesanddatawillbeexchangedmoredirectly

7、

Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat.

A.computeruserscarealotaboutthesecurityofthe

operatingsystem

B.programmersaredisappointedabouttheshiftofthefirm's

focus

C.moreresourcesarebeingengagedinthedevelopmentof

Longhorn

D.patchesandenhancementsareperfectandpopularwiththe

users

8、

TheironicalpointisthatMicrosoft'simprovementof

security.

A.isgettingalongatapacedissatisfyingtoregulators

B.bringsitselfatotalcontrolovertheoperatingsystem

C.willleadtoEuropeanCommission，sstricterlicence

D.maybeaccusedofabusingitsdominanceofthemarket

9、

Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtothe

“regulators”(Para.4)?

A.EuropeanCommission.

B.EU，scompetitiondirectorate.

C.ContentGuard.

D.America'strustbusters.

10、

Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat.

A.virusesandregulatorsareinvariablyaimedatWindows

B.Microsoftbothbenefitsandsuffersfromitshugesuccess

C.EuropeanUnion，sinquiryintotheacquisitionis

ungrounded

D.punishmentsimposedonWindowsaremostlyjustified

11、TheInlandRevenueonThursdayaccusedtheBritishfilm

industryofabusinggovernmentaid,witheveryproductionof

recentyearsdeliberatelyover-claimingtaxrelief.

Revenueofficialscalledinabout20membersofthefilm

industryandwarnedthemofsevereconsequencesifthe

“exploitation“oftax-reliefschemesdidnotimmediatelystop.

Themove,whichaffectstheincludinglowtohigh-budget

film-makersandfinanciers,isthelatestinaseriesof

attemptsbytheRevenuetoclampdownontaxloopholesinan

attempttoraisemoremoneyfortheExchequer,

ButthefilmindustryrespondedonThursdaynight,sayingthe

Revenuecoulddriveproductionsoverseasandwouldconfuse

investors.

Aseriesoftaxreliefschemes,introducedin1997,enables

thoseinvolvedinthefinancingofqualifyingBritish-made

filmstoclaimthecostsofproductionagainstfutureincome.

TheschemeshaveBecomepopularwithinvestorsseekingatax

shelter,withanestimated￡400minvestedintheschemesin

1997risingtoabout￡2bnlastyear.

ButtheRevenuesaidtheindustrywasexploitingrulesontax

reliefby“doubledipping”,thatis,byclaimingreliefmore

thanonceagainstasinglepieceofexpenditure.Whilenot

illegal,theRevenuesaid,theindustrywas"notplayingfair”.

Itsaiddouble-dippingwas“againstthespirit"oflegislation

designedtoencourageinvestmentintheBritishfilmindustry.

TheRevenuesaidthepracticeofdoubledippingwas''virtually

universal”,with“everyqualifyingfilmithadseenfinanced

onthebasisofdoubledipping”.Itwarneditwould“takeall

stepstocountersuchabuseincluding,wherenecessary,

advisingministersonintroducinglegislationtoputmatters

beyonddoubt”.

“BoththeRevenueandthegovernmentarebecomingincreasingly

exasperatedattheextenttowhichsomepartsoftheindustry

areexploitingthefilmreliefs”,theRevenuesaid."The

governmentremainscommittedtoencouragingfilmproductionin

theUKthroughuseofthereliefsinthewayinwhichthe

legislationallows一butthisdoesnotextendtodeliberate

exploitationofthosereliefs”.

LargefilmfinancierssaidonThursdaynightthattheRevenue's

actioncouldunderminegrowthprospectsfortheBritishfilm

industry.

PeterJames,managingdirectorofMovisionEntertainment,

whichhasproduced16British-madefilmsinrecentyears,

includingthesoon-to-bereleased“MerchantofVenice”,said

whiletheeffectoftheRevenue'sclampdownwouldnotBe

“devastating”,itcoulddrivemanyindependentfilm-makers

overseas.

IndustryobserverssaidonThursdaytheRevenue'smovewas

likelytoconfuseinvestors,whohavebeenaccustomedtothe

benefitsofdouble-dipping.

Wecanlearnfromthefirstthreeparagraphsthat.

A.film-makersturntothegovernmentforfinancialhelp

B.severalactionshavebeentakentostoptaxevasion

C.officialshavephonedupmanyfilmmakerstoprotest

D.moretaxreliefisneededtokeeptheindustrygoing

12、

Accordingtothetext,taxreliefschemeswereintendedto

A.attractmoreinvestmentintothefilmindustry

B.ensuretheinterestsofinvestorsagainstlosses

C.checktheriseoffilmproductionexpenditures

D.preventtheinvasionofoverseasfilmmakers

13、

TheRevenue'slastresortinsolvingtheproblemseemstobe

A.removingtaxrelief

B.protestingmoreloudly

C.warninglasttime

D.makingnewlaws

14、

Inthelastthreeparagraphs,thewriterintendstoshow

A.thedisappointmentofthefilmindustryatRevenue's

decision

B.thestateofworryinthemindsoffilminvestors

C.thereactionstotheRevenue'smoveofpartiesconcerned

D.thewayoutofthepresentdifficultsituation

15、

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

A.Film-makersAccusedofAbusingAid

B.ProblemswiththeFilmIndustry

C.InlandRevenue'sActions

D.AClash:Revenuevs.FilmIndustry

16、Untilrecently,thecommonfactorinallthescienceused

tofigureoutifapieceofartwasforgedwasthatitwas

concernedwiththemediumoftheartwork,ratherthantheart

itself.Mattersofstyle,andform,werelefttoarthistorians,

whocouldmakeerudite,butqualitative,judgmentsabout

whetherapaintingwasreallygoodenoughtobe,say,aLeonardo.

Butthisischanging.Apaperinthisweek'sProceedingsofthe

NationalAcademyofSciencesbyHanyFaridandhiscolleagues

atDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshireusesstatistical

techniquestoexamineartitself一themessage,notthemedium.

Dr.Faridemployedatechniquecalledwaveletanalysisto

examine13drawingsthathadatonetimeoranotherbeen

attributedtoPieterBruegeltheElder,a16th-centuryFlemish

painter.HealsolookedatPerugino's"MadonnawithChild”,a

15th-centuryItalianmasterpiecelodgedinthecollege'sHood

MuseumofArt.Heconcluded,inagreementwitharthistorians,

thateightoftheputativeBruegelsareauthentic,whilethe

otherfiveareimitations.Inthecaseof"MadonnawithChild”,

heanalysedthesixfacesinthepainting(Mary,theinfant

Jesusandseveralsaints)andfoundthatthreeofthemwere

probablydonebythesamepainter,whiletheotherthreewere

eachdonebyadifferenthand.Theviewthatfourdifferent

paintersworkedonthecanvasis,hesays,consistentwiththe

viewofsomearthistoriansthatPerugino;sapprenticesdid

muchofthework,althoughthereisnoclearconsensusamong

arthistorians.

Asscepticswilldoubtlesspointout,thisisasmallnumber

ofimages.Furthermore,Dr.Faridknewbeforeperformingthe

analysiswhatresultsheexpected.Butheisthefirstto

acknowledgethatitisearlydaysforhismethodology.Hehopes

tostudymanymorepaintings.Bylookingatlargenumbersof

paintingsthatareuniversallybelievedtobeauthentic,Dr.

Faridhopestobeabletoexaminedoubtfulcaseswithconfidence

inthefuture,

EvenwiththeBruegels一realandimitation—though,Dr.

Farid'sresultsarepersuasive.

Itistrickytodescribeexactlywhatitisthatdistinguishes

therealonesfromtheimitations,butDr.Fetidsaysthatit

canbethoughtofasthenatureoftheartist，sbrushstroke.

UnlikesomeanalysesofJacksonPollock'sworkthathavebeen

doneoverthepastfewyearsbyRichardTayloroftheUniversity

ofOregon,Dr.Faridsayshistechniquecould,inprinciple,

beusedforanyartist.

WhatDr.Fariddidwastoconverteachworkofartintoaset

ofmathematicalfunctions.Theseso-calledwaveletsdescribe

particularpartsoftheimageasaseriesofpeaksandtroughs

ofvariableheightandwavelength.Byexpressinganimagethis

way,itispossibletocompressthatimagewhilelosingvery-

littleinformation.Thesumsofthewaveletsfromdifferent

imagescanthenbecompared.Oncehedidthis,Dr.Faridfound

thatthetypesofwaveletsusedtoexpressauthenticBruegels

werenoticeablydifferentfromthoseusedtoexpressthe

imitations.(ThePeruginowasanalysedbytreatingthesix

facesasdistinctpaintings.)Itseemsthatcuratorsmaysoon

beabletoaddanotherweapontotheiranti-forgeryarsenal.

ThemessageDr.Farid'sworkfocusesoniscloseto.

A.whattheartworkintendstotell

B.thestyle,andform,ofthework

C.thecommonfactorofscience

D.thequalityoftheartwork

17、

WhydidDr.FaridexaminePerugino's"MadonnawithChild”?

A.Toindicateitwasacreationofcooperativework.

B.Toillustratetheconsistencyofhistorian'sjudgments.

C.Todemonstratethevalidityofwaveletanalysis.

D.Toprovetheauthenticityofthispainting.

18、

Farid，sreactiontothesceptics;accusationsis.

A.recognition

B.support

C.denial

D.suspicion

19、

Wecaninferfromthetextthat.

A.Dr.Faridthinksithardtotelltherealworksfromthe

imitations

B.Taylor，smethodmaynotbeappliedtootherartists,work

C.RealBruegelsuseddifferenttypesofwaveletsfromthose

ofimitations

D.Curatorsmaysoonputforwardtheirownwayofexamining

20、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardsDr.Farid'sworkisthat

of.

A.disbelief

B.enthusiasm

C.neutrality

D.approval

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizethese

paragraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.Dothechildren'sversesofEdwardLear,HilaireBellocor

theAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymes,orarethosesomething

differentaltogether?Whataboutplaygroundrhymes,clapping

orskippinggames,footballchants,popsongsoroldmusic-hall

songs?WhatabouttheworkofRobertGraves,W.H.Auden,Louis

MacNeice,evenWordsworthandByronthatusestheform,and

metreofnurseryrhymes,oftentohauntinglycomplexemotional

effect.See,it'snotassimpleasitappears.

B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnursery

rhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswith

whichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthe

firesideofadarkwinter'sevening,itisprobablybecausethe

lineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateand

contradictorytraditions——theoralandthewritten.

C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginning(thebookmeasuredjust3in

by7/4in),andfromALittlePrettyPocket-Book,publishedin

thesameyearbyJohnNewbery,thefirstspecialistchildren's

publisher,anentireliteraturesprang.Suddenly,therandom

cacophonyoftheoraltradition—thelullabies,countinggames,

fragmentsoffolksongs,mummer'splays,politicalsquibs,

doggerel,scurrilousadultballads,riddlesandwhathaveyou

begantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanon,towhich

thenameof“nurseryrhymes“becameattachedintheearly19th

century.

D.Thesatellitechildren'schannelNickJr.isrunninga

competitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislooking

fora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium”,whichcould

be“aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrent

eventstofamilylife”.So,offyougo.Except,whatisanursery

rhyme,exactly?Andhowdoesitdifferif,indeeditdiffers

atall—fromanyothersortofchildren，spoetry?

E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessive,eccentricand

proprietorialtendencies,andfromtherealmofnurseryrhyme

thereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.Strangestofallwas

JohnBellendenKer,whodevelopedalaborioustheorydesigned

toprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakind

ofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaform,ofearly

Dutch(whichwasinfacthisowninvention).

F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasold

asthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythe

foundationsoflanguagelearning,but—togetherwiththeir

naturalpartners,thephysicalactivitiesofskipping,

clapping,jumping,dancingtheyarethegreat,free,

unbreakable,ever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpie,

theleadingauthorityonchildren,sloreandliterature,and

herlatehusband,Peter,intheirintroductiontotheOxford

DictionaryofNurseryRhymes,noteafragmentofachildren's

songintheBible("Wehavepipeduntoyou,andyehavenot

danced;wehavemourneduntoyou,andyehavenotwept.")

G.Butonthewhole,referencestorhymesspecificallyintended

forchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.

Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcentury,whenthefirst

bookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb'sPrettySongBook,

publishedbyawoman,MaryCooper,andeditedby，ZN.LovechiId),

appearedin1744intwovolumes,at4dapiece.Asinglecopy

ofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseum,containingrhymes

thatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bah,

bah,ablacksheep","WhodidkillCockRobbin?"and"Therewas

alittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun”.

H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn'tanurseryrhymeis

compoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemsto

haveadifferenttheory.NickTucker,aformerseniorlect

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

JackS