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2023年名校版高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解
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Expertsusedtobelievethatpeopleassessrisklikeactuaries
(精算師),figuringoutcost-benefitanalyseseverytimeacarcame
toocloseorlocalcrimeratesrose.Butawaveofpsychological
experimentsinthel980sdeniedthisthinking.
Researchersfoundthatpeopleuseasetofmentalshortcuts
formeasuringdanger.Andtheytendtodoitunconsciously,
meaningthatinstinct(直覺(jué))canplayamuchlargerrolethan
theyrealize.Ideally,theseshortcutshelppeoplefigureoutwhich
onestoworryaboutandwhichtodisregard.Buttheycanbe
imperfect.
Whenyouencounterapotentialrisk,yourbraindoesaquick
searchforpastexperienceswithit.Ifitcaneasilypullupmultiple
alarmingmemories,thenyourbrainconcludesthedangeris
high.Butitoftenfailstoassesswhetherthosememoriesare
trulyrepresentative.
Aclassicexampleisairplanecrashes.Iftwohappen
continuously,flyingsuddenlyfeelsscarier-evenifyour
consciousmindknowsthatthosecrashesareastatistical
aberration(統(tǒng)計(jì)異常)withlittleinfluenceonthesafetyofyour
nextflight.Butifyouthentakeafewflightsandnothinggoes
wrong,yourbrainwillmostlikelystarttellingyouagainthat
flyingissafe.
Thattendencycancutinbothdirections,leadingtoeither
alarmorcomplacency(自大).Thoughflukillstensofthousands
ofAmericanseveryyear,mostpeoples'experienceswithitare
relativelyordinary."We'reconditionedbyourexperiences,z,
saidPaulSlovic,aUniversityofOregonpsychologist,"But
experiencecanmisleadustobetoocomfortablewiththings.We
arealsoconditionedtofocusheavilyonnewthreats,lookingfor
anycauseforalarm."
Maybethemostpowerfulshortcutofallisemotion.Our
brainstranslateemotionalreactionsintowhatwebelieveare
reasonedconclusions,evenifharddatatellsusotherwise.The
worldinourheadsisnotaprecisecopyofreality.Our
expectationsaboutfrequencyofeventsaremisinterpretedby
thepopularityandemotionalintensityofthemessagestowhich
weareexposed.
32.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"disregard"inparagraph2
mean?
A.Fear.
B.Ignore.
C.Support.
D.Prevent.
33.Whydoestheauthorgiveanexampleofairplanecrashes?
A.Todemonstratehowtotakeashortcut.
B.Toemphasizetheimportanceofexperience.
C.Toprovepeoplearegoodatmeasuringrisks.
D.Toexplainmemoriescanbemisleading.
34.Whatmakesmentalshortcutimperfect?
A.Representativememories.
B.Reasonedconclusions.
C.Scaryreports.
D.Misinterpretedmessages.
35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?
A.Howwesticktoourbeliefs
B.Howourbrainsevaluatethreat
C.Howourpastexperiencesshapeus
D.Howwemakeourbestchoices
BDDB
Severalresearchgroupshavepreviouslygeneratedimages
frombrainsignalsusingAImodelsthatrequirenumerousdata
analysis.Now,ShinjiNishimotoandYuTakagiatOsaka
UniversityinJapanhavedevelopedamuchsimplerapproachby
slightlyadjustingStableDiffusion,apopulartext-to-image
generator,allowingittoturnbrainsignalsdirectlyintopictures.
ShinjiNishimotoandYuTakagibuilttwoadditionalmodels
tohelpmakeStableDiffusionworkwithbrainsignals.Thepair
useddatafromfourpeopleobtainedbyusingfunctional
magneticresonanceimaging(fMRI)(功能磁共振成像技術(shù))toscan
theirbrainswhilethefourwereviewing10,000pictures.
Usingaround90percentofthebrain-imagingdata,thepair
thentrainedonemodeltomakelinksbetweenfMRIdatafroma
brainregionthatprocessesvisualsignalsandtheimagesthat
peoplewereviewing.Theyusedthesamedatasettotrainthe
othermodeltoformlinksbetweentextdescriptionsofthe
imagesandfMRIdatafromabrainregionthatprocessesthe
meaningofimages.Aftertraining,thesetwomodelscould
translatebrain-imagingdataintoformsthatweredirectlyfed
intotheStableDiffusionmodel.Itcouldthenreconstructaround
1000oftheimagespeopleviewedwithabout80%accuracy.This
levelofaccuracyissimilartothatpreviouslyachievedinastudy
thatanalysedthesamedatausingamuch
moretediousapproach,whichinvolvedmoretimeandefforts.
However,thestudyonlytestedtheapproachonfour
people,"ThisapproachrequireshugefMRImachines”,says
SikunLinattheUniversityofCalifornia."Infuture,more
practicalversionsoftheapproachcouldallowpeopletomake
artorchangeimageswiththeirimagination,oraddnew
elementstogameplay,butitisstillalongwayfromdailyuse,“
shesays.
12WhatdoweknowaboutStableDiffusion?
A.Itcallsformoredataanalysis.
B.Itwascreatedtoreadbrainsignals.
C.ItwaslaunchedbyJapanesescientists.
D.Ithelpschangebrainsignalsintopictures.
13.Whatarethetwomodelsintendedtodoaftertraining?
A.Toprocessdata.
B.Toredrawimages.
C.Toscanhumanbrains.
D.Tomatchtextdescriptions.
14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"tedious"meanin
paragraph3?
A.Simple.
B.Complicated.
C.Effective.
D.Convenient.
15.WhatdoesSikunLinsayaboutthisapproach?
AItispracticalfordailyuse.
B.Ithasbeenwidelyusedinart.
C.Itwillenrichpeople(simagination.
D.Itwillbeappliedinabroadrange.
DABD
Introducedspecieshaveabadreputation.Ithasbeen
believedthatthespeciesmixinaparticularplaceshouldremain
asunchangedaspossible.Butthisisjustanopinion.Other
opinionsarepossible.AstudypublishedrecentlybyDovSaxof
BrownUniversity,thusaskshowthebenefitsofintroduced
speciesmightbebetterassessed,sothatopinionscanbemore
informed.Specifically,heidentifiesseveralaspectsforthat.
Initially,whetherintroducedspeciesprovidedirecthuman
advantageistakenintoaccount.Dr.Saxandhiscolleagues
ignoredcrops,sincetheirbenefitsareobvious.Buttheyincluded
transplantedgrassspeciesthathavegonewild,yetprovide
grazing(牧草)fordomesticanimals,andintroducedforesttrees
thatproducewoodforconstruction.
Anotherfactoristheirpossiblebenefittotheecosysteminto
whichtheintroductionhashappened.Suchintroductionis
sometimesmadetoreducetheriskofalocalisedspecies
becomingextinct.Pyne'sgroundplum(李子),nativetoahandful
ofsitesinthecentralbasinsofTennesseebutnowtransplanted
toothers,fallsintothiscategory.
Thelastvalueisexperiencedonanemotionalratherthana
practicallevel.Lotsofpeoplefeelgoodaboutnativewildlife,
whichisgenerallythemainmotiveforitsconservation.Butthat
feel-goodfactorcanextendtointroducedspeciesaswell.Such
valuecancutbothways,however.Forexample,ring-necked
parakeets,anAsianandAfricanspecies,havebeenspreading
throughBritainforseveraldecades.Somefindthemacolourful
additiontothelocalwildlife,othersanoisycompetitorfornative
birds.
Inlightoftheiranalysis,Dr.Saxandhisteamtherefore
suggestthatresearchersstudyingintroducedspeciesshouldin
futurecreateacleardistinctionintheirstudiesbetweenchanges
thathavehappenedandjudgmentsaboutthevalueofthose
changes.Inaddition,whenmakingthosejudgments,they
shouldacknowledgealltypesofvalues,ratherthanfocusing
narrowlyononeortwoofthem.
Thatdone,manyspecieswillsurelystillbeaccusedof
possibledamage.Butothers,badlythoughtofinthepast,may
not.
8.WhatisDr.Sax'sstudyaimedtodo?
A.Keeptrackofintroducedspecies.
B.Getintroducedspeciesfullyunderstood.
C.Compareopinionsonintroducedspecies.
D.Identifyconsequencesofintroducingspecies.
9.WhywasPyne'sgroundplumtransplantedtootherplaces?
A.Toprovidegrazeforlocalanimals.
B.Toproducewoodforconstruction.
C.Tobuildanewlocalecosystem.
DTosavelocalspeciesfromdyingout.
10.Howdolocalpeoplereacttotheintroductionofring-necked
parakeets?
A.Theydon,tcareaboutit.
B.Theyconsideritacceptable.
C.Theycan'tputupwithit.
D.Theyholddividedopinionsonit.
11.WhatdoesDr.Saxsuggesttothefutureresearchers?
A.Focusingonmainvalues.
B.Evaluatingevidentchanges.
C.Analyzingpreviousresearches.
D.Presentingall-roundassessments.
BDDD
Aswinterarrives,theproblemoffogged-upcarwindscreens
becomesmorepressingfordrivers.Anti-mistingsprays(噴霧劑)
areonewayIodealwithsuchfogging.Buttheyneedfrequent
reapplication.Anotherapproachistofixwithinthethingtobe
demistedasetofelectricallypoweredheatingwires.Butbecause
ofthevisualdistraction(分/心)created,thatdoesn'tworkfora
car'sfrontwindscreen.
IranHachlerandDimosPoulikakosoftheSwissFederal
InstituteofTechnologyinZurichhave,however,comeupwith
anotherwayofwarmingsomethinguptostopfogforming.Their
newmaterialisacoatingtennanometres(納米)thick.Itisflexible,
easilymadeusingexistingprocesses,andcanbeappliedasa
coatingtoglassorplastic,orinsetinsidesuch
materials.Itsdemistingpropertiesarepoweredbysunlight.
Ineffect,itisagoldsandwich.The"bread"ofthissandwichis
apairoflayers(層),topandbottom,ofachemicalmaterial,each
threenanometresthick.Thefillingisafour-nanometredeep
goldenmaterial.Thewholestructureletsvisiblelightpass
unlimited,whileabsorbinginvisiblelightsandtransformingthem
intoheat.ltisthefillingthatwarmstheglass.Goldactsasa
mediumintheheatingprocess.Thenetworkwillnowabsorb
heatifleftinthesunshine.Thetopandbottomlayersboostthat
absorption.
GlasscoatedwithMrHachler'sandDrPoulikakos'sinvention
is,theyclaim,fourtimesmoreeffectiveatpreventingfogthan
anuncountedsurface.Itabsorbsaround30%ofsolarradiation
incidentuponit-which,onasunnyday,increasesthetemperature
ofwhatitisappliedtobyaround8℃.Onac
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