汽車專業(yè)英語課件：Basic Structure of Automobile -

汽車專業(yè)英語BasicStructureofAutomobile1.1Structuraldrawingandterminology1.frontwheel(前車輪)2.engine(發(fā)動機)3.clutch(離合器)4.transmission(變速器)5.steeringwheel(方向盤)6.body(車身)7.rearsuspension(后懸架)8.rearwheelarrester(后輪制動器)9.rearwheel(后輪)10.finaldriveanddifferent(主減速及差速器)11.transmissionshaft(傳動軸)12.sub-frame(副車架)13.frontwheelarrester(前輪制動器)14.frontsuspension(前懸架)Fig.1-1Overallstructureofaclassiccar1.radiator(散熱器)2.powersteering(動力轉(zhuǎn)向器)3.lineshaft(傳動軸)4.exhaustsystem(排氣系統(tǒng))5.differential(差速器)6.gastank(油箱)7.rearaxle(后軸)8.shockabsorber(減震器)9.tire(車輪)10.hydraulicconverter(液力變矩器)11.transmission(變速器)12.crankcase(曲軸箱)13.oilpan(油盤)14.mastercylinder(制動缸)Fig.1-2Structureofaclassiccar(viewfrombelow)1.2BasicStructureofautomotiveAnautomotiveisakindofroadvehicleusuallywithfourwheelswhichisdrivenbyanengine.In1886,aGermanyengineer,GottliebDaimler,inventedthefirstquadriccycleautomobile,whichmeansthatthecarindustrycameintobeing.Nowadaysthecarindustryaroundtheworldhasatremendousdevelopment,andithasbeenthemajorestate,especiallyindevelopedcountries,whicharefamousbyBMW,BenzandVolkswageninGerman,GM,FordandChryslerinAmerica,Toyota,Nissan,MitsubishiandHondainJapan.Withtherapiddevelopmentoftechnology,theautomobilehasbecomeanimportantsymbolofmodernscienceandtechnology.Automobilearethesameinstructure,althoughtheyarequitedifferentinthestyleanddesign.Inotherwords,anyautomobileiscomposedoffoursections,suchasengine,chassis,bodyandelectricalsystem.汽車是一種行駛在道路上，具有四個發(fā)動機驅(qū)動的輪子的交通工具。1886年，德國的一位工程師，戈特利布·戴姆勒，發(fā)明了二沖程汽車，意味著汽車工業(yè)的誕生。如今，汽車工業(yè)在世界各地，尤其是在發(fā)達(dá)國家，已經(jīng)得到巨大的發(fā)展并成為主要產(chǎn)業(yè)，主要有德國的寶馬、奔馳和大眾；美國的通用、福特和克萊斯勒；日本的豐田、日產(chǎn)、三菱和本田。隨著技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，汽車已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的重要象征。1.2.1EngineTheengineistheheartofanautomobile.Thefunctionofanautomotiveengineistoconvertfuelintoenergythatmovestheautomobile.Currentlytheeasiestwaytocreatemotionfromfuelistoburnthefuelinsideanengine.Therefore,anautomotiveengineisaninternalcombustionengine,whichburnsfuelwithinthecylindersandconvertstheexpandingforceofthecombustionintorotaryforceusedtodrivetheautomobile.Theenginesuppliesthepowertomovethevehicle.Thepowerisavailablefromtheenginecrankshaftafterafuel,usuallygasoline,isburnedintheenginecylinders.Mostautomotiveenginesarelocatedatthefrontofthevehicleanddriveeithertherearwheelsorthefrontwheelsthroughadrivetrainorpowertrainmadeupofgears,shafts,andothermechanicalandhydrauliccomponents.Mostautomotivevehiclesarepoweredbyaspark-ignitionfour-stroke-cycleinternalcombustionengine.Theinlinefour-cylinderengineandV-typesix-cylinderenginearethemostwidelyused,withV-8enginesalsocommon.Otherautomotiveengineshavethree,five,ten,andtwelvecylinders.Somepassengercarsandtruckshavedieselengines.Someautomotivespark-ignitionanddieselenginesareequippedwithasuperchargerorturbocharger.發(fā)動機能夠提供驅(qū)動車輛的動力。燃料，通常是汽油，在發(fā)動機氣缸內(nèi)燃燒后驅(qū)動曲軸以獲得動力。大多數(shù)汽車發(fā)動機位于車輛的前部，通過齒輪、軸以及其它機械和液壓組件組成的傳動系來驅(qū)動后輪或前輪。1.2.2ChassisThechassisconsistsofthepowertrainortransmissionsystem,thesuspensionsystem,thesteeringsystemandthebrakesystem.Thefunctionofthechassisisreceivingthepoweroftheengineandmakingthecarmovenormally.Inthetypicalfront-enginefront-drivevehicle,thepowertrainconsistsofaclutchandmanualtransaxle,oratorqueconverterandanautomatictransaxle.Thefinaldriveanddifferentialaredesignedintothetransaxle,anddrivethewheelsthroughhalf-shaftswithconstant-velocity(CV)universaljoints.Thetransmissionisthedeviceinthepowertrainthatprovidesdifferentforwardgearratiosbetweentheengineanddrivewheels,aswellasneutralandreverse.Thetwogeneralclassificationsoftransmissionaremanualtransmission,whichthedrivershiftsbyhand,andautomatictransmission,whichshiftsautomatically.Toshiftamanualtransmission,theclutchmustfirstbedisengaged.However,somevehicleshaveautomaticclutchdisengagementformanualtransmissions,whileothervehicleshavealimitedmanual-shiftcapabilityforautomatictransmissions.底盤由傳動系統(tǒng)、懸架系統(tǒng)、轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)和制動系統(tǒng)組成。底盤的作用是接受發(fā)動機的動力，使汽車正常運行。Inthepowertrain,thefinaldriveisthespeed-reductiongearsetthatdrivesthedifferential.Thefinaldriveismadeupofalargeringgeardrivenbyasmallerpinion,orpiniongear.Thisprovidesagearreductionofabout3:1;theexactvaluecanbetailoredtotheengine,transmission,weightofthevehicle,andperformanceorfueleconomydesired.Indriveaxles,thedifferentialisthegearassemblybetweenaxleshaftsthatpermitsonewheeltorotateataspeeddifferentfromthatoftheother(ifnecessary),whiletransmittingtorquefromthefinal-driveringgeartotheaxleshafts.Whenthevehicleiscorneringormakingaturn,thedifferentialallowstheoutsidewheeltotravelagreaterdistancethantheinsidewheel;otherwise,onewheelwouldskid,causingtirewearandpartiallossofcontrol.1.2.2Chassis1.2.3BodyThebodyisequippedonthechassis.Itserverstheobviouspurposeofholdingthedriver,passengersandgoods,providingshelter,comfortandprotectionfortheoccupants.Thebodyprovidesthree-quartersofthevehiclestotalrigidlyinbendingandintorsion.Inthecaseofcollision,itisintendedtoresistandminimizeintrusionsintotheoccupantspace.Thebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.Theautomobilebodyistheassemblyofsheet-metal,fiberglass,plastic,orcomposite-materialpanelstogetherwithwindows,doors,seats,trimandupholstery,glass,andotherpartsthatformenclosuresforthepassenger,engine,andluggagecompartments.Theassembledbodystructuremayattachthroughrubbermountstoaseparateorfullframe(body-on-frameconstruction),orthebodyandframemaybeintegrated(unitized-bodyconstruction).Inthelattermethod,theframe,bodyparts,andfloorpanareweldedtogethertoformasingleunitthathasenergy-absorbingfrontandrearstructures,andanchorsfortheengine,suspension,steering,andpower-traincomponents.Athirdtypeofbodyconstructionisthespaceframewhichismadeofweldedsteelstampings.Similartothetubechassisandrollcagecombinationusedinrace-carconstruction,non-load-carryingplasticouterpanelsfastentothespaceframetoformthebody.Theframeisthemainstructuralmembertowhichallothermechanicalchassispartsandthebodyareassembledtomakeacompletevehicle.Inoldervehicledesigns,theframeisaseparaterigidstructure;newerpassenger-cardesignshavetheframeandbodystructurecombinedintoanintegralunit,orunitizedbody.Subframesandtheirassembledcomponentsattachtothesiderailsatthefrontandrearoftheunitizedbody.Thefrontsubframecarriestheengine,transmissionortransaxle,lowerfrontsuspension,andothermechanicalparts.Therearsubframe,ifused,carriestherearsuspensionandrearaxle.1.2.3Body1.2.4ElectricalEquipmentElectricalequipmentconsistsofpowerandelectricalequipment.Thepowerequipmentconsistsofbatteryandgenerator.Theelectricalequipmentconsistsofstartingsystem,ignitionsystem,hornsystem,instrumentation,airconditioner,audio,wiperandotherdevices.Theuseofsolid-stateelectronicdevicesintheautomobilebeganduringthe1960s,whentheelectromechanicalvoltageregulatorofthealternator,wasreplacedbyatransistorizedvoltageregulator.Thiswasfollowedinthe1970sbyelectronicignition,fuelinjection,andcruisecontrol.Sincethen,electronicdevicesandsystemsontheautomobilehaveproliferated.Theseincludeengineandpowertraincontrol,airbags,antilockbraking,tractioncontrol,suspensionandridecontrol,remotekeylessentry,memoryseats,driverinformationandnavigationsystems,cellulartelephoneandmobilecommunicationssystems,andonboarddiagnostics.Theself-diagnosticcapabilityofthevehiclecomputer,power-trainorenginecontrolmodule,orsystemcontrollermaybeaidedbyamemorythatstoresinformationaboutmalfunctionsthathaveoccurredandperhapstemporarilydisappeared.Whenrecalledfromthememory,thisinformationcanhelptheservicetechniciandiagnoseandrepairthevehiclemorequickly,accurately,andreliably.電氣設(shè)備包括電源和電氣設(shè)備。電源設(shè)備包括蓄電池和發(fā)電機，電氣設(shè)備包括起動系統(tǒng)、點火系統(tǒng)、喇叭系統(tǒng)、儀器儀表、空調(diào)、音響、雨刮器和其他設(shè)備。1.3ThevehicleTechnicalParametersOnthevehicle,thereisanameplatetoshowthedateofmultifunctionaldisplays(MFD),theplant,theengine,thechassismodel,thetransaxle,themanufactureshownabove,thecolortrim,thegrossvehicleweightrating(GVWR),thevehiclecapacity,thesizeoftyre,thetyrepressureandsoon.Nowlet'slookatthediagramsofthisunit.1.approachangle(接近角)2.frontoverhang(汽車前懸)3.lengthofbody(車身長)4.heightofbody(車身高)5.groundclearance(離地間隙)6.wheelbase(軸距)7.overalllength(總長)8.rearoverhang(后懸架)9.departureangle(離去角)10.vehicleheight(車高)11.wheeltread(輪距)12.widthofbody(車身寬)13.vehiclewidth(車寬)Fig.1-3Thekeydimensiondataofavehicle1.3.1TheKeyDimensionDataofaVehicle1.crankshaft(曲軸)2.connectingrod(連桿)3.piston(活塞)4.intakevalve(進氣門)5.exhaustvalve(排氣門)6.TDC(上止點)7.BDC(下止點)8.cylinderdiameter(氣缸直徑)

9.pistonstroke(活塞沖程)10.clearancevolume(燃燒室容積)11.sweptvolume(活塞排量)Fig.1-4Engineterms1.3.2EngineTermsTopDeadCenter(TDC).Thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisfarthestawayfromthecrankshaft.上止點指的是活塞離曲軸最遠(yuǎn)時活塞頂所處的位置。BottomDeadCenter(BDC).Thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisnearestawayfromthecrankshaft.下止點指的是活塞離曲軸最近時活塞頂所處的位置。SweptVolume.ThevolumebetweenTDCandBDC.氣缸工作容積是指上下止點間所包容的氣缸容積。ClearanceVolume.ThevolumeofspaceabovethepositionwhenitisatTDC.燃燒室容積是指活塞位于上止點時，活塞頂面以上的空間容積。EngineCapacity.Thisisthesweptvolumeofallcylinders.Generallyspeaking,thelargertheenginecapacityis,thehighertheenginepoweris.發(fā)動機排量是指發(fā)動機所有氣缸工作容積的總和，一般來說，排量越大，功率越大。CompressionRatio.Itmeansthatthepistoncompressesthegasmixturewhichismadefromairandfuel(sweptvol+clearancevol)/(clearancevol).壓縮比是指氣缸總?cè)莘e（氣缸工作容積+燃燒室容積）與燃燒室容積之比。1.crankshaft(曲軸)2.connectingrod(連桿)3.piston(活塞)4.intakevalve(進氣門)5.exhaustvalve(排氣門)6.TDC(上止點)7.BDC(下止點)8.cylinderdiameter(氣缸直徑)

9.pistonstroke(活塞沖程)10.clearancevolume(燃燒室容積)11.sweptvolume(活塞排量)Fig.1-4Engineterms1.3.2EngineTermsEngineTorque.Itmea