施工組織設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯參考文獻(xiàn)

施工組織設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯參考文獻(xiàn)PAGEPAGE1施工組織設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯參考文獻(xiàn)(文檔含中英文對(duì)照即英文原文和中文翻譯)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的重要性摘要：建筑工程在施工過程中，施工組織方案的優(yōu)劣不僅直接影響工程的質(zhì)量，對(duì)工期及施工過程中的人員安全也有重要影響。施工組織是項(xiàng)目建設(shè)和指導(dǎo)工程施工的重要技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)文件。能調(diào)節(jié)施工中人員、機(jī)器、原料、環(huán)境、工藝、設(shè)備、土建、安裝、管理、生產(chǎn)等矛盾,要對(duì)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督和控制,才能科學(xué)合理的保證工程項(xiàng)目高質(zhì)量、低成本、少耗能的完成。關(guān)鍵詞：項(xiàng)目管理施工組織方案重要性施工組織設(shè)計(jì)就是對(duì)工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目整個(gè)施工過程的構(gòu)思設(shè)想和具體安排，是施工組織管理工作的核心和靈魂。其目的是使工程速度快、質(zhì)量好、效益高。使整個(gè)工程在施工中獲得相對(duì)的最優(yōu)效果。1．編制施工組織設(shè)計(jì)重要性的原因建筑工程及其施工具有固定性與流動(dòng)性、多樣性與單件性、形體龐大與施工周期長這三對(duì)特點(diǎn)。所以，每一建筑工程的施工都必須進(jìn)行施工組織設(shè)計(jì)。這是因?yàn)椋浩渌话愎I(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)都有著自己固定的、長期適用的工廠。而建筑施工具有流動(dòng)性的特點(diǎn)，不可能建立這樣的工廠，只能是當(dāng)每一個(gè)建筑工程施工時(shí)，建立一個(gè)相應(yīng)的、臨時(shí)性的，如同工廠作用性質(zhì)的施工現(xiàn)場準(zhǔn)備，即工地。施工單件性特點(diǎn)與施工流動(dòng)性特點(diǎn)，決定了每一建筑工程施工都要選擇相應(yīng)的機(jī)具和勞動(dòng)力組織。選擇施工方法、擬定施工技術(shù)方案及其勞動(dòng)力組織和機(jī)具配置，統(tǒng)稱為施工作業(yè)能力配置。施工周期的特點(diǎn)，決定了各種勞動(dòng)力、機(jī)具和眾多材料物資技術(shù)的供應(yīng)時(shí)間也比較長，這就產(chǎn)生了與施工總進(jìn)度計(jì)劃相適應(yīng)的物資技術(shù)的施工組織設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容。由此可見，施工組織設(shè)計(jì)在項(xiàng)目管理中是相當(dāng)重要的。2．施工組織設(shè)計(jì)方案的重要性建筑產(chǎn)品作為一種商品，在項(xiàng)目管理中工程質(zhì)量在整個(gè)施工過程中起著極其重要的作用。工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的施工組織設(shè)計(jì)與其工程造價(jià)有著密切的關(guān)系。施工組織設(shè)計(jì)基本的內(nèi)容有：工程概況和施工條件的分析、施工方案、施工工藝、施工進(jìn)度計(jì)劃、施工總平面圖。還有經(jīng)濟(jì)分析和施工準(zhǔn)備工作計(jì)劃。其中,施工方案及施工工藝的確定更為重要,如:施工機(jī)械的選擇、水平運(yùn)輸方法的選擇、土方的施工方法及主體結(jié)構(gòu)的施工方法和施工工藝的選擇等等,均直接影響著工程預(yù)算價(jià)格的變化。在保證工程質(zhì)量和滿足業(yè)主使用要求及工期要求的前提下,優(yōu)化施工方案及施工工藝是控制投資和降低工程項(xiàng)目造價(jià)的重要措施和手段。2.1施工組織方案在很大程度上影響著工程質(zhì)量，因此合理的施工組織方案不僅是確保工程順利完成的基礎(chǔ)，也是工程安全的依據(jù)。施工組織設(shè)計(jì)是建筑工程設(shè)計(jì)文件的重要組成部分，是編制工程投資概預(yù)算的主要依據(jù)和編制招投標(biāo)文件的主要參考依據(jù)。因此，認(rèn)真做好施工組織設(shè)計(jì)，對(duì)于正確確定工程造價(jià)、降低工程投資，從而有利控制工程造價(jià)將有十分重要的作用。2.2施工組織方案是對(duì)施工活動(dòng)實(shí)行科學(xué)管理的重要手段，它具有戰(zhàn)略部署和戰(zhàn)術(shù)安排的雙重作用。它體現(xiàn)了實(shí)現(xiàn)基本建設(shè)計(jì)劃和設(shè)計(jì)的要求，提供了各階段的施工準(zhǔn)備工作內(nèi)容，協(xié)調(diào)施工過程中各施工工區(qū)，各施工工種，各項(xiàng)自愿之間的相互關(guān)系。施工組織方案必須能夠根據(jù)工程產(chǎn)品的特點(diǎn)和要求，根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的和可能爭取到的施工條件，從實(shí)際出發(fā)，決定各種生產(chǎn)要素的基本結(jié)合方式，不切實(shí)解決問題，就不可能進(jìn)行任何生產(chǎn)。3．施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的指標(biāo)計(jì)算和分析目前施工組織設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)建立哪些指標(biāo)還不統(tǒng)一，計(jì)算方法也不規(guī)范。由于它是評(píng)價(jià)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)整體效果和評(píng)價(jià)執(zhí)行狀況的尺度，也是對(duì)承建工程施工的單位(項(xiàng)目部)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營管理水平和效果進(jìn)行考核的依據(jù)。應(yīng)予重視，提出如下意見。3．1指標(biāo)體系。指標(biāo)體系的設(shè)置要盡量反映施工組織設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)達(dá)到的水平，為評(píng)價(jià)、考核、執(zhí)行提供方便。3．2指標(biāo)計(jì)算。(1)施工準(zhǔn)備期。從現(xiàn)場準(zhǔn)備開始到正式工程開工的全部時(shí)間。(2)單位工程工期。由單位工程施工進(jìn)度計(jì)劃安排的施工期。(3)勞動(dòng)力不均衡系數(shù)。施工期高峰人數(shù)與平均人數(shù)之比。(4)降低成本額。技術(shù)組織措施降低成本的價(jià)格成果。(5)降低成本率。降低成本額占承包成本的百分比。(6)施工機(jī)械化程度。機(jī)械施工完成產(chǎn)值與工程承包造價(jià)之比。(7)工廠化施工程度。預(yù)制廠(采砂場、采石場)完成的產(chǎn)值與工程承包造價(jià)之比。(8)臨時(shí)工程投資比例。全部臨時(shí)工程投資與工程承包造價(jià)之比。(9)臨時(shí)工程費(fèi)用比例。全部臨時(shí)工程消耗費(fèi)用減回收費(fèi)與工程承包造價(jià)之比。3．3指標(biāo)分析。施工組織設(shè)計(jì)指標(biāo)與同類工程歷史實(shí)際水平相比，可以評(píng)價(jià)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)效果；不同施工組織設(shè)計(jì)方案的指標(biāo)對(duì)比，可以優(yōu)選方案；分析以往歷次同類工程的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的加權(quán)數(shù)值，可以作為今后再次投標(biāo)的參考依據(jù)。4．施工組織設(shè)計(jì)的管理隨著社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的建立,建筑市場的競爭日趨激烈,客觀形勢(shì)對(duì)施工企業(yè)的要求越來越高。不僅在技術(shù)裝備、人員素質(zhì)、施工組織者方面提出較高的要求，而且工程經(jīng)濟(jì)管理工作中有關(guān)工程預(yù)結(jié)算也面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)。嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)建筑市場形勢(shì)下，有些施工企業(yè)沒有積極采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施,對(duì)員工的專業(yè)技術(shù)沒有更新、培訓(xùn)?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)管理水平相當(dāng)落后。加上對(duì)編制審核施工組織設(shè)計(jì)沒有引起足夠的重視。因此就會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下幾種常見的情況：4.1開工前沒有編制審核施工組織設(shè)計(jì)：不搞施工平面布置圖,材料亂堆亂放。土方運(yùn)出運(yùn)進(jìn)、機(jī)械設(shè)備、勞動(dòng)力需求無計(jì)劃、工程質(zhì)量、安全施工無保證措施。造成窩工浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,管理水平較低。4.2是否是專業(yè)人員編制施工組織設(shè)計(jì)：為應(yīng)付上級(jí)部門及監(jiān)理單位、甲方檢查而給施工員或資料員代編施工組織設(shè)計(jì)。因?yàn)橘Y料根本對(duì)現(xiàn)在的施工管理不了解而又是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)最近安排的，不得不胡亂編造，應(yīng)付了事。4.3施工組織設(shè)計(jì)編制水平低：有的施工單位，不明白施工組織在施工過程中的重要性，寫一寫各分項(xiàng)施工工藝、畫張平面布置圖、工程進(jìn)度計(jì)劃表,便認(rèn)為是施工組織設(shè)計(jì)了。4.4要技術(shù)棄經(jīng)濟(jì)：相當(dāng)多的施工企業(yè)單位在編制施工組織設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)。只重視施工組織當(dāng)中的各分項(xiàng)工程的技術(shù)措施。沒有考慮分項(xiàng)工程經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)方面內(nèi)容,導(dǎo)致工程竣工結(jié)算時(shí)糾紛不斷,蒙受經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。因此，要對(duì)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行管理：（1）實(shí)行動(dòng)態(tài)管理工程施工過程中，不可避免地會(huì)遇到意想不到的各種問題，如設(shè)計(jì)變更、自然因素等影響，各階段施工進(jìn)程的變化造成現(xiàn)場方案的調(diào)整，因此必須根據(jù)變化了的現(xiàn)場實(shí)際進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)管理，對(duì)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)中不適宜部分進(jìn)行必須的修改、補(bǔ)充、優(yōu)化，以達(dá)到既定的建設(shè)目標(biāo)。（2）實(shí)行分層管理項(xiàng)目法施工的推行，管理層與作業(yè)層分離，以及固定工人逐步減少的情況，勢(shì)必引出總承包與分包的現(xiàn)象，中標(biāo)單位從過去的直接管理、直接技術(shù)交底，變?yōu)殚g接管理、間接技術(shù)交底，因此應(yīng)根據(jù)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行分層管理，明確總包與分包單位、管理層與作業(yè)層的技術(shù)權(quán)限、職責(zé)與工作程序。5．結(jié)語在項(xiàng)目的施工中，一定要對(duì)施工組織設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督和控制，確保項(xiàng)目的施工有序，防止施工組織設(shè)計(jì)流于形式。施工組織設(shè)計(jì)是工程質(zhì)量、安全、進(jìn)度的保障有力措施。在一定的資源條件下實(shí)現(xiàn)工程的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，達(dá)到施工效益與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益雙贏的目的。ImportanceofconstructionorganizationdesignSummary:Constructionworkintheconstructionprocess,theconstructionorganizationschemewillnotonlydirectlyaffectprojectquality,durationandsafetyalsohasanimportantimpactintheconstructionprocess.Constructionorganizationprojectsandmentoringinconstructionofkeytechnicalandeconomicdocuments.Canregulatetheconstructionpeople,machines,materials,environment,technology,equipment,construction,installation,management,productionandotherconflicts,monitoringandcontroloftheconstructionorganizationdesign,scientificandreasonableassurancethecompletionofprojectofhighquality,lowcost,lowenergyconsumption.Keywords:ProjectmanagementconstructionmanagementprogrammetheimportanceConstructionorganizationdesignistheideaofthewholeconstructionprocessofengineeringconstructionprojectideasandspecificarrangements,organizationandmanagementofconstructionworkistheheartandsoul.Itsaimistoenablehighspeed,highquality,efficiency.Engineering-bestresultswhenworkinginconstructionasawhole.1．BecauseoftheimportanceofpreparationofconstructionorganizationdesignArchitecturalengineeringandconstructionwithafixedandliquidity,diversityandone-piece,formalargeandlongconstructionperiodthethreecharacteristics.Therefore,eachconstructionengineeringconstructionorganizationdesignofconstructionmustbecarriedout.Thisisbecauseothergeneralindustrialproductshavetheirownfixed,long-termapplicationfactories.Buildingconstructionischaracterizedbymobility,impossibletobuildsuchaplant,onlywheneachoftheconstruction,andestablishinganappropriate,provisional,asfactoryconstructionsitepreparation,namely,site.Constructioncharacteristicsandconstructionofsinglepiecesofmobilityfeatures,decidedtoselectappropriateequipmentforeachconstructionandlabororganizations.Constructiontechnologyofconstructionmethodofselecting,developingprogrammesandlabourorganizationsandequipmentconfiguration,collectivelyknownasoperationcapacityconfiguration.Constructioncyclefeaturesdeterminesthelaboursupplyofmanymaterial,equipmentandtechnologyisalongtime,whichraisesthetotalprogressplanofconstructionmaterialthatisappropriatefortheconstructionorganizationdesignoftechnologycontent.Itcanbeseenthatisofconsiderableimportanceinconstructionorganizationdesigninprojectmanagement.2.ImportanceofconstructionorganizationdesignConstructionproductsasacommodityandengineeringqualityinprojectmanagementplaysavitalroleintheentireconstructionprocess.Constructionorganizationdesignandengineeringcostofconstructionprojectshasacloserelationship.Constructionorganizationdesignofbasiccontent:projectoverviewandanalysisofconstructionconditions,implementationplan,constructiontechnology,constructionprogressplanandgeneralplanofconstruction.Furthereconomicanalysisandconstructionpreparationplans.,Schemeandconstructiontechnologyinconstructionofmoreimportant,suchas:levelsofselection,selectionoftransportmethodofconstructionmachinery,earth-movingconstructionmethodandconstructionmethodandconstructiontechnologyofmainstructureofchoiceandsoon,aredirectlyaffectingtheestimatedprojectpricechanges.Inensuringprojectqualityandmeettheownerssubjecttotherequirementsanddurationrequirements,optimizingconstructionschemeandconstructiontechnologyareimportantmeasurestocontrolinvestmentandreduceprojectcostandmeans.2.1Constructionorganizationschemeistoalargeextentaffectprojectquality,reasonableconstructionprogrammeisnotonlytoensurethatthebasisforsuccessfulcompletionoftheconstruction,safetybasis.Constructionorganizationdesignisanimportantpartofconstructiondesigndocuments,isthemainbasisforpreparationoftheprojectinvestmentbudgetandpreparationoftenderdocuments,themainframeofreference.Therefore,goodjobinconstructionorganizationdesign,correctlydetermineprojectcost,reduceengineeringinvestment,thusenablingtocontrolprojectcostwouldhaveaveryimportantrole.2.2Constructionorganizationplanofconstructionactivitiesisanimportantmeansofimplementingscientificmanagement,ithasthedualroleofstrategicdeploymentandtacticalarrangements.Itreflectstherequirementsofimplementingthecapitalmasterplananddesignprovidesallphasesofconstructionpreparation,coordinationofconstructionduringtheconstructionproject,theconstructiontrade,therelationshipbetweenvoluntary.Constructionorganizationschememustbeaccordingtotheproduct'scharacteristicsandrequirements,basedonexistingandpossiblesecuringconstructionconditions,realistic,determinehowthebasiccombinationofvariousfactorsofproduction,doesnotsolveproblems,itisimpossibleforanyproduction.3ConstructiondesigncalculationandanalysisofindicatorsConstructionorganizationdesignshouldbetoestablishwhichindicatorsarenotunified,calculationorspecification.Becauseitistheevaluationofconstructionorganizationdesignoftheoverallassessmentoftheeffectivenessandthestatusofimplementation,aswellasprojectconstructionunits(project)productionandmanagementlevelsandtotesttheeffectivenessofthebasis.Mustbegivento,andmadethefollowingcomments.3.1Indexsystem.Setsasfaraspossiblereflecttheconstructionorganizationdesignofindexsystemofthetargetlevelof,andtofacilitatetheevaluation,examination,implementation.3.2Indexcalculation.(1)constructionpreparationphase.Startingfromsitepreparationtotheofficialprojectforalltime.(2)projectduration.Arrangedbyunitengineeringconstructionprogressplanofconstruction.(3)labourimbalancecoefficient.Duringpeakandtheaverageratioofthenumberof.(4)reducethecostamount.Technicalmeasurestoreducethecostofresults.(5)reducethecostrate.Costreductionpercentageoftotalcontractcosts.(6)constructionmechanization.Mechanicalconstructioncompletedproductionandengineeringcontractcostratio.(7)thelevelofindustrialconstruction.Precastfactory(sandexcavation,quarries)completedproductionandengineeringcontractcostratio.(8)theinvestmentproportionoftemporaryworks.Alltemporaryworksinvestmentandengineeringcontractscostratio.(9)costoftemporaryworks.Alltemporaryworkscostrecoveryfeesandcontractcostreductionratio.3.3Indicatoranalysis.Constructionorganizationdesignofindicatorsascomparedtosimilarprojectshistoricalactuallevels,canassesstheimpactconstructionorganizationdesign;differentindicatorsofconstructionorganizationdesignincontrasttooptimumprogramme;analysisoftheweightednumericalindicatorofprevioussimilarprojectscouldserveasareferenceforfuturebiddingagain.4ManagementofconstructionorganizationdesignWiththeestablishmentoftheSocialistmarketeconomy,buildingincreasinglyfiercemarketcompetition,objectiveconditionsontheconstructionenterpriserequirementsgettinghigherandhigher.Notonlyintermsoftechnicalequipment,qualityofpersonnel,organizerofconstructionputforwardhigherrequirements,butalsoinengineeringeconomicsandmanagementworkengineeringbudgetandsettlementalsofacesnewchallenges.Strictconstructionmarketsituation,someconstructioncompaniesdonothaveapositiveresponse,hadnoupdateonstaffexpertiseandtraining.Scienceandtechnologymanagementlevelquitebackward.Andforthepreparationofconstructionorganizationdesignofauditdidnotattractenoughattention.Therefore,therewillbeseveralcommonscenarios:4.1Beforecommencementofconstructionorganizationdesignofauditinghasnotbeenprepared:nottoengageintheconstructionoffloorplans,materialsofrubblelyingaround.Earthworkoutoftransport,machineryandequipment,qualityoflabordemandplanning,engineering,constructionwithoutguaranteesofsecurity.Causedtheseriouswasteofidling,lowerlevelsofmanagement.4.2Istheprofessionalpreparationofconstructionorganizationdesign:tocopewithhigherauthoritiesandsupervisionunits,thecustomershallcheckandconstructionconstructionorganizationdesignforinformationoraddendum.Becausetheinformationsimplydon'tknowaboutnow,constructionmanagementandleadershiphasrecentlyarranged,hadtomakeupindiscriminatelytodealwith.4.3Lowlevelsofconstructionorganizationdesignpreparation:someconstructionunits,donotunderstandtheimportanceofconstructionorganizationintheconstructionprocess,writeabouttheconstructionprocess,drawafloorplan,projectschedule,isconsideredtobeconstructionorganizationplan.4.4Abandonedtechnologyeconomy:aconsiderablenumberofunitsatthetimeofpreparationofconstructionorganizationdesigninconstructionenterprise.Onlyimportancetotheconstructionoftheprojectoftechnicalmeasures.Contentdoesnottakeintoaccounteconomicindicators,leadingtoprojectscompletionsettlementofdisputescontinue,causingeconomiclosses.Therefore,themanagementofconstructionorganizationdesign:(1)theintroductionofdynamicmanagement

Constructionprocess,inevitablywillencounterunexpectedproblems,suchasimpact,naturalfacto