選擇性必修④ UNIT 6 課下主題訓(xùn)練 地球與宇宙奧秘探索

PAGE第5頁共5頁選擇性必修④UNIT6課下主題訓(xùn)練地球與宇宙奧秘探索Ⅰ.閱讀理解A(2021·銀川模擬)IfhumanseversettleonMars,theywillneedwater.Thereisjustoneproblem—thereseemstobeonlyhugesheetsofice.Luckily,weknowhowtodrill(鉆孔)iceforwater.SuchmethodsarealreadyusedinAntarctica,andresearchersnowthinktheycouldgetthemtoworkontheRedPlanet,too.TheatmosphereofMarsistoodrytomakeextractingwatervapourfromitpossible.Soiceseemsthebestbet.Buttheobviousicesheetsareintheunlivablepolaricecapsandwouldbedifficulttoreachfordrilling.However,in2018,attheedgeofthecliffs,NASA'sMarsReconnaissanceOrbiterspottedrelativelyaccessiblewatericethatisprobablyatleast130metresthickandcoveredinjustafewmetresofrockanddust.Thesemaybethebestplacetogetthewaterneededforfutureexplorationoftheplanet.ThedrillingtechniquesneededhavealreadybeendevelopedforcoldareasonEarthwhereweneedtomeltburiediceforwater.Intheearly1960s,theUSArmyusedatypeofsubsurfacereservoir(水庫)calledRodWell,inarmycampsinGreenland.Themethodworksbydrillingthroughthegroundintotheice,meltingtheicetocreateapool,andthenpumpingwaterup.Bysupplyingheatcontinuously,theycreateareservoirandasteadywatersupply.IthasbeenusedinremoteareassuchastheAmundsen-ScottSouthPoleStationStephenHoffmanattheAerospaceCorporationinTexasandhiscolleaguessimulated(模擬)howaRodWellwoulddoonMars.Theyfoundthatwiththepowerof9kilowatts(千瓦)tomeltice,itcouldintheoryproduceabout380litresofwatereachdayandmaintainareservoirofconstantsizeatthebottomofaborehole(鉆孔).ThatisclosetotheaveragedailywateruseeachpersonintheUS,butabout10timeswhateachastronautontheInternationalSpaceStationusesdaily.語篇解讀：本文是一篇說明文。文章告訴我們?nèi)绻祟愐诨鹦巧仙婵梢酝ㄟ^人類現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)在火星巨大的冰層上鉆冰取水。1．Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“extracting”inthefirstparagraph?A．Obtaining. B．Protecting.C．preventing. D．Choosing.解析：選A詞義猜測題。劃線詞前面提到了火星的大氣層太干燥，由此可推知從大氣層“獲取”水蒸氣是不可能的。故選A。2．WhydoestheauthormentiontheRodWellinParagraph3?A．ToexplainhowwatericeisdrilledonMars.B．Totellaboutthehistoryofwatericedrillingtechniques.C．Toprovetheimportanceofwatericedrillingtechniques.D．ToshowtechniquesfordrillingwaterwellsinMartianiceexist.解析：選D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第一句和第二句可知，作者提到RodWell是說明融化地下冰獲得水的技術(shù)已經(jīng)開發(fā)出來了，將來可用于火星開發(fā)中。故選D。3．Onaverage,howmuchwaterdoesanastronautontheInternationalSpaceStationusedaily?A．10litres. B．38litres.C．160litres. D．380litres.解析：選B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段最后兩句可知，美國人均日用水量是380升，這個用水量是每位宇航員日用水量的10倍。因此可以算出宇航員日用水量38升左右。故選B。4．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．PreparingtosettleontheRedPlanetoneday.B．FindingwaterontheRedPlanetforsurvival.C．UsingsomewaystocreatealivableenvironmentonMars.D．DrillingwaterwellsinMartianicetosurviveonMars.解析：選D標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第一段可知，如果人類要在火星上生存可以通過人類現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)在火星巨大的冰層上鉆冰取水。第二段提到，在火星上找到了可被人類利用的冰。第三段提到了現(xiàn)有的“鉆冰取水”的技術(shù)。故選D。BRussiahasannouncedthatitisdevelopingaspecializedwashingmachineforastronautstouseinspace.Theannouncementcamefromamissile,spaceshipandspacestationmanufacturerRKK.Normalwashingmachinesrequiregravitytofunction,nottomentionsignificantamountsofwaterthathastobestoredsomewhereandincreasesweight—theyarenotsuitableforspacemissions(任務(wù)).Thismeansthatastronautscannotwashtheirclothesandeitherhavetopackenoughfortheirwholetriporrelyoncostlyresupplymissionsandthrowuseditemsintospace.Crewmemberstakingpartinlong-termmissionsontheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)oftenendupwearingthesamegarmentsforseveralcontinuousdaysandjustchangeintonewoneswhentheygetdirty.Asidefromthisissue,wearingdirtyclothescanbeuncomfortablefortheastronautsandcouldalsoprovideperfectconditionsfordangerousbacteriatogrowandspread.RKKhaspreviouslyoutlinedplansforaspacewashingmachineinaRussianspaceindustryjournalpaperpublishedin2017.Inthepaper,theauthorsestimated(估計)that1,450poundsofclothesaresurprisinglytransportedtotheISSeveryyeartocovertherequirementsofjustthreeastronauts.Andthisquantitycouldincreasetothreetonsforatwo-yearvoyagetoMarsinvolvingsixcrewmembersandcouldincreasethecostsandcomplexityofamission.TheRussianscientistssaidthat,insteadofwater,thewashingmachinewouldusethecarbondioxideproducedbytheastronauts'breathinginthespaceship.Specialtechnologywouldthenturnthegasintoaliquidunderhighpressureinordertocleantheclothes.TheRussiandesignsarenotthefirstproposalsforaspacewashingmachine.NASAhaspreviouslymadeamodelofalow-power,low-waterwashingdevice(設(shè)備)whichwasdesignedtoworkinthemicrogravityoflow-EarthorbitorthatofthemoonorMars.語篇解讀：俄羅斯生產(chǎn)商RKK宣布，他們正在研發(fā)一種專門供宇航員在太空使用的洗衣機(jī)，該洗衣機(jī)能將二氧化碳轉(zhuǎn)化成液體，然后用于清洗衣物。5．Normalwashingmachinesarenotsuitableinthespaceshipmainlybecause________.A．theyleadtoseriousspacepollutionB．theymakesomebacteriaspreadC．theyrequiregravitytofunctionD．theyincreasetheweightofthespaceship解析：選C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，普通的洗衣機(jī)之所以不能在太空使用，是因?yàn)樗鼈冃枰亓Σ拍芄ぷ鳌９蔬xC。6．Whatmightbethebiggestadvantageofthespecializedwashingmachine?A．Helpingastronautsdrytheirclothes.B．HavingacompetitionagainstNASA.C．Makingthemissionscheaperandeasier.D．Gettingastronautstoadapttotheenvironment.解析：選C推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句可知，以往的做法會增加太空任務(wù)的費(fèi)用和復(fù)雜程度。由此可推知，這種特制的洗衣機(jī)可以讓太空任務(wù)更加便宜并且更加容易。故選C。7．Wherecanastronautsgettheliquidforwashingclothesinthespaceship?A．Fromthewatertankinthespaceship.B．Fromtheouterspace.C．Fromtherecyclingwaterinthespaceship.D．Fromthegascarbondioxide.解析：選D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容可知，該洗衣機(jī)可以將宇航員呼吸產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳通過高壓轉(zhuǎn)化為液體，從而清洗衣物。故選D。8．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．Russiaisdevelopingaspacewashingmachine.B．AspacewashingmachinehasbeenusedinRussia.C．NASA'smadeamodelofaspacewashingmachine.D．RKKtransportstonsofclothestoastronautsinspace.解析：選A主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第一句并結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要講述俄羅斯正在研發(fā)一種可以供宇航員使用的洗衣機(jī)。故選A。Ⅱ.語法填空Kitchentechnologyhasreachednewheights.Sofar,astronautsontheInternationalSpaceStation__1__(make)theuniverse'sfirstspace-bakedcookies.Theyare__2___veryfirstkindoffoodtobebakedinspacefromrawingredients.Theastronautssaid__3___(eat)freshlybakedfoodwillmakethemhappywhileonthespacestation.Itwillbeacomforting__4__(remind)ofhome.ThiswillbeimportantforastronautsgoingtothemoonoronthelongjourneytoMars.Bakingthespacecookiesonce__5___(think)extremelydifficult.OnEarth,cookiestakeabout20minutes__6__(bake)inanovenheatedto150degreesCelsius(302degreesFahrenheit).Thatwasnotlongenoughinspace.Thefirstcookiecameout__7__(total)undercooked.Thespacebakersturned__8___theoven'stemperatureandbakedthedoughfor__9___(long)untiltheyweresuccessful.Thefifthcookietheymadetook130minutestobake.Thespace-bakedcookiesarenowinalaboratoryinHouston,Texas.Scientistswilltestthemtosee__語篇解讀：本文是一篇新聞報道。國際空間站的宇航員制作了宇宙中第一塊太空烘焙餅干。1．havemade考查動詞的時態(tài)。時間狀語是sofar(迄今為止)，句子應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。故填havemade。2．the考查冠詞。序數(shù)詞first前要用定冠詞，表示“第一”。故填the。3．eating考查非謂語動詞。設(shè)空處作主語，應(yīng)用動名詞形式。故填eating。4．reminder考查名詞?？涨坝胁欢ü谠~和形容詞，故該空應(yīng)用單數(shù)名詞。該處表示“引起回憶的事物；提醒人的事物”。故填reminder。5．wasthought考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。“bakingthespacecookies”和think之間是被動關(guān)系，該句應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。且根據(jù)once(曾經(jīng))可知，該句應(yīng)用一般過去時態(tài)。且動名詞作主語，謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。故填wasthought。6．tobake考查非謂語動詞?！癷t/sth.taketimetodosth.”是固定句式，意為“花時間做某事”，故填tobake。7．totally考查副詞。該空修飾形容詞undercooked“煎(或烤、炸)得火候不足的”，應(yīng)用副詞。故填totally。8．up考查介詞。turnup“調(diào)高”，是固定短語，符合語境。故填up。9．longer考查形容詞比較級。根據(jù)句意，該處應(yīng)用long的比較級，故填longer。10．if/whether考查名詞性從句。該空引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示“是否”，故填whether/if。Ⅲ.應(yīng)用文寫作假定你是某中學(xué)學(xué)生李華。英國一所友好學(xué)校的交換生(exchangestudent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