鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

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-PAGE１-鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含中英文對(duì)照即英文原文和中文翻譯)外文:RuralTourismandEconomicDevelopmentTourismisapopulareconomicdevelopmentstrategy.Theauthorreviewsthreediversebooksthatstudytourismfromvarioussocialscienceperspectives——economic,sociological,psychological,andanthropological.Ryan’sbookismultidisciplinaryinapproachandcoversallmajortopicsoftourism;touristexperience;andmarketing.MichalSmithdetailsthenegativeaffectsoftourismdevelopmentinruralareasofthesoutheasternUnitedStates.Finally,ValeneSmith’sbookpresentsinternationalcasestudiesthatdocumentculturalchangescausedbytourismdevelopment.Despitetheirdifferentfocuses,allthreebooksagreethattourismdevelopmenthasitsbenefitsandcostsandthatchangestothedestinationareasareinevitable.Carefulplanningandmarketingcanlessentheharmfuleffectsoftourismdevelopment.Tourismisanincreasinglypopularelixirtoeconomicruralandurbanunderdevelopment.Itscurrentprominenceinthearrayoflocaleconomicdevelopmentstrategiescanbetracedtoseveralfeaturesofthetourismindustry.Tourismjobsaremostlylow-skilljobs,whichareagoodfitwiththejobskillsofmanyruralresidents.Also,tourismhasapotentialforcreatinganexportbasethatbuildsonfavorablelocaladvantagessuchasapleasantclimateorsitesofhistoricornaturalinterest.Moreimportant,tourismstrategiesmeshwiththecurrentpoliticalphilosophyandbudgetrealitiesofminimizinggovernmentinvolvementandinvestment.Theaccommodations,restaurants,andentertainmentactivitiesthatnecessarilyaccompanytourismareassumedtobeprovidedbytheprivatesector.Criticsoftourismasadevelopmentstrategyciteitslow-payinganddead-endjobs,itsdegradationofthelocalnaturalenvironment,anditspotentialcorruptionoflocalcultureandcustoms.Further,noteveryjurisdictioninneedofjobsandataxbasehastourismpotential.Thestudyoftourism,likemuchoftheeconomicdevelopmentliterature,drawsfromawiderangeofdisciplines.Theforteofeconomistsisinaddressingtheaffectsoftourismonthelocaleconomy;however,economistsfailtodescribewhotouristsareorwhytheytravel.Anthropologists’majorcontributiontodefiningandstudyingtourismisinexaminingtheimpactsoftourismonlocalculture.Psychologistsaremorelikelytodwellonthemotivesfortourism,buttheyignoretheimpacts.Clearly,thecompletedefinitionoftourismincludestheeconomic,social,anthropological,andpsychologicalviewpoints.OnestrengthofRecreationalTourism:AsocialSciencePerspectivebyChrisRyanisitsmultidisciplinaryapproachtothestudyoftourism.Incontrast,thecasestudiesfromaroundtheworldfoundinHostsandGuests:TheAnthropologyofTourism,editedbyValeneSmith,dwellontourismfromtheperspectivesofhistoryandanthropology,withitsfocusonthecultureaffectsoftourismandtourism’sroleintheacculturationprocess.BehindtheGlitter:TheImpactofTourismonRuralWomenintheSoutheast,byMichalSmith,focusesontheeconomicandculturaleffectsoftourismintheruralSoutheast.BenefitsoftourismPerhapschiefamongtheadvantagesoftourismisthatitisseenasobtainable,evenforcommunitieswithminimalpublicresources.Mostcommunitiesenvisionnegligiblepublicinvestmentssuchasnewroads,historymarkers,towncleanup,storefrontrehabilitation,andmarketing.Theprivatesectorisexpectedtoprovidehotels,motels,restaurants,entertainment,andothertouristaccommodations.Second,tourismisarelativelyeasy-to-understandconceptforthelaypublicandcan,therefore,generatelocalsupport.Communityprideleadsresidentstoconcludethattheirhometownhassomethingtooffertourists.Tourismbuildsonperceivedandexistinglocaladvantagesoramenities,suchassitesofhistoricalinterest,mountainsandotherplacesofnaturalbeauty,pleasantclimates,orcleanair.Tourismdevelopmentusestheseresources,whichare“free”inthesensethatthetourismindustryhasnotpaidforthem.Insomecases,thesenaturalresourceswouldhavesmalleconomicvaluewithouttourismdevelopment.MieczkowskecitestheAlps,“dying”fishingormilltownsofNewEnglandandtheCanadianMaritimeprovinces,andCaribbeanislandsasplaceswheretourismhasgiveneconomicvaluetonaturalamenities.Thustourismcanhaveapositiveeconomiceffectinsuchareasofotherwiseloweconomicproductivity.Third,decadesofexperienceinsmokestackchasinghasbeendisappointingformanycommunities.Thecompetitionformanufacturingplantsisintenseandaslongasmanufacturingemploymentcontinuesitsdownwardtrend,competitionfortheremainingplantswillonlyincrease.Also,tourismisperceivedasacleanerindustryfortheenvironmentthanismanufacturing.Fourth,ruraltourismhavenstendtobegrowth.ThisdecadebecameknownasthepopulationturnaroundasitwasthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesthepopulationofruralareasgrewatfasterratesthanurbanareas.InBehindtheGlitter,Smithfoundthat65ofthe84ruraltourismcountiesinherstudyoftheSoutheasthadpopulationgrowthequaltoorexceedingthenationalrateofgrowthinthe1970s.,thesenonmetropolitancountiesgrew37.9%andinthe1980s,theygrewatastillimpressiverateof24.6%.Fifth,tourismisalabor-intensiveindustry,creatinglargenumbersofjobsthatemploylow-skillworkersandyouths,whomayotherwiseremainunemployed.Thelow-skillednatureoftourismjobsisidealforeconomieswithpoorlyeducatedortrainedlaborforces.Theseaddedjobshelpcutwelfarerollsandprovideasourceoftaxrevenue.Finally,tourismdevelopmentmeansmoreincomeandprofitsfortourist-relatedbusinesses.Localincomefromtouristexpendituresismostlyspentagaininthelocalarea,whichleadstomorelocalincome,andperhaps,tomorelocaljobs.Suchindirectbenefitsoftourismaremeasuredviaregionaleconomicimpactsoftourism.Ryan’sbookhasasectionthatintroducestechniquesusedtomeasuretheeconomicimpactsoftourism.Manyotherstudiesalsofocusonmeasuringeconomiceffectsoftourism.Incontrast,othersourcesofeconomicactivity,particularlyforremotecounties,createrelativelyfewdirectandindirectbenefits.Forexample,nuclearpowerplants,wastedisposalsites,andmanymanufacturingplantscreaterelativelyfewjobsandgeneratesmallamountsoflocalpurchases.Asidefromthefactthatnotallcommunitiescanbetouristhavens,tourismdevelopmenthasitscosts.Itseemsthateverybenefitoftourismdevelopmenthasacorrespondingcost.譯文：鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展作者：弗雷德里克國(guó)籍：美國(guó)出處：SAGE出版社旅游業(yè)是一種十分受歡迎的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。作者審查三本不同的書籍，研究了旅游業(yè)的各種社會(huì)科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)——經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會(huì)學(xué)，心理學(xué)，人類學(xué)。賴安的新書是綜合性的，涵蓋幾乎所有主要議題例如旅游；旅游體驗(yàn)；銷售。米哈烏詳細(xì)的描述了美國(guó)東南部的鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展所帶來的負(fù)面影響。最后，纈草烯的書介紹了因鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展導(dǎo)致鄉(xiāng)村文化發(fā)生改變的國(guó)際研究案例。盡管他們有不同的側(cè)重，但是三本書全部都認(rèn)為，旅游開發(fā)具有的成本效益和改變目的地的環(huán)境是不可避免的，精心的策劃和營(yíng)銷可以減輕旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村造成的影響。鄉(xiāng)村旅游作為經(jīng)濟(jì)農(nóng)村和城市發(fā)展的靈藥越來越受到人們的歡迎。目前較為突出的地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中可以追溯到幾個(gè)工業(yè)旅游的特點(diǎn)。旅游相關(guān)工作大多是低技能的工作，這是一個(gè)適合許多農(nóng)村居民的較好的工作。此外，旅游業(yè)有潛力創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)具有有利條件的、氣候宜人的，擁有古跡使人產(chǎn)生興趣的出口基地。更重要的是，旅游業(yè)策略與當(dāng)代政治哲學(xué)和減少政府預(yù)算參與投資有關(guān)。伴隨旅游產(chǎn)生的住宿，餐飲，娛樂活動(dòng)，被認(rèn)為是必然由私營(yíng)部門提供的。批評(píng)發(fā)展旅游業(yè)中工資低及沒錢途的工作及對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)刈匀画h(huán)境和腐敗的當(dāng)?shù)匚幕傲?xí)俗。此外，并不是每一個(gè)管轄地區(qū)或納稅區(qū)域都具有發(fā)展旅游的潛力。旅游業(yè)的研究，正如經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的文獻(xiàn)研究，借鑒了一定范圍廣泛的學(xué)科。福特的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課運(yùn)用在處理旅游業(yè)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的影響；然而，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家無法描述誰是游客或他們?yōu)槭裁绰眯?。人類學(xué)家的最大貢獻(xiàn)是確定和研究旅游發(fā)展開發(fā)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)匚幕斐傻挠绊憽Ｐ睦韺W(xué)家可能對(duì)于旅游動(dòng)機(jī)更為關(guān)注，卻忽視了旅游發(fā)展的影響。顯然，完整的旅游業(yè)定義包括經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會(huì)，人類學(xué)，和心理的觀點(diǎn)。一個(gè)有力的休閑旅游：克里斯瑞安法是以社會(huì)科學(xué)的角度觀察并以多學(xué)科的方法來研究旅游。與此相反，在對(duì)世界各地的案例研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，主人與客人：纈草烯編輯的旅游人類學(xué)，旅游從歷史和人類學(xué)的角度，發(fā)現(xiàn)重點(diǎn)是旅游的影響文化和涵化過程。背后亮點(diǎn)：米歇爾認(rèn)為鄉(xiāng)村旅游對(duì)東南亞當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)村婦女產(chǎn)生了影響，旅游業(yè)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的影響側(cè)重于經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化影響。旅游的好處：也許是旅游的優(yōu)勢(shì)是它被視為即使是最小的社區(qū)公共資源。大多數(shù)社區(qū)考慮的就是較細(xì)微的公共投資等例如新的道路，歷史標(biāo)志，鎮(zhèn)清理，店面康復(fù)，銷售。人們期望私營(yíng)部門能提供酒店，汽車旅館，餐飲，娛樂，和其他旅游住宿。其次，旅游對(duì)于公眾來說是一個(gè)比