《費(fèi)費(fèi)邏輯寶典》詳解版詳解135題

《費(fèi)費(fèi)邏輯寶典》詳解版

Test1

1.Although90percentofthepopulationbelievesitselftobewellinformedabouthealthcare,only20

percentknowsenoughaboutDNA.Soapparentlyatleast80percentofthepopulationdoesnotknow

enoughaboutmedicalconceptstomakewell-informedpersonalmedicalchoicesortomakegoodpublic

policydecisionsabouthealthcare.

Theargument'sreasoningisquestionablebecausetheargumentfailstodemonstratethat

A.thosepeoplewhocanunderstandnewsstoriesaboutDNAareabletomakewell-informedpersonal

medicalchoices

B.morethan20percentofthepopulationneedstobewellinformedabouthealthcareforgoodpublic

policydecisionsabouthealthcaretobemade

C.one'sbeingabletomakewell-informedpersonalmedicalchoicesensuresthatonemakesgood

publicpolicydecisionsabouthealthcare

D.anunderstandingofDNAisessentialtomakingwell-informedpersonalmedicalchoicesorto

makinggoodpublicpolicydecisionsabouthealthcare

E.since90percentofthepopulationbelievesitselftobewellinformedabouthealthcare,alleast70

percentofthepopulationismistakeninthatbelief.

答案：D

思路：本題的推論錯誤在于以偏概全，用對DNA的了解程度來考核wellinformedabouthealthcare的程度。據(jù)個

例子，我們可否用掌握核物理知識的程度來考核對物理基本知識的掌握程度呢？顯然不行！

A:支持作者的觀點(diǎn)

B:無關(guān)

C:無關(guān)

D:本題的推論錯誤在于以偏概全，用對DNA的了解程度來考核wellinformedabouthealthcare的程度。據(jù)個例

子，我們可否用掌握核物理知識的程度來考核對物理基本知識的掌握程度呢？顯然不行！

E:無關(guān)

2.Duringthe1980's,JapanesecollectorswereveryactiveinthemarketfbrEuropeanart,especiallyas

purchasersofnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintings.Thisstrikingpatternsurelyreflectsaspecific

preferenceonthepartofmanyJapanesecollectorsforcertainaestheticattributestheyfoundin

nineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintings.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportstheexplanationabove?

A.ImpressionistpaintingsfirstbecamepopularamongartcollectorsinEuropeatthebeginningofthe

twentiethcentury.

B.Duringthe1980's,theJapaneseeconomyunderwentasustainedexpansionthatwasunprecedented

inthecountry'srecenthistory.

C.Severalnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintersadoptedcertaintechniquesandvisualeffects

foundinJapaneseprintsthatarehighlyesteemedinJapan.

D.Duringthe1960sandthe1970s,thepricesofnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintingsoften

exceededthepricesofpaintingsbyolderEuropeanmasters.

E.Duringthe1980's,collectorsfromJapanandaroundtheworldpurchasedmanypaintingsandprints

bywell-knowntwentieth-centuryJapaneseartists.

答案：C

思路：

A.無關(guān)

B.無關(guān)

C.作者先提出一個事實(shí)，然后指這個事實(shí)說明了日本收藏家對19世紀(jì)印象派畫家的一些審美特性有著特別的

偏愛。C直接舉證說明原因：這是因?yàn)?9世紀(jì)印象派畫家使用了?些在日本備受推崇的技術(shù)和視覺效果。

(Severalnineteenth-centuryImpressionistpaintersadoptedcertaintechniquesandvisualeffectsfoundinJapanese

printsthatarehighlyesteemedinJapan.)

D.無關(guān)項，manyJapanesecollectorsforceriainaeslheiicauributes和D中的price沒有任何關(guān)系

E.無關(guān)

3.BecauseoftherecentrecessioninCountryAmostmagazinespublishedtherehaveexperienced

decreasesinadvertisingrevenue,somuchsothatthesurvivalofthemostwidelyreadmagazinesisin

gravedoubt.Atthesametime,however,morepeopleinCountryAarereadingmoremagazinesthanever

before,andthenumberoffinanciallysuccessfulmagazinesinCountryAisgreaterthanever.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoresoletheapparentdiscrepancyintheinformation

above?

A.Mostmagazinesreducetheamounttheychargeforadvertisement'sduringarecession.

B.Theaudiencefbrasuccessfultelevisionshowfarexceedsthereadershipofeventhemostwidely

readmagazine.

C.Advertisingisthemainsourceofrevenueonlyforthemostwidelyreadmagazines;othermagazines

relyoncirculationfortheirrevenue.

D.Becauseoftherecession,peopleinCountryAhavecutbackonmagazinesubscriptionsandare

readingboiTOwedmagazines.

E.MoreofthenewgeneralinterestmagazinesthatwerelaunchedthisyearinCountryAhavesurvived

thansurvivedinpreviousyears.

參考答案：C

思路：explain題型的閱讀要點(diǎn)是分歧主要在哪里。

A：無法解釋后一現(xiàn)象

B：無關(guān)選項

C：抓住了分歧點(diǎn)：ihemostwidelyreadmagazines和financiallysuccessfulmagazines的區(qū)別

D：無法解釋后一現(xiàn)象

E：無關(guān)選項（無關(guān)對比）

4.Thegraysquirrel,introducedintolocalwoodlandstenyearsago,threatenstheindigenouspopulation

ofanendangeredowlspecies,becausethesquirrels'habitualstrippingoftreebarkdestroysthetreesin

whichtheowlsnest.Somelocalofficialshaveadvocatedsettingoutpoisonforthegraysquirrels.The

officialsarguethatthismeasure,whileeliminatingthesquirrels,wouldposenothreattotheowl

population,sincethepoisonwouldbeplacedincontainersaccessibleonlytosquirrelsandotherrodents.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostcallsintoquestiontheofficials'argument?

A.Oneofthespecieswhosemembersarelikelytoeatthepoisonistheredsquirrel,aspeciesonwhich

owlsdonotprey.

B.Theowlswhosenestingsitesarecurrentlybeingdestroyedbythegraysquirrelsfeedprimarilyon

rodents.

C.Noindigenouspopulationofanyotherbindspeciesapartfromtheendangeredowlsisthreatenedby

thegraysquirrels.

D.Theowlsthattarethreatenedbuildtheirnestsinthetopsoftrees,butthegraysquirrelsstripaway

backfromthetrunks.

E.Theofficials'planentailsaddingthepoisontofoodsourcesthatareusuallyeatenbyrodentsbutnot

byotheranimals.

參考答案：B

思路：本題的錯誤在于，作者提出一種解決問題的方法，但忽略了他的副作用或反作用，從而沒有從根本上解決

問題或引出其他更重要的問題。

A：無關(guān)redsquirrel

B：如果rodents是owls的主要食物，那末毒死rodents將更嚴(yán)重的減少owls的數(shù)量。

C：無關(guān)Heretheconcernedobjectistheowl,nottheotherbirds

D：無關(guān)

E：無關(guān)選項Withoutfurtherinformationabouttherodents,thischoicedoesnotbothertheargument

Questions5-6

Salesmanager:Lastyearthetotalnumberofmealssoldinourcompanyrestaurantswasmuchhigherthan

itwastheyearbefore.Obviouslyconsumersfindourmealsdesirable.

Accountant:Ifyoulookatindividualrestaurants,however,youfindthatthenumberofmealssold

actuallydecreasedsubstantiallyateveryoneofourrestaurantsthatwasinoperationbothlastyearandthe

yearbefore.Thedesirabilityofourmealstoconsumershasclearlydecreased,giventhatthisgroupof

restaurants-一theonlyonesforwhichwehavesalesfiguresthatpermitacomparisonbetweenlastyear

andtheyearbefore---demonstratesatrendtowardfewersales.

5.Ifthesalesfigurescitedbytheaccountantandthesalesmanagerarebothaccurate,whichoneofthe

followingmustbetrue?

A.Thecompanyopenedatleastonenewrestaurantinthelasttwoyears.

B.Thecompany'smealsarelesscompetitivethantheyoncewere.

C.Thequalityofthecompany'smealshasnotimprovedoverthelasttwoyears.

D.Thepricesofthecompany'smealshavechangedoverthepasttwoyears.

E.Themarketsharecapturedbythecompany'srestaurantsfelllastyear.

參考答案：A

思路：簡單數(shù)學(xué)計算題。個體收入(利潤，成本等)x數(shù)量=總數(shù)

A：個體收入減少，總收入上升，必然是數(shù)量增加。所賜選項正確。

遇到這種題，只要列出公式即可解決。

6.Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslycallsintoquestiontheaccountant'sargument?

A.Thecompany'srestaurantslastyeardroppedfromtheirmenusmostofthenewdishesthathadbeen

introducedtheyearbefore.

B.Priortolastyeartherewasanoveralldownwardtrendinthecompany'ssales.

C.Thoseofthecompany'srestaurantsthatdidincreasetheirsaleslastyeardidnotofferlargediscounts

onpricestoattractcustomers.

D.Salesofthecompany'smostexpensivemealcontributedlittletotheoveralltwo-yearsalesincrease.

E.Mostofthecompany'srestaurantsthatwereinoperationthroughoutbothlastyearandtheyear

beforearelocatedinareaswhereresidentsexperiencedasevereoveralldeclineinincomelastyear.

SalesManager:thetotalnumberofmealssoldlastyearmuchhigher->consumersdesireourmeals

Accountant:thenumberofmealssoldbyeveryrestaurantsoperatingthesetwoyearsactuallydecreasedlastyearfromthe

yearbefore(事實(shí))->thedesirabilityofourmealshasdecreased(conclusion)玲atrendtowardfewersales

(conclusion)

1,不同的取樣，SalesManagerdependsonthetotalnumberofmealssoldinthecompanyinthelastyear,while

Accountantdependsoneachof2-year-historyrestaurant；

2,論據(jù)與結(jié)論之間沒有必然的聯(lián)系，卻被當(dāng)成充分條件。他因可以解釋結(jié)論。

A.Reasontoexplainwhythesaleofeachsamplerestaurantdecreasedlastyear.（無關(guān)）

B.總公司前年的下降不能否定去年的下降，也不能支持。（無關(guān)）

C.那些去年銷量不降反增的公司是因?yàn)闆]有降價太多。不降反增的公司與下降的公司是兩個不同的集合，描述對

象不正確。如果我們推出那些下降的公司是因?yàn)榻祪r太多，也只能是給出一個原因來解釋為什么下降。（無

關(guān)）

D.公司最貴的招牌菜并沒有給公司帶來銷售的增加。也屬于一個解釋，解釋為什么總量會下降。但與Accountant

的觀點(diǎn)并沒有直接的聯(lián)系。既沒有針對描述對象：2-year-historyrestaurant,也沒有削弱論據(jù)與結(jié)論之間的必然聯(lián)

系。

E.答案。針對描述對象：2-year-historyrestaurant,他因：asevereoveralldeclineinincome

時間的一致：lastyear.

7.Problemscausedbytheleachingofpollutantsfromdumpsandlandfillsareworstincountrieswithan

annualpercapitaeconomicoutputof$4,000to$5,000,andlesssevereforconsiderablypoorerand

considerablyrichercountries.Thisissobecausepollutionproblemsincreaseduringtheearlystagesofa

country'sindustrialdevelopmentbutthendiminishasincreasingindustrialdevelopmentgenerates

adequateresourcestotacklesuchproblems.Therefore,problemscausedbysuchleachinginCountryX,

wheretheannualpercapitaeconomicoutputisnow$5,000,shouldbegintodiminishinthenextfew

years.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

A.Withinthenextfewyears,CountryXwillimposeasystemoffinesforillegalwastedisposalbyits

industrialcompanies.

B.CountriessurroundingCountryXwillreducetheamountofpollutionthattheirfactoriesreleaseinto

theairandwater.

C.IndustrialdevelopmentinCountryXwillincreaseinthenextfewyears.

D.CountryXwillbegintheprocessofindustrializationinthenextfewyears.

E.Noothercountrywithasimilaramountofindustrialdevelopmenthaspollutionproblemsthatareas

severeasthoseinCountryX.

Principle:Problemscausedbytheleachingofpollutantsfromdumpsandlandfillsareworstincountrieswithanannual

percapitaeconomicoutputof$4,000to$5,000,andlesssevereforconsiderablypoorerandconsiderablyrichercountries.

Premise:（大前提）pollutionproblemsincreaseduringtheearlystagesofacountry'sindustrialdevelopmentbutthen

diminishasincreasingindustrialdevelopmentgeneratesadequateresourcestotacklesuchproblems,用來支持最后的

conclusion::problemsinCountryXshouldbegintodiminishinthenextfewyears.

Evidence:inCountryX,wheretheannualpercapitaeconomicoutputisnow$5,000,

Conclusion:problemsinCountryXshouldbegintodiminishinthenextfewyears.

是對premise的一次改寫。

HiddenAssumption:TheindustrialdevelopmentinCountryXwillincreaseinthenextyearssothatitseconomicoutput

willbemorethan$5,000,itpassesovertheearlystageofindustrialdevelopmentandhasadequateresourcestotackle

leachingproblems.

題口問Assumption,即必要條件。只有這個必要條件成立，結(jié)論才能成立（A，B）。沒有這個必要條件，結(jié)論是不

可能成立的（非B-＞非A）

A.高額的罰款并不是countryX擔(dān)problemwilldimini$h.的必要條件。因?yàn)槿绻晒緩淖陨淼慕?jīng)濟(jì)利益出發(fā)，寧

愿選擇接受罰款，則結(jié)論不成立。

B.outofscope

C.CorrectAnswer.正符合我們的Assumption.

D.Weakentheconclusion-becausethatpollutionproblemsincreaseduringtheearlystagesofacountry'sindustrial

development（earlystages==begintheprocessofindustrialization）

E.時間不一致，（一般現(xiàn)在式與begintodiminishinthenextfewyears.）

比較對象不對。（Othercountry與CountryXvs.CountryX現(xiàn)在與未來）

8.Thestablefunctioningofasocietydependsupontherelativelylong-termstabilityofthegoalsofits

citizens.Thisisclearfromthefactthatunlessthemajorityofindividualshaveapredictableandenduring

setofaspirations,itwillbeimpossibleforalegislaturetocraftlawsthatwillaugmentthesatisfactionof

thecitizenry,anditshouldbeobviousthatasocietyisstableonlyifitslawstendtoincreasethe

happinessofitscitizens.

Theclaimthatasocietyisstableonlyifitslawstendtoincreasethehappinessofitscitizensplayswhich

oneofthefollowingrolesintheargument?

A.Itistheconclusionoftheargument.

B.Ithelpstosupporttheconclusionoftheargument.

C.Itisaclaimthatmustberefutediftheconclusionistobeestablished.

D.Itisaconsequenceoftheargument.

E.Itisusedtoillustratethegeneralprinciplethattheargumentpresupposes.

這是一個典型的必要題型，題目之所以覺得有難度，

因?yàn)閏onclusion在首而論證過程在后，而且還有概念的等價交換：toincreasethehappinessofitscitizens=to

augmentthesatisfactionofthecitizenry

Conclusion:Thestablefunctioningofasocietydependsupontherelativelylong-tcnnstabilityofthegoalsofitscitizens.

itshouldbeobviousthatasocietyisstableonlyifitslawstendtoincreasethehappinessofitscitizens.

Asocietyisstable(a)itslawstendtoincreasethehappinessofitscitizens,(b)

Thisisclearfromthefactthatunlessthemajorityofindividualshaveapredictableandenduringsetofaspirations,itwill

beimpossibleforalegislaturetocraftlawsthatwillaugmentthesatisfactionofthecitizenry.

Tocraftlawsthatwillaugmentthesatisfactionofthecitizenry(b)->themajorityofindividualshaveapredictableand

enduringsetofaspirations,(c)

Therefore,ArequiresC.(theconclusion)

看懂文章后，不難得到正確答案B.

9.Astronautswhoexperienceweightlessnessfrequentlygetmotionsickness.Theastronautsseetheirown

motionrelativetopassingobjects,butwhiletheastronautsareweightlesstheirinnerearsindicatethat

theirbodiesarenotmoving.Theastronauts?experienceisbestexplainedbythehypothesisthat

conflictinginformationreceivedbythebrainaboutthebody'smotioncausesmotionsickness.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestadditionalsupportforthehypothesisabove?

A.Duringroughvoyagesshippassengersincabinsprovidingaviewofthewaterarelesslikelytoget

motionsicknessthanarepassengersincabinsprovidingnoview.

B.Manypeoplewhoareexperiencedairplanepassengersoccasionallygetmotionsickness.

C.Someautomobilepassengerswhoseinnerearsindicatethattheyaremovingandwhohaveaclear

viewoftheobjectstheyarepassinggetmotionsickness.

D.Peoplewhohaveaisleseatsintrainsorairplanesareaslikelytogetmotionsicknessasarepeople

whohavewindowseats.

E.Someastronautsdonotgetmotionsicknessevenafterbeinginorbitforseveraldays.

答案：A

思路：搭橋法，建立A與B的聯(lián)系。仔細(xì)讀題可知：這種運(yùn)動性疾病是由于大腦接受了不同的矛盾的信息。有兩

個信息源：一個來自內(nèi)耳(靜止)，一個來自眼睛(運(yùn)動)。

選項中只有A,C,D涉及這樣兩個信息源。

A指出接受兩種不同的信息較容易獲得運(yùn)動性疾病比起獲得兩種一致的信息。C：雖有兩種信息，但兩者是一致的

(都是運(yùn)動的)O

C,D：指出接受兩種一致的信息較容易獲得運(yùn)動性疾病比起獲得兩種不同的信息。與題目的例子相反。所以只有

A是正確選項。

10.InordertopressurethegovernmentofCountryStobecomelessrepressive,somelegislatorsin

CountryRwanttobanallexportsfromRtoS.CompaniesinRthatmanufacturetelecommunication

equipmentsuchastelephonesandfaxmachineshavearguedthatexportsoftheirproductsshouldbe

exemptedfromtheban,onthegroundthatitisimpossibleforacountrytoremainrepressivewhen

telecommunicationequipmentiswidelyavailabletothepopulationofthatcountry.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentgivenbythemanufacturersdepends?

A.ThegovernmentofShasrecentlyincreasedtheamountoftelecommunicationequipmentitallowsto

beimportedintothecountry.

B.ThetelecommunicationequipmentthatwouldbeimportedintoSiftheexemptionweretobe

grantedwouldnotbeavailablesolelytotopdevelopmentofficialsinS.

C.AmajorityofthemembersofR'slegislaturedonotfavorexemptingtelecommunicationequipment

fromthebanonexportstoCountryS.

D.OfallexportsthatcouldbesenttoCountryS,telecommunicationequipmentwouldbethemost

effectiveinhelpingcitizensofSopposethatcountry'srepressivegovernment.

E.WithoutpressurefromCountryR,thegovernmentofSwouldbeabletocontinuerepressingits

citizensindefinitely.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

See:Assumptionquestion

Think:Ihavetofindtheconclusion,thentheevidence,andfromthemfigureoutthecentralassumption.

Do:

Conclusion:The"what"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

InordertopressurethegovernmentofCountryStobecomelessrepressive,somelegislatorsinCountryRwanttobanall

exportsfromRtoS.

Evidence:The"Why”ofanargument

Inthiscase:

It'simpossiblefbracountrytoremainrepressivewhentelecommunicationequipmentiswidelyavailabletothepopulation

ofthatcountry.

Assumption:Factsorideas,notstatedinthepassage.Theassumptionmustbetrueiftheargumentistobeconsidered

valid.Theassumptiontypicaldirectlylinkstheevidencewiththeconclusion.Thebestwaytotackleitistonegateit.

Inthiscase:

ThetelecommunicationequipmentthatwouldbeimportedintoSiftheexemptionweretobegrantedwouldnotbe

availablesolelytotopdevelopmentofficialsinS.

Ifwenegatetheassumption,theconclusioncan'tcometopass.

ThetelecommunicationequipmentthatwouldbeallowedtoexportintoS(exempted)wouldbeAVAILABLESOLELYto

topdevelopmentofficialsinS,thentheproposaltopressurethegovernmentofCountryStobecomelessrepressiveby

usingbanwillbefailed.Asaresult,theargumentthatmanufacturegavethattelecommunicationequipmentsuchas

telephonesandfaxmachineshavearguedthatexportsoftheirproductsshouldbeexemptedfromthebanwillbefailed.

11.Theaveragecabletelevisioncompanyoffersitscustomers50channels,butnewfiber-opticlineswill

enabletelephonecompaniestoprovide100to150televisionchannelstotheircustomersforthesame

priceascablecompanieschargefor50.Therefore,thenewcompanieswilldisplacecablecompanies

withinafewyears.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstostrengthentheargument?

A.Theinitialcostperhouseholdofinstallingnewfiber-optictelevisionservicewillexceedthecurrent

costofinstallingcabletelevisionservice.

B.Themostpopularmoviesandprogramsonchannelsearnedbycablecompanieswillalsobeoffered

onchannelscarriedbythefiber-opticlinesownedbythetelephonecompanies.

C.Cabletelevisioncompanieswillrespondtocompetitionfromthetelephonecompaniesbyincreasing

thenumberofchannelstheyoffer.

D.Sometelephonecompaniesowncablecompaniesinareasotherthanthoseinwhichtheyprovide

telephoneservices.

E.Thenewfiber-opticservicesofferedbytelephonecompanieswillbesubjecttomorestringent

governmentalprogrammingregulationsthanthosetowhichcablecompaniesarenowsubject.

ThecorrectanswerisB.

See:Strengthenquestion

Think:Ineedthechoicethatconfirmsthecentralassumption.Inotherwords,Strengthentheargument=Strengthenthe

assumption.

Do:

Conclusion:The"what"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

Cablecompanieswillbedisplacedbythenewcompanieswithinafewyears.

Evidence:The"Why"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

Theaveragecabletelevisioncompanyoffersitscustomers50channels,butnewfiber-opticlineswillenabletelephone

companiestoprovide100to150televisionchannelstotheircustomersfbrthesamepriceascablecompanieschargefor50.

Assumption:Factsorideas,notstatedinthepassage.Theassumptionmustbetrueiftheargumentistobeconsidered

valid.Theassumptiontypicaldirectlylinkstheevidencewiththeconclusion.Thebestwaytotackleitistonegateit.

Inthiscase:

Thechannels,ifnotall,themostofthemmustbeoverlappedfrombothproviders.

ThechoiceB,onlyB,confirmsthecentralassumption.Soit'sthecorrectanswer.

12.TheonlyphysicalfactorpreventingahumanjourneytoMarshasbeenweight.Carryingenoughfuel

topropelaconventionalspacecrafttoMarsandbackwouldmakeeventhelightestcrafttooheavytobe

launchedfromEarth.Adevicehasrecentlybeeninvented,however,thatallowsanotherwise

conventionalspacecrafttorefillthecraft5sfueltankswithfuelmanufacturedfromtheMartian

atmosphereforthereturntrip.Therefore,itispossibleforpeopletogotoMarsinaspacecraftthatcarries

thisdeviceandthenreturn.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

A.TheamountoffuelneededfbraspacecrafttoreturnfromMarsisthesameastheamountoffuel

neededtotravelfromEarthtoMars.

B.ThefuelmanufacturedfromtheMartianatmospherewouldnotdifferincompositionfromthefuel

usedtotraveltoMars.

C.ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelfromtheMartianatmospherewouldnottakeupanyofthe

spaceshipcrew'slivingspace.

D.Aconventionalspacecraftequippedwiththedevicewouldnotbeappreciablymoreexpensiveto

constructthancurrentspacecrafttypicallyare.

E.ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelforthereturntoEarthweighslessthanthetanksoffuelthata

conventionalspacecraftwouldotherwiseneedtocarryfromEarthforthereturntrip.

Thecorrectansweris(E)

See:Assumptionquestion

Think:Ihavetofindtheconclusion,thentheevidence,andfromthemfigureoutthecentralassumption.

Do:

Conclusion:The"what"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

ItispossibleforpeopletogotoMarsinaspacecraftthatcarriesthisdeviceandthenreturn.

Evidence:The“Why"ofanargument

Inthiscase:

El:

TheonlyphysicalfactorpreventingahumanjourneytoMarshasbeenweight.Carryingenoughfueltopropela

conventionalspacecrafttoMarsandbackwouldmakeeventhelightestcrafttooheavycobelaunchedfromEarth.

E2:

Adevicehasrecentlybeeninvented,however,thatallowsanotherwiseconventionalspacecrafttorefillthecraft'sfuel

tankswithfuelmanufacturedfromtheMartianatmosphereforthereturntrip

AssumDtion:Factsorideas,notstatedinthepassage.Theassumptionmustbetrueiftheargumentistobe

consideredvalid.Theassumptiontypicaldirectlylinkstheevidencewiththeconclusion.Thebestwaytotackleitisto

negateit.

Inthiscase:

ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelforthereturntoEarthweighslessthanthetanksoffuelthataconventionalspacecraft

wouldotherwiseneedtocarryfromEarthforthereturntrip.

Ifwenegatetheassumption,theconclusioncan'tcometopass.

ThedeviceformanufacturingfuelforthereturntoEarthweighsmorethanthetanksoffuelthataconventionalspacecraft

wouldotherwiseneedtocarryfromEarthfbrthereturntrip,thentheconclusioncan'tcometopassinnewinventeddevice

term.

13.In1712thegovernmentofCountryYappointedacensortoprohibitthepublicationofanybook

criticalofCountryY'sgovernment;allnewbookslegallypublishedinthecountryafter1712were

approvedbyacensor.Underthefirstcensor,onehalfofthebookmanuscriptssubmittedtothecensor

werenotapprovedfbrpublication.Underthenextcensor,onlyonequarterofthebookmanuscripts

submittedwerenotapproved,butthenumberofbookmanuscriptsthatwereapprovedwasthesame

underbothcensors.Ifthestatementsinthepassagearetrue,whichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperly

concludedfromthem?

A.MorebookscriticalofCountryY'sgovernmentswerepublishedbeforetheappointmentofthefirst

censorthanafterit.

B.Thefirstcensorandthesecondcensorprohibitedthepublicationofthesamenumberofbook

manuscripts.

C.Morebookmanuscriptsweresubmittedforapprovaltothefirstcensorthantothesecond.

D.Thesecondcensorallowedsomebookmanuscriptstothepublishedthatthefirstcensorwouldhave

consideredcriticalofCountryY'sgovernment.

E.Thenumberofwriterswhowroteunpublishedmanuscriptswasgreaterunderthefirstcensorthan

underthesecond.

參考思路：

同5,又是一道計算題。關(guān)鍵還是列出公式。

thenumberofbookmanuscriptsthatwereapprovedwasthesameunderbothcensors.

Numbersofthefirstcensorcheckedx(1-50%)=Numbersofthesecondcensorx(1-25%)

So

(C)Morebookmanuscriptsweresubmittedfbrapprovaltothefirstcensorthantothesecond.

14.Ifthegovernmentincreasesitsfundingforcivilianscientificresearch,privatepatronsandindustries

willbelievethatsuchresearchhasbecomeprimarilythegovernment'sresponsibility.Whentheybelieve

thatresearchisnolongerprimarilytheirresponsibility,privatepatronsandindustrieswilldecreasetheir

contributionstowardresearch.Therefore,inordertokeepfromdepressingtheoverallleveloffundingfor

civilianscientificresearch,thegovernmentshouldnotincreaseitsownfunding.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentrelies?

A.Governmentsshouldbearthemajorityofthefinancialburdenoffundingforcivilianscientific

research.

B.Anyincreaseingovernmentfundingwoulddisplacemoreprivatefundingforcivilianscientific

researchthanitwouldprovide.

C.Privatedonationstowardresearcharenolongerwelcomedbyresearcherswhoseworkreceives

governmentfunding.

D.Civilianscientificresearchcannotbeconductedefficientlywithmorethanonesourceoffunding.

E.fundingforcivilianscientificresearchiscurrentlyatthehighestpossiblelevel.

參考思路：

本題指出privatefundingforcivilianscientificresearch和governmentfunding是一增一減的關(guān)系。如果兩者的增長數(shù)

量是?樣的，則總量不會隨其中之一而變化。而如果一方的變化是另一方變化量的系數(shù)倍，則總量將會受到影響

(B)Anyincreaseingovernmentfundingwoulddisplacemoreprivatefundingforcivilianscientificresearchthanitwould

provide.

這個選項指出了第二鐘變化趨勢。Therefore,inordertokeepfromdepressingtheoverallleveloffundingforcivilian

scientificresearch,thegovernmentshouldnotincreaseitsownfunding.我們應(yīng)該假設(shè)Anyincreaseingovernment

fundingwoulddisplacemoreprivatefundingforcivilianscientificresearchthanitwouldprovide.。biscorrect.

15.Dentalresearcher:Fillingacavityinatoothisnotaharmlessprocedure:itinevitablydamagessome

ofthehealthypartsofthetooth.Cavitiesareharmfulonlyifthedecayreachesthenervesinsidethetooth,

andmanycavities,ifleftuntreated,neverprogresstothatpoint.Therefore,dentistsshouldnotfilla

cavityunlessthenervesinsidethetoothareinimminentdangerfromthatcavity.

Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,moststronglysupportstheresearcher'sreaso