環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語 課件 U4L3 Soil Pollution

ProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineeringMainContents

IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringAirPollutionandControlWaterPollutionandControlSolidWasteandDisposalEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentEnvironmentalLaws，RegulationsandSustainableDevelopmentSolidWastesandSoilPollution

SoilPollutionProfessionalEnglishforEnvironmentalEngineering

Soilpollutionisdefinedasthebuild-upinsoilsofpersistenttoxiccompounds,chemicals,salts,radioactivematerials,ordiseasecausingagents,whichhaveadverseeffectsonplantgrowthandanimalhealth.SoilPollution

Definition

Therearemanydifferentwaysthatsoilcanbecomepolluted,suchas:SeepagefromalandfillDischargeofindustrialwasteintothesoilPercolationofcontaminatedwaterintothesoilRuptureofundergroundstoragetanks.Excessapplicationofpesticides,herbicidesorfertilizer.SolidwasteseepageSoilPollution

Definition

Themostcommonchemicalsinvolvedincausingsoilpollutionare:Petroleumhydrocarbons.HeavymetalsPesticidesSolventsSoilPollution

Definition

AgriculturalSoilPollutionPollutionofsurfacesoilPollutionofundergroundsoil

SoilpollutionbyindustrialeffluentsandsolidwastePollutionofsurfacesoilDisturbancesinsoilprofilePollutionduetourbanactivitiesPollutionofsurfacesoilPollutionofundergroundsoilSoilPollutionTypesofSoilPollution

Soilpollutioniscausedbythepresenceofman-madechemicalsorotheralterationinthenaturalsoilenvironment.Thistypeofcontaminationtypicallyarisesfromtheruptureofundergroundstoragelinks,applicationofpesticides,percolationofcontaminatedsurfacewatertosubsurfacestrata,oilandfueldumping,leachingofwastesfromlandfillsordirectdischargeofindustrialwastestothesoil.SoilPollution

CausesofSoilPollution

Themostcommonchemicalsinvolvedarepetroleumhydrocarbonssolvents,pesticides,leadandotherheavymetals.Thisoccurrenceofthisphenomenoniscorrelatedwiththedegreeofindustrializationandintensitiesofchemicalusage.SoilPollution

CausesofSoilPollution

Asoilpollutantisanyfactorwhichdeterioratesthequality,textureandmineralcontentofthesoilorwhichdisturbsthebiologicalbalanceoftheorganismsinthesoil.Pollutioninsoilhasadverseeffectonplantgrowth.Pollutioninsoilisassociatedwith:IndiscriminateuseoffertilizerIndiscriminateuseofpesticides,insecticidesandherbicideDumpingoflargequantitiesofsolidwasteDeforestationandsoilerosionSoilPollution

CausesofSoilPollution

Farmersgenerallyusefertilizertocorrectsoildeficiencies.Fertilizerscontaminatethesoilwithimpurities,whichcomefromtherawmaterialsusedfortheirmanufacture.Mixedfertilizersoftencontainammoniumnitrate(NH4NO3),phosphorusasP2O5,andpotassiumasK2O.Forinstance,As,PbandCdpresentintracesinrockphosphatemineralgettransferredtosuperphosphatefertilizer.Sincethemetalsarenotdegradable,theiraccumulationinthesoilabovetheirtoxiclevelsduetoexcessiveuseofphosphatefertilizers,becomesanindestructiblepoisonforcrops.SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofFertilizers

Plantsonwhichwedependforfoodareunderattackfrominsects,fungi,bacteria,viruses,rodentsandotheranimals,andmustcompetewithweedsfornutrients.Tokillunwantedpopulationslivinginorontheircrops,farmersusepesticides.ThefirstwidespreadinsecticideusebeganattheendofWorldWarIIandincludedDDT(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane).InsectssoonbecameresistanttoDDTandasthechemicaldidnotdecomposereadily,itpersistedintheenvironment.SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofPesticides,InsecticidesandHerbicides

SinceDDTwassolubleinfatratherthanwater,itbiomagnifiedupthefoodchainanddisruptedcalciummetabolisminbirds,causingeggshellstobethinandfragile.Asaresult,largebirdsofpreysuchasthebrownpelican,ospreys,falconsandeaglesbecameendangered.DDThasbeennowbeenbannedinmostwesterncountries.IronicallymanyofthemincludingU.S.A.,stillproduceDDTforexporttootherdevelopingnationswhoseneedsoutweightheproblemscausedbyit.SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofPesticides,InsecticidesandHerbicides

SinceDDTwassolubleinfatratherthanwater,itbiomagnifiedupthefoodchainanddisruptedcalciummetabolisminbirds,causingeggshellstobethinandfragile.Asaresult,largebirdsofpreysuchasthebrownpelican,ospreys,falconsandeaglesbecameendangered.DDThasbeennowbeenbannedinmostwesterncountries.IronicallymanyofthemincludingU.S.A.,stillproduceDDTforexporttootherdevelopingnationswhoseneedsoutweightheproblemscausedbyit.（Itwas

bannedinChinain1983）SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofPesticides,InsecticidesandHerbicides

Pesticidesnotonlybringtoxiceffectonhumanandanimalsbutalsodecreasethefertilityofthesoil.Someofthepesticidesarequitestableandtheirbiodegradationmaytakeweeksandevenmonths.

Pesticideproblemssuchasresistance,resurgence,andhealtheffectshavecausedscientiststoseekalternatives.Pheromonesandhormonestoattractorrepelinsectsandusingnaturalenemiesorsterilizationbyradiationhavebeensuggested.SoilPollution

IndiscriminateUseofPesticides,InsecticidesandHerbicides

Ingeneral,solidwasteincludesgarbage,domesticrefuseanddiscardedsolidmaterialssuchasthosefromcommercial,industrialandagriculturaloperations.Theycontainincreasingamountsofcardboards,plastics,glass,oldconstructionmaterial,packagingmaterialandtoxicorotherwisehazardoussubstances.Sinceasignificantamountofurbansolidwastetendstobepaperandfoodwaste,themajorityisrecyclableorbiodegradableinlandfills.Similarly,mostagriculturalwasteisrecycledandminingwasteisleftonsite.SoilPollution

DumpingofSolidWastes

Theportionofsolidwastethatishazardoussuchasoils,batterymetals,heavymetalsfromsmeltingindustriesandorganicsolventsaretheoneswehavetopayparticularattentionto.Thesecaninthelongrun,getdepositedtothesoilsofthesurroundingareaandpollutethembyalteringtheirchemicalandbiologicalproperties.Theyalsocontaminatedrinkingwateraquifersources.Morethan90%ofhazardouswasteisproducedbychemical,petroleumandmetal-relatedindustriesandsmallbusinessessuchasdrycleanersandgasstationscontributeaswell.SoilPollution

DumpingofSolidWastes

SoilErosionoccurswhentheweatheredsoilparticlesaredislodgedandcarriedawaybywindorwater,Deforestation,agriculturaldevelopment,temperatureextremes,precipitationincludingacidrain,andhumanactivitiescontributetothiserosion.Humansspeedupthisprocessbyconstruction,mining,cuttingoftimber,overcroppingandovergrazing.Itresultsinfloodsandcausesoilerosion.SoilPollution

Deforestation

SoilErosionoccurswhentheweatheredsoilparticlesaredislodgedandcarriedawaybywindorwater,Deforestation,agriculturaldevelopment,temperatureextremes,precipitationincludingacidrain,andhumanactivitiescontributetothiserosion.Humansspeedupthisprocessbyconstruction,mining,cuttingoftimber,overcroppingandovergrazing.Itresultsinfloodsandcausesoilerosion.SoilPollution

Deforestation

Forestsandgrasslandsareanexcellentbindingmaterialthatkeepsthesoilintactandhealthy.Theysupportmanyhabitatsandecosystems,whichprovideinnumerablefeedingpathwaysorfoodchainstoallspecies.Theirlosswouldthreatenfoodchainsandthesurvivalofmanyspecies.Duringthepastfewyearsquitealotofvastgreenlandhasbeenconvertedintodeserts.ThepreciousrainforesthabitatsofSouthAmerica,tropicalAsiaandAfricaarecomingunderpressureofpopulationgrowthanddevelopment(especiallytimber,constructionandagriculture).SoilPollution

Deforestation

Manyscientistsbelievethatawealthofmedicinalsubstancesincludingacureforcancerandaids,lieinforests.Deforestationisslowlydestroyingthemostproductivefloraandfaunaareasintheworld,whichalsoformvasttractsofaveryvaluablesinkforCO2.SoilPollution

Deforestation

Urbanactivitiesgeneratelargequantitiesofcitywastesincludingseveralbiodegradablematerials(likevegetables,animalwastes,papers,woodenpieces,carcasses,planttwigs,leaves,clothwastesaswellassweepings)andmanynon-biodegradablematerials(suchasplasticbags,plasticbottles,plasticwastes,glassbottles,glasspieces,stone/cementpieces).SoilPollution

PollutionDuetoUrbanization

Ifcontaminatedsoilisusedtogrowfood,thelandwillusuallyproduceloweryieldsthanitwouldifitwerenotcontaminated.This,inturn,cancauseevenmoreharmbecausealackofplantsonthesoilwillcausemoreerosion,spreadingthecontaminantsontolandthatmightnothavebeentaintedbefore.SoilPollution

EnvironmentalLongTermEffectsofSoilPollution

Inaddition,thepollutantswillchangethemakeupofthesoilandthetypesofmicroorganismsthatwillliveinit.Ifcertainorganismsdieoffinthearea,thelargerpredatoranimalswillalsohavetomoveawayordiebecausethey'velosttheirfoodsupply.Thus,it'spossibleforsoilpollutiontochangewholeecosystem.SoilPollution

EnvironmentalLongTermEffectsofSoilPollution

Pollutionrunsoffintoriversandkillsthefish,plantsandotheraquaticlife.Cropsandfoddergrownonpollutedsoilmaypassthepollutantsontotheconsumers.Pollutedsoilmaynolongergrowcropsandfodder.Soilstructureisdamaged(clayionicstructureimpaired).Corrosionoffoundationsandpipelines.Impairssoilstability.Mayreleasevaporsandhydrocarbonintobuildingsandcellars.Maycreatetoxicdusts.Maypoisonchildrenplayinginthearea.SoilPollution

EffectsofSoilPollutioninBrief

長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

一般來說，就翻譯程序而言，長(zhǎng)句翻譯可以按六步進(jìn)行操作，即：①緊縮主干（找出主句主語、謂語及賓語）；②區(qū)分主從（理清主從句，找出從句的主語、謂語及賓語以及修飾關(guān)系）；③辨析詞義（特別是主干中的詞義）；④分清層次（推斷出句子思維邏輯發(fā)展形式及重心）；⑤調(diào)整搭配（特別是主謂及動(dòng)賓搭配，調(diào)整語序）；⑥潤(rùn)飾詞語語句（考慮選詞煉句并考慮文體的適應(yīng)性）。以上六步看似復(fù)雜，其實(shí)與其他翻譯過程一樣，必須經(jīng)過三個(gè)階段：一是對(duì)原文的準(zhǔn)確理解；二是對(duì)譯文的恰當(dāng)表達(dá)；三是對(duì)譯文的適當(dāng)潤(rùn)色和修改。否則，翻譯難以通達(dá)。Translation

長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

(4)Havingachievedthispositionthefaceplateshouldbeheldtopreventrotationthetimingshaftshouldbenowdepressedtodisengagethedriveandrotatedclockwiseuntiltheline“B”(fig.12)onthecamshaftbelowcoincideswiththelineontheinformationplate.譯文1：當(dāng)達(dá)到這一位置后，應(yīng)當(dāng)保持面板以防旋轉(zhuǎn)，直到凸輪軸下的線“B”(圖12)與銘牌線路相重疊時(shí)，定時(shí)軸應(yīng)降低，以便傳動(dòng)裝置脫扣，而按順時(shí)針方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。譯文2：在達(dá)到這一位置時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)握住面盤防止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)；壓下定時(shí)軸，使傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)松脫；并逆時(shí)針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)定時(shí)軸直到凸輪軸下部“B”線(圖12)與指示盤上刻線重合。比讀譯文1和譯文2，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其間的差異。原文的最大特點(diǎn)是用一系列并列句，順次交代一系列的操作過程，“until”只是最后一句謂語“berotated”的限定從句，如果能把這層關(guān)系摸透，便可得到譯文2這樣的佳譯。應(yīng)該說，原文沒有太復(fù)雜的句法結(jié)構(gòu)，一氣呵成，敘說明晰，無半點(diǎn)含糊。譯文1沒有理解三個(gè)句子之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，沒有將“until”從句對(duì)號(hào)入座，沒能理解“depressed”和“rotated”同是“shaft”的謂語動(dòng)詞。在翻譯過程中，原文中明晰的邏輯關(guān)系已喪失殆盡。Translation

長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

1.順序譯法

順序譯法指按照原句的順序進(jìn)行翻譯，這不僅可以避免譯文產(chǎn)生混亂，還可以維持原文結(jié)構(gòu)。英語中，有些長(zhǎng)句所敘述的一連串動(dòng)作基本上是動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序，也有些長(zhǎng)句的內(nèi)容是按邏輯關(guān)系安排的，這些與漢語里的表達(dá)方法一致，故可用順序譯法。此外，一些并列復(fù)合句和帶賓語從句或表語從句的主從復(fù)合句，通常可按照原文的思路和順序來翻譯。(1)Nationswillusuallyproduceandexportthosegoodsinwhichtheyhavethegreatestcomparativeadvantage,andimportthoseitemsinwhichtheyhavetheleastcomparativeadvantage.譯文：各國(guó)通常都生產(chǎn)和出口那些他們最具優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品，而進(jìn)出那些他們最不具優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品。原句中，使用了兩個(gè)由“inwhich”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，在譯文中分別被譯成“他們最具優(yōu)勢(shì)的”和“他們最不具優(yōu)勢(shì)的”，行文簡(jiǎn)潔精練，兩個(gè)“inwhich”都被省略了，譯文采用的是順序譯法。Translation

長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

2.逆序譯法英語中，有些句子的表達(dá)順序與漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同，甚至相反，尤其是一些復(fù)合句，其主句一般放在句首，即重心在前，而漢語則一般按時(shí)間和邏輯順序，將主要部分放在句尾，形成尾重心。對(duì)于這些句子，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)采用逆序翻譯法。例如：(1)ThetimeisnownearathandwhichmustprobablydeterminewhetherAmericansaretobefreemenorslaves;whethertheyaretohaveanypropertytheycancalltheirown;whethertheirhousesandfarmsaretobepillagedanddestroyed,andthemselvesconsignedtoastateofwretchednessfromwhichnohumaneffortswilldeliverthem.譯文：美國(guó)人將會(huì)成為自由人還是奴隸，他們是否將擁有稱得上屬于自己的財(cái)產(chǎn)，他們的房屋和農(nóng)莊是否會(huì)遭到掠奪和毀壞，他們自己是否會(huì)陷入任何人力都無法拯救的悲慘境地——現(xiàn)在，必須決定這一切的時(shí)刻就在眼前。原文中，行文方式是先總說，即先說出結(jié)論，接著再談具體事情；而譯文則先談?wù)摼唧w情況，最后再分說，這也是英漢兩種語言在行文方式上的不同。造成這種行文方式的不同的主要原因是英美人的思維方式同漢民族人們的思維方式不同，表現(xiàn)在語言上就存在這種差異。Translation

長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

3.分譯譯法分譯是指原文語句過長(zhǎng)，同時(shí)又含有多層意思，而主句和從句或者修飾部分之間的關(guān)系又不是很緊密，如果在譯文中用一個(gè)句子對(duì)原文進(jìn)行翻譯，反而會(huì)引起句意混亂，翻譯時(shí)可按漢語多用短句的習(xí)慣，把長(zhǎng)句中的從句或短語化為句子，分開進(jìn)行敘述。一般來說，分譯的目的是使得句子意思的表達(dá)清楚明了。例如：(1)Theloadsthatastructureissubjectedtoaredividedintodeadloads,whichincludeweightsofallthepartsofthestructure,andliveloads,whichareduetotheweightsofpeople,movableequipment,etc.譯文：一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)物受到的荷載可分為靜載與動(dòng)載。兩類靜載包括該結(jié)構(gòu)物各部分的重量。動(dòng)載則是由于人及可移動(dòng)設(shè)備等的重量而引起的荷載。原文結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，翻譯時(shí)要做一些調(diào)整。新手很可能會(huì)將其譯為“結(jié)構(gòu)物受到的荷載可分包括該結(jié)構(gòu)物各部分重量的靜載和由于人及可移動(dòng)設(shè)備等的重量而引起的動(dòng)載兩類”。從理解原文的角度看，該譯文傳達(dá)了原意，符合“信”的原則。但由于漢語習(xí)慣用小句，這46個(gè)字的長(zhǎng)句很難一氣讀完，有欠“達(dá)、雅”，如采用化整為零的分譯法，則可收到醒目易讀的效果。Translation

長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

4.變序譯法

變序譯法，就是把復(fù)雜的原句結(jié)構(gòu)打亂，根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣重新組織句子，或者按由遠(yuǎn)及近的順序從中間斷句，層層展開，最后畫龍點(diǎn)睛，突出主題。這種重組主要是由于原文的語序在譯文中無法得到完全的保留和再現(xiàn)，為符合譯文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣和思維模式而在譯文中對(duì)原文語序進(jìn)行重新排列。

(1)Thereasonthataneutralbodyisattractedbyachargedbodyisthat,althoughtheneutralbodyisneutralwithinitself,itisnotneutralwithrespecttothechargedbody,andthetwobodiesactasifoppositelychargedwhenbroughtneareachother譯文：雖然中性物體本身是不帶電的，但對(duì)于帶電體來說，它并非中性；當(dāng)這兩個(gè)物體彼此接近時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生極性相反的電荷的作用。這就是中性物體被帶電體吸引的原因。該句采用了典型的變序譯法。當(dāng)然，在翻譯時(shí)稍不留神，譯者就很容易將其譯為：“中性物體被帶電體吸引的原因在于，雖然中性物體本身是不帶電的，但對(duì)帶電體來說，它不是中性，當(dāng)這兩個(gè)物體彼此接近時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生帶有相反電荷的作用”。這種誤譯主要是不恰當(dāng)?shù)夭捎昧隧樞蚍肿g法，以致譯文內(nèi)部銜接松弛，破壞了作者所提出的概念的完整性。從“although…”到句尾，都是說明“中性物體被帶電體吸引的原因”，這一整體不容分割。試從“although”引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句入手，將原文中前置的主要信息在譯文中后置，起到了畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

5.綜合譯法如果順序譯法、逆序譯法、分譯譯法、變序譯法等翻譯方法不能解決所有問題，就需要考慮綜合使用。如果英語長(zhǎng)句單純采用其中任何一種方法都能譯出，就需要仔細(xì)分析，或按照時(shí)間的先后，或按照邏輯順序，順逆結(jié)合，主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理，以便把英語原文翻譯成通順忠實(shí)的漢語句子。使用綜合譯法，不僅可以靈活變通長(zhǎng)句的語序，還能使譯文的句法通順自然，更符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣和中國(guó)人的思維表達(dá)方式。(1)Itwaswonderfultoseehisfaceshiningatusoutofathincloudofthesedelicatefumes,ashestirred,andmixed,andtasted,andlookedasifheweremakinginsteadofpunch,afortuneforhisfamilydowntothelatestposterity.譯文：當(dāng)他攪拌、混合、品嘗時(shí)，我們看到他的臉在透著各種美妙氣味的薄霧中閃著光芒，他看起來像是在為他的家族和后代創(chuàng)造財(cái)富，而不是一時(shí)興起，這真是太好了。分析原文，很容易發(fā)現(xiàn)句子中有四層意思：看了很不錯(cuò)；透過各種美妙的氣味薄霧，我們可以看到他臉上閃閃發(fā)亮；在他攪和原材料、品嘗味道時(shí)；看起來仿佛他是在忙著為家族和后代積累財(cái)富，而不是一時(shí)玩鬧。漢語的習(xí)慣是先敘述后表態(tài)，先發(fā)生的事情先說。因此，翻譯時(shí)，譯者必須注意順逆結(jié)合，交錯(cuò)出現(xiàn)。長(zhǎng)句的翻譯

在翻譯長(zhǎng)句時(shí)，譯者首要的任務(wù)是理解原文，然后選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)姆g方法文重新組織出來，可以說，翻譯方法選擇恰當(dāng)與否，會(huì)直接影響譯文的好壞。Translation

Exercise