閱讀理解的結構化整理（議論文）-學生版

閱讀理解的結構化整理（議論文）一、議論文結構名詞解釋1.立論：提出看法；確立論點（論點、論據(jù)、論證過程）2.駁論：通過揭露和\t"s://baike.baidu/item/%E9%A9%B3%E8%AE%BA/_blank"駁斥錯誤的、反動的論點來確立自己的論點，駁論的作用在于“破”，即辨別是非，駁斥錯誤的觀點，同時樹立正確的觀點。3.歸納法（inductive）：利用特殊推斷出普遍4.演繹法（deductive）：利用普遍推斷出特殊二、議論文的分層討論典例分析（一）（2022·全國甲卷）Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewanttogobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmoreintelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarethey?Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythatmembersoftheirgender(性別)are“really,reallysmart.”Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart.”Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbeediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot.Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalmunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusesefromthosewith“intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：1．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?A．They'reunfair. B．They'reconservative.C．They'reobjective. D．They'restrict.2．WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?A．Theythinkthemselvessmart.B．Theylookuptogreatthinkers.C．Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.D．Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs.3．Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?A．Improvedglobalmunication.B．Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.C．Acceptanceofvictors'concepts.D．Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.A．GeniusesThinkAlike B．GeniusTakesManyFormsC．GeniusandIntelligence D．GeniusandLuck（二）（2022·河南·一模）Internalmunication,alsoknownasIC,referstoagroupofprocessesresponsibleforeffectivecirculationofmessagewithinanorganization.Thesemessagesareinformationthatisvaluabletotheorganizationandaresupposedtobekeptconfidential(機密的).Themeansoftransferringthisinformationisoftendonethroughemails,letters,noticeboards,andevenwiththehelpofsocialmedialikeSkype,Zoom,andGoogleMeet,inthecurrenttimes.Honestinternalmunicationisthehealthiestwaytokeepyourorganizationgrowing.Withhonestyaroundtheworkplace,itisasaferenvironmentfortheemployeestovoicetheiropinionswhichcouldhelpinthemodificationofacertainoperationthatmighthavebeenoutdated.Otherthanchanges,notopeninguptoyourcolleaguescanresultinfrustrationandgiveriseto“gossipculture”attheworkplace.Wheninformationisnotpassedoutwithlucidity,notonlydoesthequalityofworkgetaffectedbutitalsogivesrisetoquestioningtheworthofthetimespentinthepany.Anatmosphereofhonestyalsoencouragesgrowthinresponsibility,leadership,andselfaccountability.IftheCEOofapanyvoicestheshortingsofhisteaminarespectfulmanner,itwouldbringroomforeachandeveryemployeetotakeitonapositivenoteandbringaroundthechangefortheonemongoalofdevelopmentofthepanythattheyareworkingfor.Thisbringsalotofchangeintheattitudeofeveryindividualemployeesincetheystartseeingthepanythattheyareworkingforasanassetthattheycherish(珍愛)dearly.Inaworkplace,thingsgobothwrongandright,soitisimportanttobothappreciateandcriticizewhensuchsituationsoccurfromtheendofboththeleadershipandtheemployees.Thepositivesshouldbecelebratedwhilethenegativesshouldbetakenaspositivecriticismsthatcouldhelpthepanygrowintosomethingbetter.Themaingoalofunityanddevelopmentshouldalwaysbekeptinmind.（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：5．WhichisconsideredonemaincharacterofIC?A．Iteswiththetimesofsocialmedia. B．Itexistswithintheleadershipofapany.C．Itisoftenkeptsecretwithinanorganization. D．Itneedsalonganddifficultprocessinmostcases.6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“l(fā)ucidity”inparagraph2probablymean?A．Clearness. B．Appreciation. C．Authority. D．Assistance.7．Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A．ThemainresponsibilitiesoftheCEO. B．Theimportanceofunityforapany.C．Theadvantageofapowerfulleadership. D．Theroleofanhonestleadershipinapany.8．Whatdoestheauthorsuggesttousinaworkplaceinthelastparagraph?A．municatingboththepositivesandthenegatives.B．Takingresponsibilitiesbravelyforourmistakes.C．Tryingallpossiblemeanstoavoidthenegatives.D．Strengtheningunitymainlyamongtheemployees.實戰(zhàn)演練（一）（2022·河北·衡水中學）Whilemanyofusmayhavebeenawaysomewherenicelastsummer,fewwouldsaythatwe’ve“summered.”“Summer”isclearlyanoun,moreprecisely,averbednoun.Waybackinourchildhood,wealllearnedthedifferencebetweenanounandaverb.Withsuchatidydefinition,itwaseasytospotthedifference.Notsoinadulthood,whereweareexpectedto“foot”bills,“chair”mittees,and“dialogue”withpoliticalopponents.Chancesareyoudidn’tfeelunfortableaboutthesightofthoseverbednouns.“TheverbingofnounsisasoldastheEnglishlanguage,”saysPatriciaO’Conner,aformereditoratTheNewYorkTimesBookReview.Expertsestimatethat20percentofallEnglishverbswereoriginallynouns.Andthephenomenonseemstobesnowballing.Since1900,about40percentofallnewverbshaveefromnouns.Eventhoughconversion(轉化)isquiteuniversal,plentyofgrammariansobjecttothepractice.WilliamStrunkJr.andE.B．White,inTheElementsofStyle—theBiblefortheuseofAmericanEnglish—havethistosay:“Manynounslatelyhavebeenpressedintoserviceasverbs.Notallarebad,butallaresuspect.”TheChicagoManualofStyletakesasimilarstandpoint,advisingwriterstouseverbswithgreatcare.“Sometimespeopleobjecttoanewverbbecausetheyresistwhatisunfamiliartothem,”saysO’Conner.That’swhywe’refortable“hosting”aparty,butwemightfeelupsetbythethoughtof“medaling”insports.Soarethereanyrulesforverbing?BenjaminDreyer,copychiefatRandomHouse,doesn’tofferarule,butsuggeststhatpeoplethinktwiceabout“verbifying”anounifit’seasilyreplaceablebyanalreadyexistingpopularverb.Makesureit’sdescriptivebutnotsillysounding,hesays.Intheend,however,styleissubjective.EasyconversionofnounstoverbshasbeenpartofEnglishgrammarforcenturies;itisoneoftheprocessesthatmakeEnglish“English.”Noteverycoinage(新創(chuàng)的詞語)passesintogeneraluse,butasfortryingtoendverbingaltogether,forgetit.（1）第一段：（2）第二段：（3）第三段：（4）第四段：（5）第五段：（6）第五段：1．Whatcanwelearnabouttheverbingofnouns?A．Ithasn’trecentlybeenopposedbymanygrammarians.B．Itismoremonlyacceptedbychildrenthanadults.C．Ithasn’tbeenararephenomenoninthepastcentury.D．Itiseasilyreplacedbyexistingverbsinpractice2．Whatismostleadingexperts’attitudetowardsthepracticeoftheverbingofnouns?A．Cautious. B．Satisfied.C．Disappointed. D．Unconcerned.3．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofendingtheverbingofnouns?A．Predictable. B．Practicable.C．Approaching. D．Impossible.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Are40Percentofallnewverbsfromnouns？B．AreSummeringandMedalingAnnoying?C．AreYoufortableaboutaNewVerb?D．AreThereAnyRulesforVerbing?（二）（2022·河南·洛陽）Dowestillneedcash?Thedaysofholdingnotesinourhandsmaybenumbered.Theadvancementoftechnologyandtheincreaseofnewelectronicandmobiledeviceintoday’sworldissettorevolutionizehowwemakepayments.Withaswipe(刷)oraclickofamobilephoneapp,ourentirewealthisliterallyatourfingertips.Asdigitalformsareincreasinglyreplacingcashpayments,somethinkthatweshouldbeefullycashfree.However,Idonotbelieveweshouldmovetowardsapletelycashfreesociety.Oneofthemainconcernsofacashlessworldistheriskofcheatandridiculously,theinconveniencethatfollows.Theinstantcontentthatacpaniescashlesstransactions(處理)couldbepromisedbyonlinesecurityissues.Technologyexpertsarguethatourcurrentstateoftechnologyisunabletoprovideasecurecashlessenvironmentthatcouldpreventpeoplefromaccessingthesystemillegallyandabusingthepersonaldata.Inaddition,manyonlineshoppingsiteslackstrongsystemsthatwouldprotecttheircustomers’personalcredentials(可信).Occasionally,whenanaccountis“l(fā)ocked”duetoasuspectedcheatingactivity,havingcashinhandbeescritical.Inacashlesssociety,avictimofcheatingwouldfindhimselflockedoutofhisaccountandunabletoaccesshismoneyuntilthecaseissolved.Goingcashfreecausesgreatinconvenienceinthiscase.Anotherreasonisthatmankindmightpotentiallybeelessthrift(節(jié)儉的).Payingincashcausesapsychologicalpainonconsumerssothattheyaremorecautiousintheirspendi