2024年高考英語核心考點精講精練（新高考專用）考點8 閱讀理解推理判斷之文章結(jié)構(gòu) （學生版）

考點8閱讀理解推理判斷之文章結(jié)構(gòu)（核心考點精講精練）1.命題規(guī)律及備考策略【命題規(guī)律】近3年新高考卷對于閱讀理解中沒有對推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)進行考查，這不意味著未來不會考查。高考備考要充分準備未來可能考的題，不是盲目追風必考考過的試題。主要考查：根據(jù)閱讀文章整體推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)。推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的方法：1.從整體出發(fā)，辨別文章結(jié)構(gòu)圖；2.根據(jù)文章的某一段落，選擇文章作者是怎么展開或組織段落的?！緜淇疾呗浴肯到y(tǒng)歸類推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的方法；熟練掌握閱讀技能。【命題預測】學業(yè)水平考試的是高中生的畢業(yè)考試，高考是國家選拔創(chuàng)新人才的考試。學考和高考分開考的目的很明確。高考就是選拔性考試，通過高考英語試題，考查學生的推理判斷能力和邏輯思維能力及品質(zhì)是重要導向。通過閱讀理解中，推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)考查考生的整體觀，從全局看問題的能力，在新高考命題中很可能會出現(xiàn)。推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的命題依據(jù)是：新課程標準中要求學生掌握：主要語篇結(jié)構(gòu)特征。因此，推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的推理判斷題，有可能在2024年高考中將成為高考閱讀理解的題型，應(yīng)該倍加注意?！?024年高考命題預測】推理判斷之推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)考點是新課標中明確要考的考點。在當今高考的新改革時代，考查文章結(jié)構(gòu)題最能考查學生對語篇的整體把控，要求學生必須從大處著眼。預測在2024高考中，推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)題有可能在高考閱讀理解中呈現(xiàn)?！就评砼袛嘀恼陆Y(jié)構(gòu)考點指南】規(guī)律方法：文章結(jié)構(gòu)主要的設(shè)題方式常有：（1）Howisthepassageorganized?（2）Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructure/organizationofthepassage?規(guī)律方法：如何解決文章結(jié)構(gòu)題？考查組織結(jié)構(gòu)的文章通常行文組織結(jié)構(gòu)都比較清晰、規(guī)范，因此,具備文體、寫作方式和文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)方面相關(guān)知識對于有效解答此類題目具有至關(guān)重要的作用。1、記敘文可以采取以時間為序、以地點為序、以故事情節(jié)發(fā)展為序（開端、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局）等敘事方式進行寫作。以故事情節(jié)為序又可以不按照時間的先后順序敘述，比如，先寫結(jié)局，再寫其他，最后寫高潮，這種敘事手法叫做倒敘。2、議論文總體上可以分為四類：第一類，“提出論點——分論點一——分論點二——分論點三……——結(jié)論”；第二類，“引入段——導出論點——分點論述——結(jié)論”；第三類，“提出問題——分析問題——解決問題”；第四類，“提出反面觀點——批駁反面觀點——提出正面觀點”。3、說明文往往采取下定義、舉例子、列數(shù)字、對比或比較等說明方式進行寫作，而這些說明方式都是為了使文章要說明的內(nèi)容或問題更加清晰明了、真實可信，或者更具說服力。（2023屆江西省贛州市高三下學期二模）Sleepisreparative.Becauseweneedtorepairalotwhilewesleep,it’simportanttogetqualitysleep.Mostofusfunctionbetterinthedaytimewithroutines.Wealsofunctionbetteratnightwitharoutinebecausewewanttokeeppacewithournaturalbodyrhythms.Eachperson’sroutinemaybedifferent—somepeoplewashtheirfaceatnight,andsometakeabath—justmakesureitisaroutine.That’strueduringtheweekandontheweekend;consistencymatters.Haveawindingdown,gettingreadyforsleeproutine,andcarrythatoutatthesametimeeverynight.Findthingsthatarerelaxingandhelpslowyoudownforsleep.Thatmaybereading,listeningtomusic,meditating,praying—anythingthat’srelaxingwhilealsobeingconstructiveorhealthy.Typically,peoplerelaxandtendtosloweverythingdownatbedtime.Astheyrelax,theytakedeeperbreaths,increasingoxygenflow,whichraisestheirskintemperature.Thisisoneofthekeyreasonswhywesleepbetterinacoolerenvironment.Ifyourskintemperatureincreasesandyourroomisalreadyabitwarm,youwillbetoohottosleepwell.Theexacttemperatureisapersonalmatter.Thekeyisthatit’smoretowardcoolthanhot.Manyconsider68degreesanenvironmentthat’sneithersocoldweshivernorsohotwesweat.Butthere’snoscientificevidenceforanexact,perfectsleepingtemperature.Attheendoftheday,sleepisabsolutelycrucialforsomanyreasons.Ithelpsusrepairandrejuvenatesowecanfightinfection,concentrate,regulateourmoods,showupforourselvesandthepeopleinourlives,andbasicallyfunctionashumans.Wecan’tmakeuplostsleep,contrarytowhatmanyanightowlmightthink.So,it’sreallyhightimeweshoulddoallwecantofosterthebestsleeppossible,startingwithacoolroomandrelaxingbedtimeroutine.1．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?A．Aroutinecanbehelpfulingettingqualitysleep.B．It’sbesttoavoidscreensbeforeyougotobed.C．Higherqualityofsleepleadstobettermentalhealth.D．Listeningtomusicmakesitdifficulttostayasleep.2．Whatwillhappenwhenpeoplerelaxduringsleepatnight?A．They’lltakemoreregularbreaths. B．They’llfeelcoolerthanintheday.C．Theirskintemperaturewillrise. D．Theywillnotgetenoughoxygen.3．Whatmainpointdoestheauthorwanttomakeinthelastparagraph?A．Goodsleepcanbemadeatanytime. B．Sleepisimportantformanyreasons.C．Trytodevelopgoodsleephabitsnow. D．Lostsleepmakesnodifferencetopeople.4．What’sthestructureofthetext?A． B．C． D．（2023屆山東省濰坊市安丘市高三3月過程檢測）Adietrichinfruitandvegetablesandincorporatingadailyglassofwinecanprotectthebrainagainstdementia,astudysuggests.StickingcloselytoMediterraneaneatinghabits,whichalsoincludeplentyofnuts,seafood,wholegrainsandoliveoil,hasbeenlinkedtoa23percentlowerriskofdementia.Basedondatagatheredon60,000peopleviatheUKBiobank,amedicaldatabasesetupin2006,theresearchersscoredparticipants’dietsforhowcloselytheymatchedtheidealMediterraneandietontwoscales.Usingone,thosewhoseeatinghabitswerethebestmatchwere23percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhosedietsleastfitthepattern.Adietwithaperfectscorewouldinvolvemorethanfourtablespoonsofoliveoil,atleasttwoportionsofvegetablesandthreeoffruitperdayaswellasaglassofwine.Itwouldalsoincludeatleastthreeservingsoflegumes,90gramsofnuts,andthreeservingsoffishorshellfishaweek.Theidealdietwouldalsoinvolveverylittleredorprocessedmeat,avoidingtoomanysweeteneddrinks,butter,margarineorcream.Thesecondscaleusedsimilarcriteriaandaclosematchonthatwaslinkedtoa14percentlowerriskofdementia.Thefindings,publishedinthejournalBMCMedicine,appearedtoshowa“protectiveeffectregardlessofsomeone’sgeneticrisk”.DrSusanMitchell,ofAlzheimer’sResearchUK,said,“Thereisawealthofevidencethateatingahealthy,balanceddietcanhelpreducetheriskofcognitivedecline.Buttheevidenceforspecificdietsismuchlessclear-cut.”Shepointedoutthatthestudyonlydrewondatafrompeoplewithwhite,BritishorIrishancestry.Shesaid,“Whiletherearenosurefirewaystopreventdementiayet,adietrichinfruitandvegetables,alongwithplentyofexerciseandnotsmoking,allcontributetogoodhearthealth,whichinturnhelpstoprotectourbrainfromdiseasesthatleadtodementia.”5．Whatdidthestudyfindout?A．Anewwaytocureadisease. B．Apopulardiettokeepbalance.C．Amedicaldatabasetodoresearch. D．Apossiblestrategytoreducetheriskofdementia.6．Howdidtheresearcherscarryoutthestudy?A．Bymakingcomparison. B．Bypresentingtheprocess.C．Byconsultingotherstudies. D．Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.7．WhatdoesSusanMitchellthinkofthestudy?A．It’sevident. B．It’slimited. C．It’spractical. D．It’spromising.8．Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?A． B．C． D．基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)（最新模擬試題演練）1.【2023·廣東省華附、省實、廣雅、深中四校聯(lián)考】Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimprovelifeinthemistoseparatepeoplefromtheircars.Evenwhenyouhaveastrongpublictransportsysteminmovingpeoplebetweenpopulationhubs,thelastmile-thatsectionbetweentherailwaystationandsomeone’shome,forexample-canleadtocaruseifit’sconsideredtoofarortoodangeroustowalk.Theideaofalow-trafficneighbourhood(LTN)-wherecarsarebannedfromquieter‘ratruns’(偏僻小路)tokeepthemonthemajorroutes-hastakenoffinpartsoftheUK.LTNsattempttofilteroutcarsfromresidentialstreetsusingbollards,camera-controlledgatesorevenplantersfullofflowersplacedacrosstheroad,whilepedestrians,cyclistsandemergencyvehiclescanstillpass.AnalysisfortheactivetransportcharitySustransfoundthat“drivingamileonaminorurbanroadistwiceaslikelytokillorseriouslyinjureachildpedestrian,andthreetimesmorelikelytokillorseriouslyinjureachildcyclist,comparedtodrivingamileonanurbanA-road,”andthatheavycartrafficinresidentialareascanleadtoariseinsocialisolation.LTNsreducethisdanger,leadingtoathree-foldreductionininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincreasethenumberofvisitorstolocalbusinesses.Alsopopulararee-scooterhiretrials,whicharetakingplaceintownsandcitiesincludingMiddlesbrough,BristolandChelmsford.Thetrialsseegagglesofelectricscootersavailabletobepickedupfromstreetcorners.Thescootersarehiredusinganappandthen,oncethey’refinishedwith,parkedelsewhereinsidethetrialarea,wherethey’recollectedandrechargedbythehiringcompany.ADepartmentofTransportreportone-scooterusefoundtheywere“widelyperceivedtohaveenvironmentalandconveniencebenefits,”butsufferedfromcomparisonstochildren’stoys.Butthat’snotall.Theworld’sfirsthubfordemonstratingelectricairtaxisanddronesopenedinCoventryearlierthisyear.Thetaxisanddronesbasedatthehuballtakeoffandlandverticallylikehelicoptersandarebeingusedtotravelshortjourneysordelivercargo.Weaningusoffourcaraddictionisoneofthemoredifficultbarriersstandingbetweenusandhealthiercities.Thefirststepthatneedstobetakenwillbetotacklethedominanceofthecar.1．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?A．Peopleareconsideredreliantoncarstotravel.B．Publictransportsystemstillneedsimprovement.C．Pollutionfromcarshasanimpactonpeople’slifequality.D．Residentialareasareusuallyfarawayfromtherailwaystation.2．WhatdoweknowabouttheideaofanLTN?A．It’sawaytoencouragesocialinteractionandlocalbusiness.B．It’saseriesofmeasurestoreservethestreetstowalkingresidents.C．It’sasystemthatemployshightechnologytokeepcarsonthemainroads.D．It’sapracticeprovedeffectiveinkeepingchildrensafefromtrafficaccidents.3．What’sthestructureofthetext?P=ParagraphA． B．C． D．4．What’sthepurposeofthetext?A．Tocallonreaderstoconstructahealthiercity.B．Topromotethelatestdevelopmentsincaralternatives.C．Tointroducepossiblewaystogetridofdependenceoncars.D．Toinformcitizensoftechnologicaladvancestotacklesocialproblems.2.【2023·江西省贛州市期末】You’veprobablyalreadyheardaboutAI-poweredcamerasthatcanrecognizepeoplejustbyanalyzingtheirfacialfeatures,butwhatiftherewasawayforartificialintelligencetofigureoutwhatyoulooklikejustbythesoundofyourvoiceandwithoutcomparingyourvoicetoadatabase?That’sexactlywhatateamofscientistsatMIThasbeenworkingon,andtheresultsoftheirworkareimpressive.Whiletheirneuralnetwork,namedSpeech2Face,can’tyetfigureouttheexactfacialfeaturesofahumanjustbytheirvoice,itcertainlygetsplentyofdetailsright.Speech2Faceistrainedinthetrainingdata,whichisacollectionofeducationalvideosfromYouTube.“Ourmodelisdesignedtorevealstatisticalconnectionsthatexistbetweenfacialfeaturesandvoicesofspeakersinthetrainingdata,”thecreatorsofSpeech2Facesaid.However,thedatadoesnotrepresentequallytheentireworldpopulation.Therefore,themodel--asisthecasewithanymachinelearningmodel-isaffectedbythisunevendistributionofdata.Youcantellalotaboutapersonfromthewaytheyspeakalone.Forexample,youcanmostlikelytellifsomeoneismaleorfemale,oriftheyareyoungorold,butSpeech2Facegoesbeyondthat.Itcandeterminefairlyaccuratelytheshapeofsomeone’snose,cheekbonesorjawfromtheirvoicealone,becausethewaythenoseandotherbonesinourfacesarestructureddeterminesthewaywesound.TheracialcharacteristicisalsooneofthethingsSpeech2Facecanfigureoutwithaccuracyfromlisteningtosomeone’svoiceforjustafewmilliseconds,aspeoplewhocomefromthesamegroupstendtohavesimilarqualitiesorfeatures.TheAItakesavarietyoffactorsintoaccount,anditsometimesproducesimpressiveresults,butit’sstillaworkinprogress.1．HowdoesSpeech2Facerecognizeahuman’sfacialfeatures?A．Bytheshapeoftheirnose. B．Bythesoundoftheirvoice.C．Bytheexpressionontheirface. D．Bytheresultsofdatacomparison.2．WhatcanwelearnaboutSpeech2Faceaccordingtothepassage?A．Itcantellaperson’spersonalitybyhisvoice.B．Itcandeterminewhereapersoncomesfrom.C．Itcantellthesizeofapersonbyhisvoice.D．Itcanreconstructanimageofaperson’sface.3．Whatisthecorrectstructureofthetext?A． B．C． D．4．WhatwillthetextprobablymentionaboutSpeech2Facefallowingthelastparagraph?A．Itsmarketfuture. B．Itsfeatures.C．Itslimitations. D．Itsapplications.3.【2023屆湖北省荊門市龍泉中學高考考前模擬】Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybefore:changesforthebetter,changesfortheworse;changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.Thecontinuationofsuchactivititesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:inpurescience―awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience―amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons.AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.WilliamShakespearesaid,“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(紗線),goodandilltogether.”Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?17．Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?（①="Paragraph1",②="Paragraph"2，③="Paragraph"3，④="Paragraph"4，⑤="Paragraph"5）A． B． C． D．18．Fromthefourthparagraph,wecaninferthat__________.A．a(chǎn)greatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwarB．a(chǎn)largenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwarC．theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweaponsD．theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofunclearweaponsontheearth19．Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans__________.A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy20．Whatyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?A．Furtherapplicationofsciencetowar.B．MorereadingofWilliamShakespeare.C．Properuseofscienceinthenewcentury.D．Effectivewaystoseparatethegoodfromtheill.4.【江西省贛州市摸底考試（一模）】Weallknowapickyeater(挑食者)ortwo,ormaybeyou'rethepickyeater,avoidingfoodadventuresatallcosts,becauseyou'reconvincedyou'llhatewhatevernewandbad-lookingfoodisputonyourplate.Butwhyisitthatsomepeoplearepickyeaterswhileothersarewillingtotryprettymuchanythingthatcanbeeaten?There'snosingleexplanationforthepickyeatinghabit.Pickyeatersaretypicallyunwillingtotrynewfoods,whichcanbetheresultofyourDNAandthewayyouaretreatedandeducatedwhenyouareyoung.MarciaPelchat,Ph.D．,aresearcherattheMonellChemicalSensesCenterinPhiladelphiawhospecializesinfoodpreferencesinhumans,tellsChinaDaily,“AgroupinFinlandlookedatwhatwecallfoodneophobia,whichliterallymeans'fearofthenew',andtheyfoundthatthereissomegeneticbasisforthis.”“Also,ifyouhaveparentswhodon'treallyliketotryanythingnew,youwillalsobeexposedtofewernewfoods,”Pelchatsays.Theoppositeisalsotrue:Thosewhotrynewfoodsandhavepositiveexperiencesarethenmorelikelytotryunfamiliarfoodsinthefuture.Peoplewhoarelessadventurousmaybemorehesitanttotrynewfoods.Tryinganythingnew,foodincluded,requiresyoutostepoutsideofyourcomfortzone.Ifyou'renotveryadventurous,youmayhaveatoughtimewiththis.Peoplewhoseeknewadventuresorthrillsmightbemorelikelytoexperimentwithfood.“Thereisathrill-seekingpersonalitytrait,”Pelchatsays.“It'sbeenshown,especiallywithspicyfood,thatthereissomeconnectionbetweentryingnewfoodsandthrillseeking,”sheexplains.Mostadultpickyeatersstartaschildpickyeaters.“It'snormalforchildrentogothroughapickystagewhenthey'retoddlers,maybetwoorthreeyearsold,andthatmakessenseevolutionarily,”Pelchatsays.Butaswegetolder,ifwecontinuetoavoidnewfoods,pickinesscanpersist.35．Whichofthefollowingshowsthebeststructureofthepassage?(P=Paragraph)A． B．C． D．5.【河南省南陽市六校第一次聯(lián)合測試】Thegrocerystoremightnotbeyourfavoriteplacetovisitwhenyou'reathome,butisiteverfunwhenyou'reinanothercountry?Honestlyspeaking,they'reoneofthosestrangelittledestinationsthatIliketosniffouteverywhereIgo,muchasothertravelersheadtowardclothingstores,libraries,coffeeshopsorgalleries.Thegreatestbeautyofthegrocerystore––whetherit'sasupermarketoratinyshop––isthatitgivesyouaglimpseintowhatlocalpeoplebuytocooktheirownmeals.Thisofferscluesintotheirlifestylesandpreferences,andintotheagriculturalandcookingpracticesofthecountry.Istareatthestrangefruitsandvegetables,theseafood,thecheese,thespices,thebread,andoh,thechocolate...alwaysthechocolate!Beingtheenvironmentalnerd（呆子）Iam,Ilikepayingattentiontopackaging,whichcanreflectpeople'sattitudestowardsenvironmentalprotection.Italy,forexample,hasahabitofrequiringcustomerstobagtheirfruitsandvegetablesinplasticforweighing,whileSriLankaleaveseverythinglooseinbins.InBrazil,everythingisprepackagedinalayerofplastic.Peopleingrocerystorestendtobefriendlier.Theysmile,sayhello,andsometimesaskquestions,whichcanleadtogreatconversations.IhadafurtherdiscussionwithateenagedcashierinSriLanka,overwhichbagofcrunchy（松脆的）mixtobuy.Heinsistedthattheonelabeled“spicy”wouldbetoohotforme,butItoldhimIwaswillingtoriskit.HelaughedandweendeduptalkingaboutmyfavoriteSriLankanfoodsfortenminutes.It'sinterestingthentocomehomeandlookatone'sownlocalgrocerystorethroughneweyes.Whatwouldavisitorthink?Whatstandsout,andwhatdothefooddisplayssayaboutusasaculture?Youmightbesurprisedbywhatyourealize.11．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureoftext?(P:paragraph)A． B．C． D．6.【廣東省名校2022屆高三年級下學期聯(lián)合測試】Integrityisthequalityofbeinghonestandstrongaboutwhatyoubelievetoberight.Theconceptofintegrityhasplayedakeyroleinmoralphilosophythroughouthistoryandispromotedinallsocietiesbecauseofitsimportancetosocialrelations.Individualintegrityisvitaltosociety,onethatenablespeopletomakeuseoftheircapacityforcriticalreflection,doesnotforcepeopletotakeupparticularrolesanddoesnotencourageindividualstobetrayeachother.Besides,societiescanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.Individualintegritycanliftupthespiritsoftheentiresociety.Itcanshapethelivesofpeoplelivinginaparticularsociety,thelivesofallfellowpeopleand,initsbroadestsense,eventhedestinyofanation.Bycontrast,ifthoselivinginthesocietyarecorrupt,itcouldhavebadeffects,jeopardizingthehealthymoralityofthesociety.Ontheotherhand,asocietycanbefavorabletothedevelopmentofindividualintegrity.Societyexpectsandrequiresintegrity.Asocietyconsistingofpeopleofintegrity,andpeoplewhonevercompromiseontheirprinciples,couldhaveapositivemarkonthepersonaldevelopmentonitsmembers.Beingapartofsuchamorallylivelycommunitycouldserveasabasisforabsorbingtraitsofgoodcharacter.Thiscouldbeofadistinctadvantagetoanyindividualsinthesociety.Nonetheless,somesocialstructuresareofthewrongsortforsomeindividualstopursueintegrity.Ifthatisthecase,wehavetoaskquestionsaboutthemoralnatureofsocietyfirstbeforeraisingquestionsaboutindividualintegrity.Questionsaboutintegritymayturnouttobeaboutwhatkindofsocietyitis,ratherthanabouttherelationshipbetweenindividualinterestsandcharacteristicsofasociety.Thepursuitofadequateindividualintegrityoftendepends,notsomuchonunderstandingwhooneisandwhatonebelievesandiscommittedto,butratherunderstandingwhatone’ssocietyisandimaginingwhatitcouldbe.Undernocircumstancescanweunderestimatetheimportanceofhumanintegrityinasociety.People,whoarehonest,trustworthy,compassionateandcaring,arethefactorsdecisiveinthegrowthofindividualsaswellasthedevelopmentofasociety.12．Individualintegrityhasbeenvaluedinsocietybecause______.A．ithelpsdevelopphilosophy B．itiscrucialtosocialrelationsC．itisthebasisofcriticalthinking D．itensurespeople’sparticularroles13．Theunderlinedword“jeopardizing”inParagraph2probablymeans“______”.A．strengthening B．a(chǎn)ssessingC．influencing D．destroying14．Whatdoestheauthorbelieveaccordingtothepassage?A．Individualintegrityreliesonwhatonehasfaithin.B．Thepursuitofindividualintegritychangeswithtime.C．Thenatureofsocietyisdecidedbyeconomicdevelopment.D．Socialstructuresguidetheformationofindividualintegrity.15．Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?CP:CentralPoint

P:Point

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C:ConclusionA． B．C． D．7.（北京四中高三期中）Thenewsocialrobots,includingJibo,Cozmo,KuriandMeccanoM.A．X.,bearsomeresemblancetoassistantslikeApple’sSiri,buttheserobotscomewithsomethingmore.Theyaredesignedtowinusovernotwiththeirsmartsbutwiththeirpersonality.Theyaresoldascompanionsthatdomorethantalktous.Timemagazinehailed(稱贊)therobotsthat“couldfundamentallyreshapehowweinteractwithmachines.”Butisreshapinghowweinteractwithmachinesagoodthing,especiallyforchildren?Someresearchersinfavoroftherobotsdon’tseeaproblemwiththis.Peoplehaverelationshipswithmanykindsofthings.Somesayrobotsarejustanotherthingwithwhichwecanhaverelationships.Tosupporttheirargument,roboticistssometimespointtohowchildrendealwithtoydolls.Childrenanimate(賦予…生命)dollsandturnthemintoimaginaryfriends.Jibo,inasense,willbeonemoreimaginaryfriend,andarguablyamoreintelligentandfunone.Gettingattachedtodollsandsociablemachinesisdifferent,though.Today’srobotstellchildrenthattheyhaveemotions,friendships,evendreamstoshare.Inreality,thewholegoaloftherobotsisemotionaltrickery.Forinstance,Cozmotherobotneedstobefed,repairedandplayedwith.BorisSofman,thechiefexecutiveofAnki,thecompanybehindCozmo,saysthattheideaistocreate“adeeperanddeeperemotionalconnection...Andifyouneglecthim,youfeelthepainofthat.”Whatisthepointofthis,exactly?Whatdoesitmeantofeelthepainofneglectingsomethingthatfeelsnopainatbeingneglected,ortofeelangeratbeingneglectedbysomethingthatdoesn’tevenknowitisneglectingyou?Thisshouldnotbeouronlyconcern.Itistroublingthattheserobotstrytoempathizewithchildren.Empathyallowsustoputourselvesintheplaceofothers,toknowwhattheyarefeeling.Robots,however,havenoemotionstoshare,andtheycannotputthemselvesinourplace.Nomatterwhatroboticcreatures“say”orsqueak,theydon’tunderstandouremotionallives.Theypresentthemselvesasempathymachines,buttheyaremissingtheessentialequipment.Theyhavenotbeenborn,theydon’tknowpain,ordeath,orfear.Robotthinkingmaybethinking,butrobotfeelingisneverfeeling,androbotloveisneverlove.Whatisalsotroublingisthatchildrentakerobots’behaviortoindicatefeelings.Whentherobotsinteractwiththem,childrentakethisasevidencethattherobotslikethem,andwhenrobotsdon’tworkwhenneeded,childrenalsotakeitpersonally.Theirrelationshipswiththerobotsaffecttheirself-esteem(自尊).Inonestudy,an8-year-oldboyconcludedthattherobotstoppedtalkingtohimbecausetherobotlikedhisbrothersbetter.Forsolong,wedreamedofartificialintelligenceofferingusnotonlysimplehelpbutconversationandcare.Nowthatourdreamisbecomingreal,itistimetodealwiththeemotionaldownsideoflivingwithrobotsthat“feel.”1．HowarethenewsocialrobotsdifferentfromSiri?A．Theyareintendedtoteachchildrenhowtotalk.B．Theyaredesignedtoattractpeoplewiththeirsmarts.C．Theirmainfunctionistoevaluatechildren’spersonality.D．Theyhaveanewwaytocommunicatewithhumanbeings.2．InParagraph3Cozmoisusedasanexampletoshowthatthesocialrobots______.A．a(chǎn)redeeplyconnectedwithhumanbeingsB．a(chǎn)reunabletobuildarealrelationshipwithchildrenC．a(chǎn)resoadvancedthattheycanfeelthepainofhumanbeingsD．a(chǎn)renotgoodenoughtocarryouttheinstructionsofchildren3．Theunderlinedphrase“essentialequipment”inParagraph4refersto______.A．emotion B．painC．fear D．thinking4．Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?I:IntroductionP:PointSp:Sub-point(次要點)C:ConclusionA． B．C． D．8.（2020·北京西城·一模）TheImpossibleBurgerisentirelyfreeofmeat.Butitlooks,smells,feelsand—mostimportantly—tastessomuchlikerealhamburgerbeef.Infact,plant-basedburgeralternativeshavesetoffastrongresistancefromthebeefindustry.TheCenterforConsumerFreedom,anonprofitthatadvocatesonbehalfofthefastfoodandmeatindustrieshaslaunchedan“informational”campaigntargetingplant-basedmeats.ThecampaignhasincludedTVandonlineads,aswellasprintadsinnewspapers.Theadsseemtoimplythatnotonlyisanartificialburgertooprocessed,butthatitmightbeevenlesshealthythantheaveragebeefburger.Whileit’struethataplant-basedmeatalternativeisprocessedandit’struethateatingoneisnotashealthyasapileofrawvegetables,it’sbesttotaketheadswithagenerouspinchofsalt.Forinstance,theadditivesandpreservativesinplant-basedmeathighlightedinoneadsuresoundscary.Whowantssomethingcalledtitaniumdioxide(二氧化鈦)intheirmeal?Butthetruthisthatadditivessuchasthoselistedintheadsareregularlyusedinallsortsofpackagedfoods.Andifmethylcellulose,afoodthickener,soundsunpleasant,it’sreallynothingcomparedwiths