2024屆高考英語(yǔ)真題閱讀理解 推理判斷題 講義素材

題型微解2：推理判斷題推理判斷題是高層次的閱讀理解題，考查形式主要有：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題、文章出處題、寫(xiě)作目的題、讀者對(duì)象題。(1)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題就是根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容，推斷具體的細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、時(shí)間等。(2023·全國(guó)乙卷)OnetimemyfriendsandIdrovethreehourstoDevil’sLake,Wisconsin,toclimbthepurplequartz(石英)rockaroundthelake.Afterwefoundacrazy－lookingroadthathungoverabunchofrocks,wedecidedtophotographthesceneatsunset.Thepositionenabledustolookoverthelakewiththesunsetinthebackground.Wemanagedtoleavethisspottoclimbhigherbecauseofthesparetimeuntilsunset.However,wedidnotmarktheroute(路線(xiàn))soweendedupalmostmissingthesunsetentirely.Oncewefoundtheplace,itwasstressfulgettinglightsandcamerassetupinthelimitedtime.Still,lookingbackonthephotos,theyaresomeofmybestshotsthoughtheycouldhavebeensomuchbetterifIwouldhavebeenpreparedandmanagedmytimewisely.Whatcanweinferfromtheauthor’stripwithfriendstoDevil’sLake?A.Theywentcrazywiththepurplequartzrock.B.Theyfeltstressedwhilewaitingforthesunset.C.Theyreachedtheshootingspotlaterthanexpected.D.Theyhadproblemswiththeirequipment.【解題流程】(1)找出題干中關(guān)鍵信息提示詞：tripwithfriendstoDevil’sLake。(2)根據(jù)題干信息提示詞，定位本題根據(jù)在本段，然后仔細(xì)閱讀原文字面信息。(3)逐個(gè)分析選項(xiàng)，找到錯(cuò)項(xiàng)的問(wèn)題之處。本題根據(jù)第五句“我們沒(méi)有在路線(xiàn)上做標(biāo)記，所以我們幾乎完全錯(cuò)過(guò)了日落”可推知作者一行人到達(dá)拍攝地點(diǎn)的時(shí)間比預(yù)期的晚，由此推斷出C項(xiàng)答案正確。(2023·全國(guó)甲卷)...Obviously,ifprecautions(預(yù)防)aren’ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.“Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant－freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits，”saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.1.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B.Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C.Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies.D.Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.答案B解析事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章選段中“Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway.‘Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant－freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits，’saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.”可推知，如果采取一些預(yù)防措施，人和灰熊可以和諧相處。故選B項(xiàng)。(2022·全國(guó)乙卷)Canasmallgroupofdrones(無(wú)人機(jī))guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakesurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh－tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon－timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.2.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.答案A解析事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容第二段“Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh－tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.”可推知，無(wú)人機(jī)檢查高壓電力線(xiàn)路的能力使無(wú)人機(jī)應(yīng)用于鐵路線(xiàn)路成為可能。故選A項(xiàng)。(2)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題旨在考查考生對(duì)作者或文中人物的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度的理解能力，需要考生在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理判斷。高考閱讀理解題常見(jiàn)的表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞：褒義positive積極的optimistic樂(lè)觀的sincere真誠(chéng)的tolerant容忍的respectful尊敬的friendly友好的beautiful美好的supportive支持的favourable支持的，贊同的approving同意的貶義negative消極的pessimistic悲觀的critical批評(píng)的ironic諷刺的disgusted厭惡的disappointed失望的discouraging令人沮喪的disapproving不同意的unfavourable不贊同的unconcerned不關(guān)心的，不感興趣的indifferent漠不關(guān)心的uncaring冷漠的，無(wú)同情心的doubtful懷疑的skeptical懷疑的particular挑剔的中性subjective主觀的objective客觀的ambiguous模棱兩可的neutral中立的unexpected意想不到的(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷)Inafollow－upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision－makingareenormous.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful. D.Approving.【解題流程】(1)找出題干中關(guān)鍵信息提示詞：attitudetowardNavajas’studies。(2)根據(jù)題干信息提示詞，定位本題根據(jù)。(3)通過(guò)分析，最后一句表達(dá)了作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，由此可推斷出D項(xiàng)是正確答案。(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson’smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill－basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell－being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre－evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(視角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?A.Favorable. B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.答案A解析觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第三段第一句“Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.”中的“morebeneficialthanharmful”可知，作者認(rèn)為宣傳的整體效果是有益的，所以作者的態(tài)度是支持的。故選A項(xiàng)。(3)文章出處題文章出處題要求考生根據(jù)文章的體裁和題材來(lái)推斷文章的出處。(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷)ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld.Theimageofthereaderappearsthroughouthistory,inartmadelongbeforebooksaswenowknowthemcameintobeing.Inartists’representationsofbooksandreading,weseemomentsofsharedhumanitythatgobeyondcultureandtime.Inthis“bookofbooks，”artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures.Weseescenesofchildrenlearningtoreadathomeoratschool,withthebookasafocusforrelationsbetweenthegenerations.Adultsareportrayed(描繪)aloneinmanysettingsandposes—absorbedinavolume,deepinthoughtorlostinamomentofleisure.Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelate_to．Booksthemselvesmaybeusedsymbolicallyinpaintingstodemonstratetheintellect(才智),wealthorfaithofthesubject.Beforethewideuseoftheprintingpress,booksweretreasuredobjectsandcouldbeworksofartintheirownright.Morerecently,asbookshavebecomeinexpensiveoreventhrowaway,artistshaveusedthemastherawmaterialforartworks—transformingcovers,pagesorevencompletevolumesintopaintingsandsculptures.Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st－centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery－powerede－reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,“off－line”activity.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.【解題流程】(1)找出題干中關(guān)鍵信息提示詞：Where。(2)根據(jù)全文，尤其是第一段第一句：《閱讀藝術(shù)：書(shū)籍愛(ài)好者的藝術(shù)》展示了來(lái)自世界各地博物館的近300件藝術(shù)品，可知本文主要是對(duì)該書(shū)內(nèi)容的介紹。(3)通過(guò)分析選項(xiàng)，A項(xiàng)應(yīng)為正確答案。(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)GradingPoliciesforIntroductiontoLiteratureGradingScale90—100,A;80—89,B;70—79,C;60—69,D;Below60,E.Essays(60%)Yourfourmajoressayswillcombinetoformthemainpartofthegradeforthiscourse:Essay1＝10%;Essay2＝15%;Essay3＝15%;Essay4＝20%.GroupAssignments(30%)Studentswillworkingroupstocompletefourassignments(作業(yè))duringthecourse.AlltheassignmentswillbesubmittedbytheassigneddatethroughBlackboard,ouronlinelearningandcoursemanagementsystem.DailyWork/In－ClassWritingsandTests/GroupWork/Homework(10%)Classactivitieswillvaryfromdaytoday,butstudentsmustbereadytocompleteshortin－classwritingsortestsdrawndirectlyfromassignedreadingsornotesfromthepreviousclass’lecture/discussion,soitisimportanttotakecarefulnotesduringclass.Additionally,fromtimetotimeIwillassigngroupworktobecompletedinclassorshortassignmentstobecompletedathome,bothofwhichwillbegraded.LateWorkAnessaynotsubmittedinclassontheduedatewilllosealettergradeforeachclassperioditislate.Ifitisnotturnedinbythe4thdayaftertheduedate,itwillearnazero.Dailyassignmentsnotcompletedduringclasswillgetazero.Shortwritingsmissedasaresultofanexcusedabsencewillbeaccepted.Whereisthistextprobablytakenfrom?A.Atextbook. B.Anexampaper.C.Acourseplan. D.Anacademicarticle.答案C解析文章出處題。根據(jù)文章標(biāo)題“GradingPoliciesforIntroductiontoLiterature(文學(xué)概論課程評(píng)分辦法)”和Essays(60%)部分中的“Yourfourmajoressayswillcombinetoformthemainpartofthegradeforthiscourse(你的四篇主要文章將構(gòu)成本課程評(píng)分的主要部分)”可知，文章介紹了文學(xué)概論這門(mén)課的評(píng)分辦法，可得出本文是出自一個(gè)課程計(jì)劃。故選C項(xiàng)。(4)寫(xiě)作目的題寫(xiě)作目的題要求學(xué)生在理解文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上歸納總結(jié)和推理判斷出作者想要傳達(dá)的某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。(2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷)WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細(xì)菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer－causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco－machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco－machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse－likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1，600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco－machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor，”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself－repair.”Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TocompareJohn’sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.【解題流程】(1)找出題干中關(guān)鍵信息提示詞：purpose,Fuzhou。(2)根據(jù)題干信息提示詞，定位本題根據(jù)在第五段。第五段的主題句為“Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs”，福州的例子就是來(lái)闡述這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的。(3)再結(jié)合第五段主題句后的例子，分析對(duì)比四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，推斷出B項(xiàng)是正確答案。(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain，”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw－droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it’smorelike12boxesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D．C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807，500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat，”Curtinsays.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.答案B解析寫(xiě)作目的題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關(guān)注那些被浪費(fèi)的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但隨著時(shí)間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買(mǎi)了太多；我扔掉的可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通過(guò)講述芝麻菜的故事來(lái)表明我們有時(shí)會(huì)無(wú)意間浪費(fèi)食物。故選B項(xiàng)。(5)讀者對(duì)象題讀者對(duì)象題要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和文中的措辭來(lái)推斷文章的讀者對(duì)象。(2022·惠州三調(diào))Homedeliverymealkitshavebeenoneofthebitsofthepandemic:theyhaveenableddinerstocarryongettingatasteofrestaurant－qualityfood,whilehelpingrestaurantstostayinbusiness,andevenmakeyouanexcellentchef.Herearefourofthebestofferingdeliveryinourregion：Berenjak()“ThekababkitsfromthisLondon－basedIranianrestaurant—whichrangeinpricefrom￡25to￡45—area‘classact’，”saysJayRaynerinTheObserver.“Mykitevenincludedapairofplasticglovesformetowearwhiledealingwiththerawmeat.Thisisthebestkindofmealkit—thecookingisfun,andthefinishedproductisutterlydelicious.”GujaratiRasoi(gujaratirasoi.co.uk)“Ilovethisvegetarianrestaurant，”saysMarinaO’LoughlininTheSundayTimes.“Anditsmealboxesare‘electrifyinglygood’too.Familyboxesforfourcost￡65,andIespeciallylovethestarter(￡15.50).Thedisheswerecomplicated,yetquiteeasytocook.”Lyle’s()“ThisMichelin－starredLondonrestaurantdeliversits‘exquisitelydelicious’menuboxeseachFriday，”saysXantheClayinTheDailyTelegraph.“At￡140fortwo,theyaren’tcheap,andwithmultiplecourses,theydotakeabitofworkandconcentrationtocook.”SantoRemedio(santoremedio.co.uk)“OrderaRemedykitfromSantoRemedioandwhatyouwillgetisanincrediblygenerous,sharing－styleMexicanfeastfortwo，”saysAnnaLawsononBBC’s“GoodFood”.“Thekitscomewithachoiceofslow－cookedmeat,accompaniedbyalltheingredientstomakeyourownpancake.Preparationissimple,thankstoacolour－codedinstruction.”Whoarethepotentialtargetreadersofthetext?A.Restaurantcooks.B.Traineechefs.C.Ordinaryhousewivesorhousehusbands.D.Hotelmanagers.【解題流程】(1)找出題干中關(guān)鍵信息提示詞：thepotentialtargetreaders。(2)根據(jù)文章第一段“theyhaveenableddinerstocarryongettingatasteofrestaurant－qualityfood,whilehelpingrestaurantstostayinbusiness,andevenmakeyouanexcellent