2017－2018年北京清華大學(xué)考博英語真題及答案

2018年北京清華大學(xué)考博英語真題及答案

PartIVocabulary(20%)

Directions:Therearefortyincompletesentencesin

thispartForeachsentencetherearefourchoices

markedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestonethatcompletes

thesentence,andthenmarkthecorrespondingletter

ontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthe

center.

1.TheEuropeanUnioncountries,wereonceworriedthat

theywouldnothavesupplies

ofpetroleum.

A.sufficients,efficientCpotentialD.

proficient

2.We'dliketoatableforfivefordinnerthis

evening.

A.preserveB.reserveC.sustainD.retain

3.Britainhasthehighestofroadtrafficinthe

world-over60carsforeverymileof

road.

A.popularityB.prosperityC.intensityD.density

4.IwouldneverhaveacourtoflawifIhadn,tbeen

sodesperate.

A.soughtforB.accountedforC.turnedupD.

restoredto

5.Theenergybythechainreactionistransformedinto

heat.

A.transferredB.releasedC.conveyedD.

delivered

6.Itisrequiredthatduringtheprocess,greatcare

hastobetakentoprotectthesilk

fromdamage.

A.sensitiveB.sensibleCtenderD.delicate

7.Toour,Geoffrey'sillnessprovednottobeas

seriousaswehadfeared.

A.reliefB.viewC.anxietyD.judgment

8.Thegovernmentwilltakesomeactiontothetwo

bigquarrelingcompanies.

A.jigsawB.jotC.impulseD.reconcile

9.Asautomationbecamepopularinmostfactories,

laborwasmade

A.disincentiveB.redundantC.diverseD.

discontent

10.Theyhaveherunreasonablerequestforher

annualsalary.

A.destinedB.chordedC.repelledD.commenced

11.Whenyouprepareforyourspeech,besuretocite

qualifiedsourcesofinformation

andexamples.

A.unbiasedB.manipulatedC.distortedD.

conveyed

12.Itisapparentthatwinningthescholarshipis

ofone'sintelligenceinthefieldof

physics.

A.parallelismB.alliterationC.testimonyD.

rhythm

13.Incourtherepeatedhisthathewasnotguilty

infrontofthejury.

A.impressionsB.alliterationsC.clausesD.

assertions

14.Shoppingmallshavesomeadvantageinsuffering

fromshorterperiodsofbusiness.

A.staleB.slackC.ferrousD.abundant

5.AccordingtotheGenevanoprisonersofwarshall

besubjecttoabuse.

A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines

Beforethegeneralelectionmanyseniorcitizenssigned

theagainstthespreadingof

nucleararms.

A.contractB.petitionC.supplicationD.

potential

7.Scientistsbelievethatthereisnotenoughoxygen

intheMoon,satmospheretoplant

life.

A.adaptB.personalizeC.sustainD,describe

Ican'trememberexactlywhattriggeredtheexplosion

butitwaspretty.

A.estimatingB.devastatingC.reprocessingD.

preferring

Theindustryhaspumpedamountsofmoneyinto

politicalcampaigns,makingit

lessandlesslikelythatpoliticianswilldealwith

theissuesensibly.

A.potentialB.substantialC.massiveD.

traditional

20.Iwasentrustedtotoanewspaperarticlemaking

predictionsfortheNewYear.

A.contributes,detractC.convertD.entail

21.After1989,theexternalvanished,butthe

dangertoAmericancivilizationremained.

A.disruptions,menaceC.liabilityD,emergence

22.Thegovernmentistryingtohelpthese

enterprisesoutofthebyvariousmeans.

A.flightB.plightCdelightD.twilight

23.Anarchaeologisthastopaymuchattentionto

detailsofanunearthedobject.

A.miserableB.minusC.minuteD.moist

24.ThegirlhertablemateJsarmtoseeifshewas

fastasleepatclass.

A.pinchedB.punchedC.pitchedD.preached

25.Mostofthelocalpeopleinvolvedintheaffair

havebeenanddismissed.

A.smuggledB.prosecutedC.salutedD.thrived

26.Icanrespectsomeonewhoisfortheiractions,

butIcannotrespectsomeonewhois

alwayspointingthefinger.

A.miHenniumB.dominantC.accountableD.

commercial

27.AlltheproductsmadeinChinaaresoldand

distributedinwiththeU.S.Export

AdministrationRegulationsandalsolocalcountry

rules.

A.complianceB.prosperityC.merchandiseD

'intersection

28.OneofthemainreasonsisthattheuniversityJ

sattractsstudentsandfacultystaffall

overtheworld.

A.fraudB.respondentC.misconductD.prestige

29.Eventhoughtheinvestigationhasbeengoingon

fortwomonths,thepolicehaveno

furtherdetailsabouttheaccident.

A.comprisedB.formulatedC.releasedD.

incorporated

30.Theywanttostimulateeconomicgrowthinthe

regionbyofferingtoforeign

investors.

A.incentivesB.abundancesC.warriorsD.

outnumbers

31.Whybeaboutthatoldcoat?There'snopointin

keepingitjustbecauseyouwere

wearingitwhenyoufirstmetme.

A.sensitiveB.sensibleC.sentimentalD,

sensational

32.andhardworkarethecornerstonesofthis

company.

A.MutilationB.InnovationC.EmpireD.Strength

33.Theprotestswerepartoftheiragainstthe

proposedbuildingdevelopmentinthe

area.

A.commissionB.commitmentC.conventionD.

campaign

34.Somepeopleseemtoonthepressureofworking

underadeadline.

A.renderB-evolveC.prevailD.thrive

35.Thesechangeshavenotbeensufficienttothe

losses.

A.stemB.stimulateCcauseD.compensate

36.Psychologistsbelievethatchildrenareeasily

influencedbytheir.

A.conditionsB.combinationsC,peersD.granaries

37.Severalforglobalwarminghavebeensuggestedby

climateresearchers.

A.systemsB.sentencesCfallaciesD.hypotheses

38.Thesenaturalresourceswillbesoonerorlater

ifthepresentrateofexploitation

continues.

A,depletedB.deployedC.inclinedD.mingled

39.Themilitaryoperationsyesterdayweretargeted

atthemilitaryinstallations.

A.propelledB.commencedC.plaguedD.modulated

40.Artificialintelligencedealspartlywiththe

betweenthecomputerandthehuman

brain.

A.profileB-mightyC.analogyD,leakage

PartIIReadingComprehension(40%)

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therearefive

shortpassages.Readeachpassagecarefully,andthen

dothequestionsthatfollow.Choosethebestanswer

fromthefourchoicesgivenandmarkthecorresponding

letterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketson

yourmachine-scoringANSWERSHEET.

PassageOne

Thereareover6,000differentcomputerandonline

gamesintheworldnow.Asegmentofthemareconsidered

tobebotheducationalandharmlesslyentertaining.One

suchgameteachesgeography,andanothertrainspilots.

Otherstraintheplayerinlogicalthinkingandproblem

solving.Somegamesmayalsohelpyoungpeopletobecome

morecomputerliterate,whichismoreimportantinthis

technology-drivenera.

Butthedarksideofthecomputergameshasbecomemore

andmoreobvious."Asegmentofgamesfeatures

anti-socialthemesofviolence,sexandcrude

language,,,saysDavidWalsh,presidentoftheNational

InstituteonMediaandFamily.Unfortunately,it'

sasegmentthatseemsparticularlypopularwithkids

agedeighttofifteen.,,

Onestudyshowedthatalmost80percentofthecomputer

andonlinegamesyoungpeoplepreferredcontained

violence.Theinvestigatorssaid*Thesearenotjust

gamesanymore.Thesearelearningmachines.We're

teachingkidsinthemostincrediblemannerwhatit,

sliketopullthetrigger.Whattheyarenotlearning

arethereal-lifeconsequences.”

Theyalsosaid“Thenewandmoresophisticatedgames

areevenworse,becausetheyhave

bettergraphicsandallowtheplayertoparticipatein

evenmorerealisticviolentacts."Inthegame

Carmageddon,forexample,theplayerwillhavedriven

overandkilledupto33,OCX)peoplebythetimeall

levelsarecompleted.Adescriptionoftheoutcomeof

thegamesays:"Yourvictimsnotonlysquishunderyour

tiresandsplatterbloodonthewindshield.Theyalso

getontheirkneesandbegformercy,orcommitsuidde.

Ifyoulike,youcanalsodismemberthem.”

Isallthissimulatedviolenceharmful?Approximately

3,000differentstudieshavebeenconductedonthis

subject.Manyhavesuggestedthatthereisaconnection

betweenviolenceingamesandincreasedaggressiveness

intheplayers.

Somespecialistsdownplaytheinfluenceofthegames,

sayingthatotherfactorsmustbetakeninto

consideration,suchasthepossibilitythatkidswho

alreadyhaveviolenttendenciesarechoosingsuchgames.

Butcoulditbethatviolentgamesstillplaya

contributingrole?Itseemsunrealistictoinsistthat

peoplearenotinfluencedbywhattheysee.Ifthatwere

true,whywouldthecommercialworldspendbillionsof

dollarsannuallyfortelevisionadvertising?

41.WhichofthefollowingcomputergamesareNOT

mentionedaseducationalandharmlesslyentertaining?

A.Thosethatteachhowtoflyanairplane.

B.Thosethatteachthefeaturesoftheearth.

CThosethathelppeopleusecomputerlanguage.

D.Thosethatteachcomputertechnology.

42.Accordingtotheinvestigators,.

A.thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesallowthe

playerstotakepartinrealviolentacts

B.thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesteachthe

playershowtokillotherpeople

C.mostcomputerandonlinegamesmaketheplayers

forgettherealliferesults

D.mostcomputerandonlinegamesmaycultivateyoung

peoplewithbadmanners

43.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A.moreandmoreyoungpeopleenjoycruelcomputer

games

B-itishardtofindevidenceofalinkbetweenviolence

andcomputergames

C.therearenowmoreincidentsofviolencedueto

computergames

D.simulatedviolenceincomputergamesisdifferent

fromrealviolence

44.Theauthoruses^televisionadvertisingasan

exampletoshowthat,

A.thecommercialworldiscontributingtothe

increasedviolenceinreallife

B.computerandonlinegamesarenottheonlycauseof

increasedviolenceinreallife

C.thereisacloselinkbetweencomputergamesand

increasedviolenceinreallife

D.otherfactorsmustbeconsideredaspossiblecauses

ofviolenceinreallife

PassageTwo

ThecollapseoftheEarth?smagneticfield一which

guardstheplanetandguidesmanyofitscreatures一

appearstohavestartedseriouslyabout150yearsago,

theNewYorkTimesreportedlastweek.

Thefield'sstrengthhasdecreasedby10or15percent

sofarandthishasincreasedthedebateoverwhether

itsignalsareversaloftheplanet?slinesofmagnetic

force*

Duringareversal,themainfieldweakens,almost

vanishes,andreappearswithoppositepolarity（極）?

Thetransitionwouldtakethousandsofyears.Once

completed,compassneedlesthathadpointednorthwould

pointsouth.Areversalcouldcauseproblemsforboth

manandanimals.Astronautsandsatelliteswouldhave

difficulties.Birds,fishandanintalsthatrelyonthe

inagneticfieldfornavigationwouldfindmigration

confusing.Butexpertssaidtheeffectswouldnotbe

abigdisaster,despitedaimsofdoomandvagueevidence

oflinksbetweenpastfieldreversalsandspecies

extinctions.

Althoughatotaltransitionmaybehundredsor

thousandsofyearsaway,therapiddeclineinmagnetic

strengthisalreadyaffectingsatellites.Lastmonth,

theEuropeanSpaceAgencyapprovedtheworld'slargest

effortattrackingthefield,sshifts.Agroupofnew

satellites,calledSwarm,istomonitorthecollapsing

fieldwithfargreaterprecision."Wewanttogetsome

idea*ofhowthiswouldevolveinthenearfuture,just

likepeopletryingtopredicttheweather,,,said

GauthierHulot,aFrenchgeophysicistworkingonthe

satelliteplan."I,mpersonallyquiteconvincedwe

shouldbeabletoworkoutthefirstpredictionsbythe

endofthemission.

Nomatterwhatthenewfindings,thepublichasno

reasontopanic.Evenifatransitioniscomingonits

way,itmighttake2,000yearstomature.Thelastone

tookplace780,000yearsago,whenearlyhumanswere

learninghowtomakestonetools.DeepinsidetheEarth

flowhotcurrentsofmeltediron.Thismechanical

energycreateselectromagnet!sm.Thisprocessisknown

asthegeophysicalgenerator.Inacar'sgenerator,

thesameprincipleturnsmechanicalenergyinto

electricity.

Nooneknowspreciselywhythefieldperiodically

reverses.Butscientistssaytheresponsibility

probablylieswithchangesinthedisorderlyflowsof

meltediron,whichtheyseeassimilartothegasesthat

makeupthecloudsofJupiter.

45.Accordingtothepassage,theEarth'smagnetic

fieldhas,

A,misguidedmanyamanandanimal

B.beguntochangeintheoppositedirectionCcaused

thechangesonthepolarities

D.beenweakeninginstrengthforalongtime

46.DuringthetransitionoftheEarth'smagnetic

field*

A.thecompasswillbecomeuseless

B.manandanimalswillbeconfusedindirections

C.themagneticstrengthoftheEarthwilldisappear

D.themagneticstrengthoftheEarthwillbestronger

47.Theauthorsaysthepublichasnoreasonto

panicvbecause,

A.thetransitionisstillthousandsofyearsfromnow

B.thetransitioncanbepreciselypredictedby

scientists

C.theprocessofthetransitionwilltakeaverylong

timetofinish

D.thenewtransitionwillcome780,000yearsfromnow

48.ThecauseofthetransitionoftiKeEarth、

magneticfieldcomesfrom.

A.themovementdeepinsidetheEarthB.theperiodical

reversesoftheEarthCtheforcecomingfromouter

spaceD.themechanicalmovementoftheEarth

PassageThree

TheterroristattacksinLondonThursdayservedasa

jarringreminderthatintoday'sworld,youneverknow

whatyoumightseewhenyoupickupthenewspaperor

turnontheTV.

Disturbingimagesofterrorcantriggeravisceral

responsenomatterhowcloseoxfarawayfrom

hometiheeventhappened.

Throughouthistory,everymilitaryconflicthas

involvedpsychologicalwarfareinonewayoranother

astheenemysoughttobreakthemoraleoftheir

opponent.Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,the

popularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnews

coverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmental

battlehavechanged.

Whetherit'samassiveattackorasinglehorrificact,

theeffectsofpsychologicalwarfarearen,tlimited

tothephysicaldamageinflicted.Instead,thegoalof

theseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuch

greaterthantheactualthreatitself.

Therefore,theimpactofpsychologicalterrordepends

largelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedandinterpreted.

Butthatalsomeanstherearewaystodefendyourself

andyourlovedonesbyputtingthesefearsinto

perspectiveandprotectingyourchildrenfromhorrific

images.

WhatIsPsychologicalTerror?((Theuseofterrorism

asatacticispredicateduponinducingaclimateof

fearthatisincommensuratewiththeactualthreat,J,

saysMiddleEasternhistorianRichardBuliietof

ColumbiaUniversity.uEverytimeyouhaveanactof

violence,publicizingthatviolencebecomesan

importantpartoftheactitself.”

'Therearevariouswaystohaveyourimpact.Youcan

haveyourimpactbythemagnitudeofwhatyoudo,by

thesymboliccharacteroftarget,orthehorrific

qualityofwhatyoudotoasingleperson,,,Buliiet

tellsWebMD."Thepointisthatitisn,twhatyoudo,

butifshowit,scoveredthatdeterminestheeffectn

Forexample,BuliietsaystheIranianhostagecrisis,

whichbeganin1979andlastedfor444days,was

actuallyoneofthemostharmlessthingsthathappened

intheMiddleEastinthelast25years.AlloftheU.S.

hostageswereeventuallyreleasedunharmed,butthe

eventremainsapsychologicalscarformanyAmericans

whowatchedhelplesslyaseachevening?snewscast

countedthedaysthehostageswerebeingheldcaptive.

Buliietsaysterroristsfrequentlyexploitimagesof

agroupofmaskedindividualsexertingtotalpowerover

theircaptivestosendthemessagethattheactisa

collectivedemonstrationofthegroup,spowerrather

thananindividualcmninalact."Youdon'thavethe

notionthatacertainpersonhastakenahostage.It'

sanimageofgrouppower,andtheforcebecomes

generalizedratherthanpersonalized,saysBuliiet.

'Therandomnessandtheubiquityofthethreatgive

theimpressionofvastlygreatercapacities??

PsychiatristAnsarHaroun,whoservedintheU.S.Army

ReservesinthefirstGulfWarandmorerecentlyin

Afghanistan,saysthatterroristgroupsoftenresort

topsychologicalwarfarebecauseit'stiheonlytactic

theyhaveavailabletothem."Theydon,thaveM-16s,

andwehaveM-16S.Theydon'thavethemightymilitary

powerthatwehave,andtheyonlyhaveaccesstothings

likekidnapping,,,saysHaroun,whoisalsoaclinical

professorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,

SanDiego.

“Inpsychologicalwarfare,evenonebeheadingcanhave

thepsychologicalimpactthatmightbeassociatedwith

killing1,000oftheenemy,nHarountellsWebMD.'"You

haven'treallyharmedtheenemyverymuchbykilling

onepersonontheotherside.Butintermsofinspiring

fear,anxiety,terror,andmakingusallfeelbad,you'

veachievedalotofdemoralization,“

49.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTamongthe

reasonsthatchangetherulesofpsychologicalwarfare?

A.Breakthemoraleoftheiropponent.

B.Advancesintechnology.

C.ThepopularityoftheInternet,

D.Prosperityofmedia.

50.AccordingtoRichardBulliet,whydoes

“publicizinganactofviolencebecomesan

importantpartofterrorismitselfJ?

A.Becausepsychologicalterrorismisatactic.

B.Becauseterrorismdependsonaclimateoffear

ratherthanontheactualthreat.

C.Becausetheuseofterrorismistoinspirefearthat

ismoredestructivethantheactualthreat.

D'Becausepublicizingtheviolencecanmakemore

peopleknowtheactualthreat.

51.TheIranianhostagecrisisshowsthat

A.theimpactofpsychologicalterrorrelieslargely

onhowtheactsarepublicized

B.therearevariouswaystohavetheimpactof

psychologicalterror

C.theAmericanmediaiseffective

D.thewaysdeterminestheeffect

52.Therandomnessandtheubiquityoftheterrorist

actsbringtothepublictheimpression

that?

A.theterroristsareexertingtotalpowerovertheir

captives

B.thethreatisacollectivedemonstrationofthe

group'spower

C.theterroristsarepowerfulandpervasive

D.theforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthan

personalized

PassageFour

Inayearmarkedbyuncertaintyandupheaval,officials

atNewOrleansuniversitiesthatdrawapplicants

nationwidearenotfollowingtheusualrulesofthumb

whenitcomestocollegeadmissions.Theonlysurebet,

theysay,isthatthisfallJsenteringclasses一the

firstsinceKatrina——willbesmallerthanusual.

Intypicalyears,mostcollegeadmissionsofficialscan

predictfairlyaccuratelybythispointinthe

admissionscyclehowmanyhighschoolseniorswill

committoenrollingintheirinstitutions.Manyofthe

mostselectiveschoolsrequirestudents一who

increasinglyareapplyingtomultipleinstitutions一

tomaketheirchoicesbyMay1.LoyolaUniversity,whose

trusteeswillvoteMay19onwhethertodropseveral

degreeprogramsandeliminate17facultypositions,

receivedfewerapplications一about2,900todate,

comparedwith3,500inrecentyears.Theschoolhopes

toenroll700freshmen,downfrom850inthepastfew

years.HistoricallyblackDillardUniversity,whichis

operatingoutofahotelandwasforcedtocancelits

annualMarchopenhouse,alsosawdrops,asdidXavier

University,ahistoricallyblackCatholicinstitution

thatfellbehinditsrecruitmentschedule.Dillardwon'

treleasenumbers'butspokeswomanMaureenLarkins

saysapplicationsweredownandenrollmentsare

expectedtobelowerthaninthepast.Xavieradmissions

deanWinstonBrownsaysitsapplicantpoolfellbyabout

halfoflastyearJsrecord1,014;hehopestoenroll

500freshmen.

Incontrast,TulaneUniversity,whichisthemost

selectiveofthefouranddevelopedanaggressive

recruitmentscheduleafterthehurricane,enjoyedan

11%increaseinapplicationsthisyear,toarecord

20,715.Evenso,officialspredictthatfeweradmitted

studentswillenrollandareprojectinga

smaller-than-usualfreshmanclass-1,400,compared

withamoretypical1,600.Tulaneofficialsannounced

inDecemberthattheywouldeliminatesomedepartments

andfacultypositions.

LikeTulane,otherschoolsaretakingextrastepsthis

yeartowooadmittedstudents,oftenbyenlistinghelp

fromalumniaroundthecountryandreachingoutto

studentswithmoree-mails,phonecallsorWeb-based

interactionssuchasblogs.Inaddition,Loyolais

relaxingdeadlines,sweeteningthepotwithlarger

scholarshipsandfreezingtuitionatlastyear'slevel.

Dillard,too,isfreezingtuition.It,salsohosting

townmeetingsintargetcitiesandregionsnationwide,

andmoveditsacademiccalendarbackfromAugustto

mid-September“toavertthemajorityofthehurricane

season,nLarkinssays.Xavierextendeditsapplication

deadlineandsteppedupitsone-on-onecontactwith

acceptedstudents.AndTulane,amongothertihings,has

doubledthenumberofon-campusprogramsforaccepted

studentsandhostedacommunityserviceweekend

program.

Whiletheschoolsexpectapplicantstobeapprehensive,

theadmissionsofficialsalsoseeencouragingsignsof

purposefulnessamongapplicants,“Alotofstudents

whoarechoosingtocometothiscity(are)saying,'I

wanttobeapartof(theaction),,,,saysStieffel,

notingthatLoyola,stransferapplicationswereup30%.

AndwhileapplicationstoXavieraredown,Brownis

bettingthatstudentswhodoapplyareserious."The

oneswhoareapplying,wefeel,aremorelikelyto

come,,,hesays.

53.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.

A.manyofthestudentsrequiresmallerclassesthan

usualintheinstitutions

B.mostcollegeadmissionsofficialscannotpredict

howmanystudentswillcommittoenrollingintheir

institutionsbyMay1thisyear

Cmanyofthestudentsareincreasinglyapplyingto

multipleinstitutionstomaketheir

choicesbyMay1thisyear

D.intypicalyears,mostcollegesrequirestudentsto

applyandcommittotheir

institutions

54.Thefollowingstatementsarefalseotherthan

A*TulaneUniversityalsosawdropsinapplicationthis

year

B.XavierUniversity,asahistoricallyblackCatholic

institution,fellbehindtherecruitmentscheduleof

DillardUniversity

C.XavierUniversitydeanWinstonBrownsaysthetotal

numberthathehopestoenrollisabout1,500freshmen

D.LoyolaUniversitywillvoteonwhethertoeliminate

17facultypositionsduetoreceivingfewer

applicationsofstudents

55.Inordertoattractapplicants,LoyolaUniversity

andDillardUniversityare,

A.reducingthetuitionrespectively

B.hostingmeetings

C.increasingthescholarshipsrespectively

D.extendingtheapplicationdeadline

56.Thepassagemainlyconcentratesonthesubjectof

A.thedropsoftheapplicantsoftheuniversities

B.thedilemmaoftheadmissionofficials

C.theusualrulesofcollegeadmissions

D.theeffectsofthehurricanes

PassageFive

Thedifferencebetweenavianfluan