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文檔簡介
《英語語法大全?謂語的47種類型》
I.概說
A.英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)相對簡單
1.5種類型的謂語
1326在一個完整的句子中,主語之外的部分稱為謂語,共有5種類型的謂語?
第一類包含一個不及物動詞(W):
Hecame.
Mywifecried.
第二類包含一個及物動詞及其賓語(TV+O):
Johnlikesme.
Hisunclewroteletters.
第三類包含一個雙賓動詞、一個間接賓語和一個直接賓語(DV+IO+DO):
TheyteachmeEnglish.
IboughtMarysugar.
第四類包含一個系動詞及主語補(bǔ)語(LV+C):
Heisateacher.
Shelookssad.
第五類包含一個賓補(bǔ)動詞、賓語及賓語補(bǔ)語(FV+O+C):
Wemadehimking.
Sheleftthehousedirty.
2.動詞的短語形式
1327不過動詞、賓語及補(bǔ)語的意義還應(yīng)當(dāng)廣一些,上面例句中的及物動詞、不及物動詞或其他
動詞都是一個單詞,但有時可以是一個起同樣作用的短語或成語。例如“及物動詞+名詞”可以看
作是一種不及物動詞:
Helostheart.(他灰心了。)
Thishabithasstruckroot.(這種習(xí)慣已根深蒂固)
下面句子中的動詞成語則可以看作是一種及物動詞:
Ilookedformylostdictionary.(我在找我弄失的字典。)
Hepaidattentiontohislesson.(他很注意他的功課。)
Hegaveupdrinking.(他戒酒了。)
Heisafraidofblood.(他怕血。)
Hecan'tgetalongwithanyone.(他和誰都處不好。)
下面句中的動詞成語可以看作一種賓補(bǔ)動詞:
Iwaitedforhimtocome.(我等他來。)
詳見1182—1206節(jié)。
3.賓語的9種形式
1328此外,也不只是名詞或代詞可用作賓語,共有9種東西可用作及物動詞、雙賓動詞及賓補(bǔ)
動詞的賓語。由于它們是名詞或起名詞的作用,可以稱作名詞等同體(Noun-Equivalent),名
詞等同體,可用作動詞的賓語:
IknowJohn(名詞).
Shekeptthefloordirty.
IwillteachJohnChinese.
Iknowhim(代詞).
Shekeptitclean.
Thatdependsuponthem.
Hethrewoutanappleofdiscord(名詞短語).
IhavejustvisitedtheBoardofTrade.
Iamnotfondofwildgoosechase.
Thismatterintereststherichandthepoor(the+形容詞或分詞).
Thegeneralvisitedthedyingandthewounded.Iknowthelongand(the)shortofthiscase.
Hewantstogotocollege(不定式).
Sherefusestomarryme.
Iaskedtoseeafriendinprison.
Heisfondofswimminginthemorning(動名詞).
Heavoidsmeetinganyofhisfriends.
Ipostponedgoingtothedoctor.
Iknowthatshelovesme(that引起的從句).
Iamsurethatyouwillsucceed.
Isheafraidthathewillbedefeated?
Iwonderwhathewants(疑問詞引起的從句).
Iaskedwherehehadbeen.
Idon'tknowwhichwayIshouldgo.
Idon'tknowwhattodo(疑問詞引起的不定式).
Iamdoubtfulhowtosettlethisproblem.
Idonotcarewheretoeatdinner.
4.補(bǔ)語的15種形式
1329不只是名詞和形容詞可用作補(bǔ)語,上面所提的9種名詞等同體以及下面例句中的6種形容
詞等同體(Adjective-Equiva—lent)都可用作系動詞或賓補(bǔ)動詞的補(bǔ)語。
名詞及名詞等同體作補(bǔ)語:
Heisaking(名詞).
Wechosehimchairman.
Itisme(代詞).
Hebecameafishoutofwater(名詞短語).
Ifinditamootpoint.
Thevictimsarealwaysthepoor(the+形容詞).
Torespectothersistoberespected(不定式).
Seeingisbelieving(動名詞).
Hispurposeisthatallchildrenshouldbeeducated(that引起的從句)?
Theproblemiswhoistoblame(疑問詞引起的從句).
Myproblemishowtolearn(疑問詞引起的不定式).
形容詞及形容詞等同體作補(bǔ)語:
Heseemshappy(形容詞).
Youlookyoung.
Hemakesmeangry.
Heisout(地點副詞).
Theshowisover.
Timeisup.
Heisathome(介詞短語).
Weareongoodterms.
Heleaveshisdeskoutoforder.
Itseemsinteresting(現(xiàn)在分詞).
Thesituationgrowsencouraging.
IsawMarysmoking.
Iamastonished(過去分詞).
Helookedfrightened.
Ihadmyclotheswashed.
Heistoblame(不定式).
Itistobethrownaway.
Hewantshisdaughtertomarryarichman.
5.再復(fù)雜的句子也可簡化
1330因此我們可以把許多詞看成一個詞,把許多不同形式看作同類東西,從而使句子的結(jié)構(gòu)變
得簡單化。例如我們可以把Iknowthathedoesnotliketoliveinthiscountry.中的10個斜體詞和
IknowJohn.中的一個斜體詞看作是有同一語法作用的東西,因為兩者都是及物動詞的賓語。我
們也可把Hebeggedtoseeafriendinprison.中的6個斜體詞和Hebeggedpardon.中的一個斜體
詞看作是作用相等,因為兩者都是賓語。
同樣,我們也可把Heistocometotheofficeateight.中的7個斜體詞和Heispunctual.中的一
個斜體詞看作相等的東西,因為兩者都是補(bǔ)語。另外下面4個句子中的斜體詞,形式不一,我們
卻可看作一類東西,都是及物動詞或是起及物動詞作用的詞組:
Helikeschocolate.(他喜歡巧克力。)
Heisfondofteaching.(他愛教書。)
Johnpaysattentiontohisbusiness.(約翰關(guān)心他的買賣。)
Iamsurethathewillbeagoodhusband.(我肯定他會是一個好丈夫。)
此外,在上面單元中,我們已談到名詞、名詞成語、不定式、從句等等,盡管形式不同,字?jǐn)?shù)不
等,卻都起同樣作用,擔(dān)任句子的主語。這樣,不管多復(fù)雜的句子都可簡化,而簡化是語法的目
的。
B.何種謂語類型用何種動詞
1.47種謂語類型
1331我們一方面有不同形式的動詞,另一方面有不同形式的賓語及補(bǔ)語。把它們結(jié)合起來,再
加上一些其他因素,我們可以得出47種基本的謂語類型,這幾乎代表了英語中的各種可能的謂
語。我們可能讀到的或?qū)懗龅娜魏沃^語,幾乎都可以(而且應(yīng)當(dāng))納入這些類型。這47種類型
可列舉如下:
IV有3種類型
TV+O有15種類型
DV+IO+DO有5種類型
LV+C有13種類型
FV+O+C有11種類型
5類謂語共有47種類型
2.一個特定動詞只能用在幾個特定的謂語類型中
1332為了更好了解這些謂語類型,先看看下面句子:
a.Iknowhimtoworkhard.
b.Wewanthimtocome.
c.Sheletustousehercar.
d.Theysupposeallofustoobey.
e.JohnsawMarytowalkwithaboy.
所有這些句子的謂語都屬于第42種類型,即“賓補(bǔ)動詞+名詞+不定式”,但只有b.句的謂語是
正確的,因為只有want這一動詞可用于這個類型,其他動詞都不能這樣用。再看下面句子:
a.Itriedadvisingher.
b.Iaskedseeingtheboss.
c.Hethinksgoingwithyou.
d.Wewishmovingtoanotherplace.
e.Theyrefusedhelpingus.
上面所有謂語都屬于第13種類型,即“及物動詞+動名詞”,但只有a.句是正確的,因為動詞tried
可用于這種類型,而其他動詞不可這樣用。
從上面10個例句我們可以看出,一個特定動詞只能用在某一特定的類型中,在一特定類型中,
一個特定的動詞能用還是不能用,完全是一個習(xí)慣用法的問題。
1333從下面句子中可以看出know可用在多少類型的謂語中:
IknowJohn.(及物動詞+名詞)(正確)
IknowJohntocometomorrow.(賓補(bǔ)動詞+名詞+不定式)(錯誤)
IknowthatJohncomestomorrow.(及物動詞+that引起的從句)(正確)
Iknowtoanswerthisquestion.(及物動詞+不定式)(錯誤)
Iknowtheworkeasy.(賓補(bǔ)動詞+名詞+形容詞)(錯誤)
Iknowhowtoanswerthisquestion.(及物動詞+疑問詞引起的不定式)(正確)
Iknowtheworktobeeasy.(賓補(bǔ)動詞+名詞+tobe+形容詞)(正確)
IknowJohncoming(賓補(bǔ)動詞+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞).(錯誤)
Iknoworganizingapoliticalparty(及物動詞+動名詞).(錯誤)
從上面例句我們可以看出某些動詞只能用在47種類型的某些類型中,不能在許多類型中使用。
3.一個特定的謂語類型中只能用某些特定的動詞
1334有些類型中可以使用很多動詞,另一些卻只能使用少量動詞。例如在“系動詞+that引起的
從句''這種類型中只能用be這一個動詞。在“不及物動詞+介詞+疑問詞引起的從句”這種類型中約
可用20個動詞,在“及物動詞+不定式或動名詞”這類類型中,約可用50個動詞,而在“及物動詞
+that引起的從句”這種類型中,約可用150個動詞。每種類型中能用的動詞,在本單元中將幾乎
全部列出并加上例句,以便讀者了解并掌握什么動詞在何種類型中使用。不過某些謂語類型中可
用的動詞極多(可說是成百上千)。在這種情況下只能給出一小部分動詞。
C.謂語類型與句型
1335關(guān)于上面提到的類型有幾點值得注意:
1.動詞只須與主語在人稱和數(shù)上一致,因此它們之間的關(guān)系相對比較簡單。而動詞和賓語及補(bǔ)
語的關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜,這在下面47種謂語類型中可清楚看出。如果對主語不加考慮,這47種謂語
類型也就是47種句型。事實上在下面討論中,謂語類型的公式都采用“S+TV+N",“S+DV+N
+N",“S+FV+N+A”這類形式,里面包含了主語(S),因此也就代表了句型。
2.一個句型可以包含一個簡單句:
Johnknowshowtoplayfootball.
Heavoidedmeetingheratsomeparty.
3.它也可以包含一個帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句:
Heknowswhatyouaredoing.
Iaskedwherehegotit.
4.但并列句中至少需有兩個句型:
Ihavedecidedtogo(一個句型)andhewillgotoo(一個句型),butshedecidestoremainathome
(一個句型).(共包含三個句型)
D.修飾語與獨(dú)立成分
1336句型指一個完整句子的骨架,它可包含任何數(shù)量的修飾語(即形容詞、副詞及起同樣作用
的其他詞語)。這些修飾語可能在意思上很重要,但在語法上卻是可以刪除的,在我們考慮句型,
也就是句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)時,可以對它們不加考慮。所有下面句子都屬于同一句型,即“主語+及物
動詞+名詞、但卻可包含不同類型的修飾語(斜體部分)。最后包含25個詞的句子和第一個包
含4個詞的句子同屬一個句型:
Isawahouse.
Isawabighouse.
Isawabighouseontheoppositeside.
Isawabighouseontheoppositeside,whichwassaidtobehauntedbyaghost.
YesterdayIsawabighouse
YesterdaywhenIsaileddowntheriverIsawabighouse
修飾語在后面將作詳細(xì)討論。句型還可以包含一個獨(dú)立成分,但基本結(jié)構(gòu)不變。
所有下面句子都屬于同一句型,即“主語+系動詞+補(bǔ)語”:
Thatmaniscrazy.
Oh!thatmaniscrazy.
Oh!thatmaniscrazy,Iamsure.
Oh1thatmaniscrazy,youmaybesure,Mary.
E.句型的用法
1337在下面討論中,所列出能用于某句型的動詞的數(shù)目只是大致估計。列出的目的只是說明某
一句型使用范圍大致有多廣。一般說來,數(shù)目越小,越難使用,因為如果這個句型只限于用少數(shù)
動詞,則用錯的機(jī)會更多。
1338偶爾也會有些例外的句子無法歸入這47種句型的任何一個。但如果把某些不規(guī)則的動詞短
語適當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)換為規(guī)則的動詞短語,則它們大部分仍可歸入某些句型:
Ihaveagoodmind(=intend)topunishyou.(haveagoodmind可能換為intend,則句型將是“主
語+及物動詞+不定式)
Hewillhaveit(=insists)thatIhavecheatedhim.(主語+及物動詞+that引起的從句)
44Whohastakenmypen?”"John(hastakenyourpen).”
(I)Beg(your)pardon.
(Itwas)Nosoonersaidthan(itwas)done.
(You)Liveandlet(others)live.
(Iwishyou)Goodluck!
1339確定一個句子屬于哪個句型是有好處的。下面的句子都是錯的,因為它們不代表47種句型
中的任何一個:
1.IhearaboutthatJohnhasarrived.(主語+不及物動詞+介詞+thal引起的從句)
2.Ipaidattentionwhathewasdoing.(主語+及物動詞+名詞+疑問詞引起的從句)
3.Heisafraidofthathewillbeassassinated.(主語+系動詞+形容詞+介詞+that引起的從句)
4.Heisafraidbeingassassinated.(主語+系動詞+形容詞+動名詞)
5.Iknowthatwhohasbrokenthewindow.(主語+及物動詞+that+疑問詞引起的從句)
6.Wewantpeaceful.(主語+及物動詞+形容詞)
這些句型應(yīng)改正如下:
正確句型正確句子
1.主語+及物動詞+that引IhearthatJohnhasar-
起的從句rived.
2.主語+及物動詞+名詞+Ipaidattentiontowhat
介詞+疑問詞引起的從句hewasdoing.
3.主語+系動詞+形容詞+Heisafraidthathewill
that引起的從句beassassinated.
4.主語+系動詞+形容詞+Heisafraidofbeingas-
介詞+動名詞sassinated.
5.主語+及物動詞+疑問詞Iknowwhohasbroken
引起的從句thewindow.
6.主語+及物動詞+名詞Wewantpeace.
其次,應(yīng)確定使用的動詞是否適合用于某個謂語類型。
F.47種句型的公式
1340每種句型都可以用一個公式來代表,例如:“S+IV”,"S+TV+N",“S+LV+AP”,“S+
FV+N+PaP”,44S+DV+N+that-Cr.下面列出了代表某些詞的縮寫形式:
S=Subject(主語)PaP=PastParticiple(過
O=Object(賓語)去分詞)
C=Complement(補(bǔ)語)N=NounorPronoun(名
IO=IndirectObject(間接詞或代詞)
賓語)R=ReflexivePronoun(反
DO二DirectObject(直接身代詞)
賓語)A=Adjective(形容詞)
IV=IntransitiveVerb(不P=Preposition(介詞)
及物動詞)AP=AdverbofPlace,or
TV=TransitiveVerb(及AdverbialParticle,as
物動詞)in,out,up,away
DV=DativeVerb(雙賓動(地點副詞或副詞性小
詞)品詞)
LV=LinkingVerb(系動
詞)W—Cl=Interrogative-
FV=FactitiveVerb(賓補(bǔ)Clause,(疑問詞引起的動詞)
從句,由whether,
1=Infinitive(不定式)what,which,who,
G=Gerund(動名詞)whom,whose,where,
PrP=PresentParticiplewhen,why,how弓I
(現(xiàn)在分詞)起)
That-Cl=Noun-Clauseinn.=innumreable=hun-
(that引起的名詞從dredsorthousands(無
句)數(shù),成百上千)
表示它前后的詞構(gòu)成成語,如IV.P,LV.A.P.,TV.N.P,LV.PaP,它們包含2個
或3個詞。
1341一個號表示這個句型包含2個基本成分,即主語及不及物動詞,如:
S+IVS+IV.AP
2個號表示這個句型包含有3個基本成分,即主語,及物動詞及賓語,如:
S+TV+NS+IV.P+that-Cl
S+LV.A.P+G
或指另外3個成分,如主語、系動詞及補(bǔ)語:
S+LV+AS+LV+that-Cl
S+LV+P.N
3個“+,,號表示這個句型包含4個成分:主語、雙賓動詞、間接賓語及直接賓語,如:
S+DV+N+NS+DV+N+W-C1
S+DV+N+that-Cl
也可以是另外4個成分,如主語、賓補(bǔ)動詞、賓語及(賓語)補(bǔ)語:
S+FV+N+AS+FV+N+PaP
S+IV.P+N+I
這里我們可以了解一個十分重要的事實,即英語句子是很簡單的,它少則包含兩個成分,多則包
含四個成分。
了解了公式及圖解的意義,現(xiàn)在就可開始藉助它們研究47種謂語類型或句型。注意:句子末尾
的星號表示這個句子將在每一類句型講完之后進(jìn)行圖解。
II.47種謂語類型(附公式及圖解)
A.各種不及物動詞
1.S+IV(Johnlaughed.)
1342不及物動詞不跟有賓語或補(bǔ)語,其數(shù)量不可勝數(shù):
Theysmiled.Johndied.Marywalkedslowly.Fireburns.
Idreamedlastnight.Heweptbitterly.Youmustdressfordinner.Thatdepends.Itdoesnotpay.
1343通常跟有賓語的及物動詞,如果賓語可以猜出,著重點不是賓語,而是動詞(動作)時,
可以把賓語省略,用作不及物動詞:
Atractorcancut,push,pull,dig,lift,pump,carryandspray.Theblinddonotsee.Wemusteat.I
willchange(mydress).Theknifecutswell.Iwillconsider.Iftimepermits.Hecanread.Don't
trouble(yourself).Thestainshows(itself).Theymarried(eachother).
1344有些動詞用在表示數(shù)量的名詞前,看起來像及物動詞,實際上卻是不及物動詞:
Thethermometerrose(orfell)twodegrees.
Hewaitedtenminutes.Theweddinglastedthreedays.
Iwalkedfivemiles.
1345圖解:
2.S+IV.AP(Johnmovedin.)
1346無數(shù)的不及物動詞可以跟有特定的地點副詞,與之構(gòu)成成語。但在多數(shù)情況下,這些副詞
并不表示地點,而有其他意思,因此可以稱作副詞性小品詞(AdverbialParticle).
a.Don*tanswerback(=answerrudely)whenasuperiorspeakstoyou.Hebacksaway(二drawsback)
fromherbecausehehasmadeherangry.Don'tworry,Iwillneverbackout(=failtofulfila
promise).Inordertosurvive,wemustbandtogether(=unite).Hebargedin(=inter-rupted
rudely)whileweweretalking.Thestormwillsoonblowover(=passawaywithoutinjurious
effect).Thedynamiteplacedbeneaththebridgeblewup(=exploded).Heblowsup(=loseshistemper)
ateverysmallincident.Quick!Thesoupisboilingover(=over-flowingthesideofapan).Brace
up(=takecourage)ifyoureallywanttogetmarried.Manyprisonersbrokeaway(=suddenly
escaped).Ourcarsuddenlybrokedown(=failedtofunction)onourwayhome.Afirebrokeout
(=startedsuddenlyandviolently)onSixthStreet.Tearsburstforth(=suddenlyappeared).
b.Shecoloursup(=blushes)ifwementionherlove.Anaccidentlikethiscomesabout(=happens)
everyday.MywifeandIcometogether(=arereconciled)aftertenyearsofquarrel.Theseedshave
comeup(=shotupabovetheground).Whenweweretalking,ayoungmancameup
(=approached).Threedaysafterthequarrel,Icooleddown(=becamecalm).Shewasshocked
atthebill,butshehadtocoughup(=pay,perhapsunwillingly).Hardlyaweekhadhelearned
computersciencewhenhecrackedup(=sufferedamentalbreakdown).Anerrormaycreepin(=steal
inunnoticed).Thisoldempirecrumbledaway(=disintegratedgradually)becauseofmisrule.Ishould
nottakemuchsugar,butIcannotcutdown(=lessen).
c.Allmembersofmyfamilydineout(=eatawayfromhome)everySunday.Theydrinkliquorevery
dayandcan—notdowithout(=dispensewithit).Wedressedup(=putonformalclothes)fora
banquet.Iwilldropby(=callcasually)whenIamfree.Theproductionofricedroppedoff
(=decreased)lastyear.Hedroppedout(=leftschoolbeforefinishinghiscourses)atfifteen.Thewell
hasdriedup(=becomedry).Theroadisrough,weshouldeasedown(=lessenspeed).Letusease
down(=workless,makelesseffort).Hisreputationfadedout(=graduallydisappeared)afterhis
death.Thecountryfellapart(=felltopieces)becauseofcivilwar.Ineverfallback(=re-treat)
beforedifficulties.Ourcountryfallsbehind(=dropsbehind)inscienceandtechnology.Letusfallto
(=begintoeatortowork.)
d.Wewereunabletogetby(=pass)becausetheroadwasblocked.Shegotdown(=dismounted)
fromherhorse.Thetraingotin.Wegotoff(=startedajourney).Howareyougettingon?Igetup
atsixinthemorning.AtlastIhavetogivein(=yield).Riceisgoingdown(=becomingcheaper).A
rumourwentforth(=becamepublic)?Thegunwentoff(=exploded)suddenly.Ourworkwenton
(=continued).Thecandlehasgoneout(=ceasedtoburn)?Iwon'tholdback(=keepbehind)if
everyonegoesforward.SinceIhavestarted,Ican'tleaveoff(二stop).Lookin(=Payashortvisit)
asyoupass.Whileallarebusy,don'tlookon(=beamerespectator).Lookout(=Takeprecaution),
herecomesatruck!Imovedin(=movedintoahouse)afterhemovedout.Alltroublewillpassaway
(=ceasetoexist).Shepassedaway(=died)amonthago.
e.Theclockrandown(=stoppedrunning,becausethebatteryhadexhausteditself).Sheranon
(=talkedincessantly).Supplieshaverunout(=becomeexhausted).Badweathersetin(=began).We
setout(=setoff)onFebruary16.Hesettleddown(=establishedhimself)atasmallvillage.Idon't
wanttolistenanymore,soshutup!Hestoodaside(orapart,aloof)whilewewerequarrelling.Some
stoodback(=retreated),somestoodout(=refusedtoyield)?Theproposalwillstandover(=be
postponed)tillnextFriday.AtthebadnewsIsteppedbackfromsurprise.Thetyrantshouldstepdown
(=re-sign).Manyvolunteerssteppedforward(=offeredhelp).Mybrothersquarrelled,butmyfather
neversteppedin(=interfered).Hestowedaway(=hidinashiporplanetogetafreeride).Theband
struckup(=begantoplay).Hesummedup(=summarized)afteradebate.Thesontaggedbehind
(oralong)(=followedclosely)whereverhismomwent.BeforeIthinkahead(=anticipate),Ithink
back(=recall).Ourbusinessisjusttickingover(=gettingoninaroutineway).Wetoucheddown
(=landedafteraflight)at6p.m.Manyworkerswalkedout(=re-fusedtowork).
1347圖解:
3.S+IVp(Thisclothworewell.)
1348約有九十個不及物動詞用于主動形式卻有被動意義,它們通常和表示無生命東西的主語連
用:
a.Thisplayactsexcellently.Thefigureswillnotaddup.Thebreadbakeswell.Thedoorblew
open.Thecandleblewout.Thisbottledoesnotbreak.Thedustwon'tbrushoffthehat.Theluggage
carrieseasily.David*sraincoatcaughtonthenail.Someofthedocumentsdon'tseemtocheckwiththe
facts.Thiscannotcompare(favourably)withthat.Someofthesentenceswon'tconstrue.Potatoes
willcookslowly.Everyminutecounts.Thesepeoplemostlycountfornothing.Thepotatoescropped
welllastyear,butIthinkwillcropbadlythisyear.Thislightwoodcutslikebutter.Thepineapple
doesn'tcuteasily.Thispieceofclothwillcutupintotwosuits.Instinctderivesfromancestors.Milk
digestseasily.Thiewinedrinkswell.Thetoothdrawseasily.Thefrogeatslikechicken.
b.Thisdressfastensdowntheback.Thetoiletdoesnotflush.Theeggshatchouteasily.Thisricewon't
grindfine.Waterheatsreadily.Thisclothironseasily.Thishouseletswell.Thedoorwillnot
lock.Thesebookspackeasily.Mywatchpawnsfortwodollars.Thesepotatoespeeleasily.She
photographs(takes)well.Thelandploughshard.Thefilmdoesnotprintwell.Thisstoryreadsill
(orwell).Thephotoreproduceswell.
c.Hishouserentsat$800amonth.Thispoemdoesnotrhyme.Ashamedoes,notruboff.Thisplastic
scratcheseasily.Theplayscreenbadly(=isunfitforfilming).Thebooksellswell.Thisdoorwon't
shut.Thiscigarettesmokesbetterthanothers.Thiswoodsplitstraight.Thismaterialstainseasily.The
shipsteerswithease.Thematchwillnotstrike.Thispaperwillnottear.Hisde-scenttracedbackto
aking.Thispoemtranslateseasily.TheTVsetwon'tturnon.Thisboardwillneverwarp.Thismaterial
washeseasily.Suchshoeswearbadly.Theplanworkedoutwell.Thephotowashesoutalittle.
d.Drumsarebeating(=arebeingbeaten).Thebookisbinding(=isbeingbound).Sometrouble
isbrewing.Youngpeoplearealwaysbrimmingwithnewideas.Thehouseisbuilding.Thebridgeis
completingnow.Themealisdigestingwell.Whatisdoingnow?Thetaskisfinishing.Gunsare
firing.Friendshipisforming.Thetheatreisrapidlyfillingupwithpeople.Thefishisfrying.Thehouse
isleasing.Thecowsaremilking.Oneboyismissing(orwanting).Hepaidwhatwasowing.Music
wasplaying.Somethingispreparing.Myapplicationisprocessing.Theproblemissettlingthisway.A
newfilmisshowing.Theboyisshapingwell.Theseedsoftroublearesowing.Thefruitsarespoiling
quickly.Measuresaretaking.
1349圖解:
B.各種及物動詞+各種賓語
4.S+TV+N或S+TV.N(JohnlearnedJapanese.)
1350無數(shù)的及物動詞可以用名詞或代詞作賓語:
Johnhasaplan.Doyoulikehim?Whataninterestingbook
Iamreading!HespeaksEnglish.Ilovecats.
1351不及物動詞有時和后面跟的名詞構(gòu)成成語。整個成語,如果被化作一個整體,可以看成是
一個不及物動詞:
Helosthope(=despaired).Hegaveground(=retreated)Theaccidenttookplace(=happened)
thismorning.
Hemadethegrade(=succeeded).Wemadeourway(=advanced)tothejungle.
在某些成語中,名詞前沒有冠詞,也沒有物主代詞:
a.Hewillbearwitness.Herbeautybeggarsdescription(=makeswordspoor).Don'tborrowtrouble
(=worryabouttroublethatwon'tcome).Webrokeground(=ploughed,untilledground,beganan
undertaking).Ourboatcastanchor.Ioftencaughtcold.Hecaughtfever(orinfection).Herhouse
caughtfire.Hechangedcolour(二be-camepale).Hispersonalitycommandsesteem(orrespect).He
neverdidevil(orill,wrong).Noneofuscarewhethertheydorightorwrong,goodorharm.We
did(=produced)RomeoandJuliet.Jandid(=acted)Juliet.Idid(=prepared)omelette(or
breakfast).Tomdid(=wrote)poetry.Hisbrotherdid(translated)FrenchintoEnglish.Idid
(=studied)electricity.Theycrywolf(=giveafalsewarning)justforarmsaid.
b.Onemustexercisepatienceandcautionwhenoneexercisesauthorityanddiscipline.Hefeltregret,
butnotsatisfaction.Hefoundtime(orleisure)tostudy.Hehasfinishedcollege.Afterhetookthe
lead,wefollowedsuit.Theygainedtimebygivingmeambiguousanswers.Mywatchgainedtime.We
havegainedground(=gotanadvantage).Wewillsoongainpower,ifwearepatientenough.Hegave
evidenceinthelaw-court.Hegaveear(orheed,credit)totherumour.Hegavejudgement(or
advice,notice,warning,trouble).I'vehadit(=can'tsufferanymore).Youhitit(=saidtheright
thing).Thistheorydoesn'tholdwater(=isn*tvalid).Thecriminaljumped(orskipped)bail(=gave
upthebailmoneyandranawaytoavoidtrial).
c.Mymotherkepthouseandkeptbooks.Beinghospitablehekeptopenhouse(=provided
hospitabilityforanycomer).Hecannotkeepbodyandsoultogether(=keepawayhunger).Hekept
badcompany(=associatedwithbadpeople).Mywatchdoesnotkeep(good)time,soIamlate.He
killedtimebyreadingnovelsordoinganotherthinginteresting.
d.Heleftschoollastyear.Wemaylosegroundbutwillneverlosehope.Ineverlostcourage(orheart)
afterIfail.Bequick,don'tlosetime.Helostself-contrcl(orhimself)inmomentsofstress.
e.Mothermakesdinner.Itseemedlate,buthemadegoodtime(=travelledfostandarrivedon
time),Hedoesn'tworkhard,buthemakesgoodsalary.Makehaste(orspeed).Hecanmakemoney
(orprofit),butspendmuch.Aftersomanyyearsofwarwemustmakepeace.Imadetea(or
hay)?Wemadeway(=stoodaside)forotherstopassthrough.Wemadeway(orheadway)(=
advanced)inthefaceofdifficulty.Hemarkedtime(=spentidlehours)whilewaitingforhiswife,
f.Thesoldiersmounted(orkept,relieved,stood)guard.Hemovedheavenandearth(=dideverything)
toattackhisopponent.Theyopenedfire(=startedshooting)andkilledthreeofus.Thechildrenoften
playhavoc(=dogreatdamage).Heplayspolitics(=attainspoliticalaimsbyhookorbycrook).He
hadbrokenthewindow,soheplayedpossum(keptquiettoavoidattention)Heplayedsecondfiddle
(=heldasubordinateplace).Hefailedbe-causehehadoftenplayedtruant.
g.Weraisedmoneyforagreatproject.Icanreadcharacterfromhandwriting.Hecanreadmusic.I
mustsaygoodbyenow.Wesaidgrace(=saidaprayerofthanksbeforeorafterameal).Weset(or
made,struck)sail(=beganavoyage)inFebruary,1969.Herefusedtoyieldsheshowedfight.He
showedcourage(orfear).Hesoweddiscordamonghisenemies.Hestruckoil(=hadgoodluckin
someenterprise).Hesuffered(orsustained)defeat.
h.Don*ttakealarmifItellyousomebadnews.Hehastotakebreathafterclimbingupstairs.Hetook
coldandcouldnotwork.Hetakesdrinkanddrugs.Takeheart,don'tbeafraid.Thelawwillsoontake
effect(=beeffective).Takeexerciseeverymorningandkeephealthy.Hetookflightaftermurdering
awoman.Hetookmedicine(orpoison).Don'ttakeoffence(=beoffended)?Somethingstrange
tookplace(=happened)inthisoldhouse.Let*stakerest.Wetakestockeveryweek.Theevilhastaken
root(=becomeestablished).Mydreamwilltakeshape(=materialize)nextyear.Hetooktrouble
tohelpme.
i.Don'ttemptprovidence(=takeanunnecessaryrisk).Hehastouchedbottom(=isbeginingtoprosper
afterhisworstdays).Theboatturnedturtle(=turnedupsidedown).
在某些成語中名詞前有不定冠詞,或作復(fù)數(shù):
j.Heoftenactedadoublepart(=wasdeceitful).SinceIcriticizedhim,hehasborneagrudgeC=nursed
agrievance).Theenemybeataretreat(=retreatedinahurry).ThomasEdisonblazedatorch
(=startedsome-thingnew)invariousfields.Don'tbreatheaword(=sayaword)aboutthis
secret.Whenangry,hecallsnames(=callsomebodybyabusivenames).Iwouldliketocrossswords
(=argue)withthisboaster.Youhavedoneagoodjob(=donesomethingwell).Idrewablank(=failed
togetanyinformation)whenIreturnedtotheoffice.Wemustdrawaline(=distinguish)betweenright
andwrong.Wedowntools(=stopwork)atsix.
k.Mysisterfixedadateforthecelebration.ThiseveningIhaveadate(oranengagement)(=have
asocialmeeting)withher.Ihaveajob(oratime)(=havetrouble)writingthisfirstloveletter.(但:
Ihavemyselfatime[=haveagoodtime]writingit.)Astheydidn'tliftafinger(orahand)
(=didnrtgivehelp),Ilent(orgave)ahand(=gavehelp)totheoldlady.
1.Imadeanappointment(=hadanengagementtomeetsomeone)for3p.m.Hemadeaboast,
butwhobelievedhim?Hemadeacalloverthephone.Hemadeaface(=twistedhisface),andthen
wewerenomoreangry.Don*tmakeafuss(=getexcitedaboutatrifle).Johnmadeahit(=gaveagood
impression)attheexhibitionofhisworks.Shallwemakeamove(=start)rightnow?Dickmadea
publicappearanceafternineyearsinprison.Thomasmakesaquickbuck(=earnsmoneyquickly).We
makearow(orascene)(=startedaviolentquarrel)fromtimetotime.Assoonaswearrivedwemade
reservationsforhotelrooms.Imustmaketracks(=setoff)beforeitislate.Williammadewaves
(=createdasensationtoimpressothers)attheparty.
m.Abigbossbehindpullsstrings(=secretlyexertsinfluence).Don'trunarisk(=putyourselfin
danger).Thepatientranatemperature(=hadafever).Thecriminalhasservedasentence(ortime)
(=passedtermofimprisonment).Ismelladangerinthisdesolatearea.Westruckahappymedium
(=foundananswerbetweentwoextremes).Asyoucommittedmistakesforthefirsttime,wemight
stretch(orstrain)apoint(=allowanexceptiontotherules).
n.Iwouldwillinglytakeabackseat(=occupyanunimportantposition).Wetakeacoffeebreak
(=drinkcoffeeandrestashortwhile)aftertwohoursofwork.Hetook(ordrew)alongbreathbefore
hespoke.Thesituationtookaturn(=changed)forthebetter.Hewouldn'tturnanhonestpenny
(=makemoneybyhonestmeans).
在另一些成語中名詞前有定冠詞或有物主代詞:
o.Actyourage(=Don,tbechildish).Mywarningmerelybeattheair(=madeuselessefforts).I
mustbidemytime(=waitforagoodchance).Someoneblackedhiseye(=gavehimablow).He
blewhisowntrumpet(=praisedhimself).Hehasblownhismind(=becomeswildlyenthusiastic
becauseofdrugs).Hebossedtheshow(=con-trolledeverything).Sheboxedhisear(=smacked
himontheear).Ihavetobreak(orcancel,change,postpone)theappointment.Afterhalfanhour
ofsilence,Ibroketheice(=overcomereserve).Thenewsbrokeherheart.Hebrokehisword(=failed
tokeephispromise).Ibrokethenews(=announcedthenews)toher.Theybrokethepeace(=
quarrelled).Heburnedhisfingers(=sufferedalossthrougharashaction).Weburiedthehatchet
(=madepeace).Iamnotbuyingit(=amno
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