題型精析01.閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)理解題(直接信息間接信息數(shù)字計(jì)算)

01.細(xì)節(jié)理解題【題型總覽】【題型特征】命題人會(huì)要求考生根據(jù)不同的要求來(lái)閱讀文章,以獲得某些特定的信息或準(zhǔn)確地尋求所需的細(xì)節(jié)。細(xì)節(jié)理解題有時(shí)比較直接,理解字面意思即可答題;有時(shí)則較為間接,需要?dú)w納、概括或推理才能答題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題占閱讀理解總題量的60%左右,相對(duì)比較容易,是閱讀理解的送分題?！驹O(shè)題趨勢(shì)】特殊疑問句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑問詞開頭引出的問題;通常涉及與主題有關(guān)的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，或就文中的數(shù)字進(jìn)行提問。1.正確選項(xiàng)同義替換(1)替換關(guān)鍵詞。把原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換,如把loseone’sjob換成了beoutofwork(2)改變?cè)~性。有些選項(xiàng)把原文中的一些詞變換了一下詞性,如把important變換成ofimportance(3)改變語(yǔ)態(tài)。如主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換信息歸納用精煉的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括原文中比較分散或復(fù)雜的信息,設(shè)置為正確答案正話反說把原文中的意思反過來(lái)表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)原文原詞用原文原詞作為正確選項(xiàng)2.干擾選項(xiàng)張冠李戴是原文信息,但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容無(wú)中生有符合常識(shí),但不是文章的內(nèi)容曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似,只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反正誤參半部分正確,部分錯(cuò)誤【?？碱愋汀款}型1直接信息題可以直接從原文找到答案,在解答此類問題時(shí),可采用“帶著問題找答案”的方法題型2間接信息題命題的隱蔽性更強(qiáng),其正確選項(xiàng)一般都會(huì)在原文的基礎(chǔ)上予以改造題型3數(shù)字計(jì)算題對(duì)于數(shù)字計(jì)算題,需要先找到與之相關(guān)的事實(shí)或數(shù)據(jù),然后進(jìn)行分析整合【題型精析】【題型1】直接信息題直接在原文中找到明確的信息,考生一般可以通過通讀原文中的某句話或某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)便能得出答案,此類題屬于低層次題?！菊骖}示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·A篇節(jié)選)...PhotographyWorkshops(June19&July10)Enhanceyourphotographyskills—joinYellowstone’sparkphotographerforahandsonprogramtoinspirenewandcreativewaysofenjoyingthebeautyandwonderofYellowstone.6/19—Waterfalls&WideAngles:meetatArtistPoint.7/10—Wildflowers&WhiteBalance:meetatWashburnTrailheadinChittendenparkingarea.23.WherewilltheparticipantsmeetfortheJuly10photographyworkshop?A.ArtistPoint.B.WashburnTrailhead.C.CanyonVillageStore.D.VisitorEducationCenter.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:fortheJuly10photographyworkshop第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:PhotographyWorkshops(June19&July10)部分中的“7/10—Wildflowers&WhiteBalance:meetatWashburnTrailheadinChittendenparkingarea.”比對(duì)選項(xiàng)信息:7月10日的攝影研討會(huì)將在WashburnTrailhead舉行。故選B。

【技巧提示】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息進(jìn)行定位比對(duì)【題型2】間接信息題一般無(wú)法在文中直接找到明確的信息,要求在理解的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)原文信息進(jìn)行加工或整理后得出結(jié)論?！菊骖}示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·B篇節(jié)選)...Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlowineschools.24.WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?A.Sheusedtobeahealthworker.B.Shegrewupinalowinefamily.C.Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant.D.SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:What,knowabout,AbbyJaramillo第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlowineschools.(第一段)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,AbbyJaramillo是UrbanSprouts的發(fā)起者。故選__D__。(間接信息題)

【技巧提示】根據(jù)關(guān)鍵信息進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換題干中引用了原文中的某些詞匯作為干擾信息,其中包括第一段第二句中的lowine、最后一句中的healthy、和第二段開頭一句中的fastfoodrestaurants,根據(jù)原文中的相關(guān)信息可知,這些語(yǔ)境均不是描述她本人情況的信息,故均應(yīng)該排除?！绢}型3】數(shù)字計(jì)算題一般需要根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),通過計(jì)算(“加減乘除”法)得出正確的結(jié)論?！菊骖}示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·A篇節(jié)選)PricesHandBrake,ThreeGearsFootBrake,NoGears1hour7.505.003hours11.007.501day(24hours)14.759.75Eachadditionalday8.006.0022.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?A.15.75.B.19.50.C.22.75.D.29.50.【解答思路】第一步:掃描題干,找關(guān)鍵詞。關(guān)鍵詞:Howmuch,payfor,rentingabike,withhandbrakeandthreegears,twodays第二步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞,定位信息。定位原文信息:Prices...(表格)第三步:根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和定位信息可知,第三段的表格中的中間一列,第一行含有題干中的handbrake和threegears,再聯(lián)系第四行和第五行,一天是14.75歐元,再加一天是8歐元,所以是14.75+8=22.75歐元。故選__C__。(數(shù)字計(jì)算題)

反思：解題時(shí),試題中容易把考生帶入誤區(qū)的是題干中最后的fortwodays,而忽視了表格最后一行中提到的Eachadditionalday,這樣通過計(jì)算得出的數(shù)據(jù)肯定是錯(cuò)誤的,進(jìn)而誤選D項(xiàng)?！炯记商崾尽扛鶕?jù)相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行加減乘除【題型精練】1GeneralArtContestsTHESUNNYARTPRIZEPrize

Atotalcashfundof￡6,000plusanindividualexhibitioninLondon.EntryFee

￡25foroneartwork,upto￡45forfourartworks.Requirements

Opentoartistsworldwideaged18andover.ClosingDate

June30,2024OneofthemostdiverseartpetitionsintheUK,theSunnyArtPrizeoffersuniqueexposureforbothemergingandestablishedartists.BEAUTIFULBIZARREARTPRIZEPrize

Over$50,000incashandprizestobewon.Plus,globalexposurethroughBeautifulBizarreMagazine.WinnerswillalsoparticipateinBeautifulBizarreMagazine’sgroupexhibitionatHavenGalleryinNewYorklaterthisyear.EntryFee

$40perentryRequirements

Opentoartistsworldwideworkingintherepresentationalvisualarts.ClosingDate

July17,2024TheBeautifulBizarreArtPrize,nowinits5thyear,isanannualinternationalartprizethatcelebratesdiversityandexcellenceintherepresentationalvisualarts.MADEINCALIFORNIAPETITIONPrize

$750firstprize,$500secondprize.EntryFee

$20perentryRequirements

OpentoartistsbasedinCalifornia.ClosingDate

February16,2024HostedbytheBreaGallery,theMadeinCaliforniapetitionprovidesapromotionalopportunityforallartistsbasedinthestateofCalifornia.ARTISTSMAGAZINEANNUALARTPETITIONPrize

Over$29,000incashprizesandpublicationinArtistsMagazine.EntryFee

$40($35ifsubmittedbeforeApril3)Requirements

Opentoartistsover18worldwideworkinginatraditionalmedium.ClosingDate

May30,2024ArtistsMagazine’sAnnualArtpetitioncelebratestraditional2Dartisticmediumssuchaspainting,digitalart,andmuchmore.Allwinners’workswillbefeaturedintheJanuary/February2025issueofArtistsMagazine.1.Whichartcontestofferstheopportunityforagroupexhibition?A.THESUNNYARTPRIZE.B.BEAUTIFULBIZARREARTPRIZE.C.MADEINCALIFORNIAPETITION.D.ARTISTSMAGAZINEANNUALARTPETITION.2.HowmuchshouldacontestantpayforaJanuarysubmissiontoBreaGallery?A.$20. B.$25. C.$35. D.$40.3.Whatdothesegeneralartcontestshaveinmon?A.Theyareheldeveryyear. B.Theyareopentoemergingartistsonly.C.Theyprovidewinnerswithaddedbonus. D.Theycelebrateexcellenceintraditionalarts.【答案】1.B2.A3.C【解析】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章介紹了四個(gè)一般性藝術(shù)競(jìng)賽，主要包括其獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、報(bào)名費(fèi)、要求、截止時(shí)間等信息。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)BEAUTIFULBIZARREARTPRIZE的Prize中“WinnerswillalsoparticipateinBeautifulBizarreMagazine’sgroupexhibitionatHavenGalleryinNewYorklaterthisyear.(獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)哌€將參加今年晚些時(shí)候在紐約Haven畫廊舉辦的《美麗奇異》雜志的聯(lián)展)”可知，該競(jìng)賽提供辦聯(lián)展的機(jī)會(huì)。故選B項(xiàng)。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)MADEINCALIFORNIAPETITION下“EntryFee$20perentry(報(bào)名費(fèi)：每件作品20美元)”和“HostedbytheBreaGallery,theMadeinCaliforniapetition(由Brea美術(shù)館主辦的加州制造競(jìng)賽)”可知，1月份提交給Brea美術(shù)館的參賽作品需支付20美元。故選A項(xiàng)。3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)THESUNNYARTPRIZE的Prize“Atotalcashfundof￡6,000plusanindividualexhibitioninLondon.(總共有6000英鎊的現(xiàn)金資金，加上在倫敦舉辦的個(gè)人展覽)”、BEAUTIFULBIZARREARTPRIZE的Prize中“Over$50,000incashandprizestobewon.Plus,globalexposurethroughBeautifulBizarreMagazine.(超過5萬(wàn)美元的現(xiàn)金和獎(jiǎng)品。此外，通過《美麗奇異》雜志獲得全球曝光)”、MADEINCALIFORNIAPETITION的Prize“$750firstprize,$500secondprize.(一等獎(jiǎng)750美元，二等獎(jiǎng)500美元)”和ARTISTSMAGAZINEANNUALARTPETITION的Prize“Over$29,000incashprizesandpublicationinArtistsMagazine.(獎(jiǎng)金超過29000美元，并在《藝術(shù)家雜志》上發(fā)表)”可知，這四項(xiàng)競(jìng)賽的共同之處在于都為獲勝者提供額外的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。故選C項(xiàng)。2IjoinedthecoastguardbecauseIwantedtohelppeople.Hovercraft(氣墊船)arerareandspecial.They’vebeendiscontinuedinmostmercialoperation,becausetheyaresoexpensivetomake,butwhenitestosearchandrescue,they’repriceless.Fromfaraway,ahovercraftlookslikeanormalboat.Butifyoulookunderitsskirt,thecraftisnottouchingthewater—itfloatsonacushionofair.Thatcushionallowsustotravelovereverythingfromwatertomuddyland—andevenbreakthroughice.Wedoallofthatasa70tonnemachine,goingamaximumofnearly120kilometersperhour.Thesefeaturesallowustorescuealargenumberofpeoplequicklygetontoland,andgetsomeoneintoanambulancefareasierthanwithanyotherdeviceIcanthinkof.Theadvantagesofhovercraftcanalsomakethemdifficulttohandle.We’vegotamassivevehiclemovingfast,sometimesinathickfogbankupanarrowriver.Duringassignmentsonothercoastguardships,Ihad20minutestomakealterationstoavoidacrash.Inahovercraft,Ihave10seconds.Youhavetohaveenoughsituationalawarenesstomaketherightdecisioneverytime.Peoplecallusforallsortsofproblems:missingdivers,onboardfires,orevenwhenthey’verunoutoffuelorhadamechanicalbreakdown.Acontainershipcouldburstintoflames.Wehaveastrongnetworkhereatthebasetohelpeveryonethroughdifficultsituationslikethat.Thankfully,wehavecaptainswhotrainusinasafeenvironment,butyoudon’tevergetfullyfortable.Anythingcanthrowthehovercraftoff—maybeyourliftsettingsareoffalittle,orthewindblowswithabitofextraweight.Afterseveralyearsoperatingahovercraft,I’mstilllearning.Everyoneofthecaptainshereagrees:youcandrivethisthingfor20yearsandstillbesurprised.4.Whatmakeshovercraftunsuitableformercialuse?A.Theirsafetyrisks. B.Theirpoordurability. C.Theirlowefficiency. D.Theirproductioncosts.5.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?A.Howahovercraftworks. B.Whatprisesahovercraft.C.Whatdistinguishesahovercraft. D.Howahovercrafthelpsvictims.6.Whatchallengedohovercraftposetothepilot?A.Theyhavetomakefasterresponses.B.Theyoftenfacemechanicalbreakdowns.C.Theyneedmorepeoplefordecisionmaking.D.Theymustconsidertheenvironmentalconcerns.7.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofoperatingahovercraft?A.Dull. B.Demanding. C.Enjoyable. D.Effortless.【答案】4.D5.C6.A7.B【解析】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要介紹作者在海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)使用氣墊船的體驗(yàn)。4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第一段“They’vebeendiscontinuedinmostmercialoperation,becausetheyaresoexpensivetomake,butwhenitestosearchandrescue,they’repriceless.(它們?cè)诖蠖鄶?shù)商業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)中都已停產(chǎn)，因?yàn)樗鼈兊闹圃斐杀咎撸谒丫确矫?，它們是無(wú)價(jià)的。)”可知，氣墊船的生產(chǎn)成本使氣墊船不適合商業(yè)使用。故選D項(xiàng)。5.主旨大意題。由文章第二段“Fromfaraway,ahovercraftlookslikeanormalboat.Butifyoulookunderitsskirt,thecraftisnottouchingthewater—itfloatsonacushionofair.Thatcushionallowsustotravelovereverythingfromwatertomuddyland—andevenbreakthroughice.Wedoallofthatasa70tonnemachine,goingamaximumofnearly120kilometersperhour.(從遠(yuǎn)處看，氣墊船就像一艘普通的船。但如果你從它的裙子下面看，這艘船并沒有碰到水——它漂浮在氣墊上。這種緩沖墊可以讓我們穿越從水到泥濘的土地的一切，甚至可以破冰。我們完成所有這些工作正如一臺(tái)70噸重的機(jī)器那樣，最高時(shí)速接近120公里。)”以及后文可知，本段主要介紹氣墊船的與眾不同之處。故選C項(xiàng)。6.推理判斷題。由文章第三段“Duringassignmentsonothercoastguardships,Ihad20minutestomakealterationstoavoidacrash.Inahovercraft,Ihave10seconds.Youhavetohaveenoughsituationalawarenesstomaketherightdecisioneverytime.(在其它海岸警衛(wèi)隊(duì)船只上執(zhí)行任務(wù)時(shí)，我有20分鐘的時(shí)間進(jìn)行改變航線，以避免發(fā)生撞擊事故。在氣墊船上，我有10秒的時(shí)間。你必須有足夠的情境意識(shí)，才能每次都做出正確的決定。)”可知，氣墊船駕駛員必須做出更快的反應(yīng)。故選A項(xiàng)。7.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段“Anythingcanthrowthehovercraftoff—maybeyourliftsettingsareoffalittle,orthewindblowswithabitofextraweight.Afterseveralyearsoperatingahovercraft,I’mstilllearning.Everyoneofthecaptainshereagrees:youcandrivethisthingfor20yearsandstillbesurprised.(任何事情都可能使氣墊船偏離——也許你的升力設(shè)置有點(diǎn)偏離，或者風(fēng)吹得有點(diǎn)重。在操作氣墊船幾年后，我仍在學(xué)習(xí)。這里的每一位隊(duì)長(zhǎng)都同意：你可以駕駛這輛車20年，但仍然會(huì)感到驚訝。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為操作氣墊船是要求很高的。故選B項(xiàng)。3Ifsalesgenerallyfeelhardtotoresist,thesaleinfrontofAarronSchurevichwastheultimatetest:newKiaSouljustliketheonehe’dhadandloved,atadealershiphetrusted,atamomentwhenhereallyneededacar.Anditwaspriced$4,000offmorethana20%discount.However,afterhespedthroughpaperworkanddrovethecaroffthelot,thedealturnedsoul.Schurevichnowjokesthathepaidataxforbeingafool.Thisbigticketexampleshowsvividlyallthedynamicsthatplayoutinasale.Thediscountitselfoftenregistersasawin,deliveringthejoyofbothgettingtheproductandtherewardthatwediscoveredsomething,andwe’veearnedthisextrathing.Thus,spottingsomethingwe’dliketobuyonsaleactivatesourbrain’srewardsystem.Thenthere’sthefightinthebrainbetweenwhatcanbedescribedasitsemotionalandrational(理性的)parts.Asalelandslikethethumbthattipsourmentalscaletowardbuying.Stores,ofcourse,knowallthisandtrytopushourbuttons.Expertssayweoftensubconsciouslybelievepopularthingstobemorevaluableormorerewarding.Plus,there’soururgetoavoidloses—thefearofmissingout(FOMO).Sostoresappealtoourcrowdmentality:It’sBlackFriday,anaeveryone’sshopping,buyingthatthingyou’dlike.Theycreateurgency:Yourfavoritecarisonsaletodayonly!Andtheycreatescarcity:Shopnowwhilesupplieslast!Storesalsotryvariouspricingtricks.“Howdowemakemorecustomersgotothemoreexpensiveoption?Weaddadecoy,”saysSavannahWeiShi,whoresearchespricinganddecisionmaking.Forexample,picturesstoreshelfwhereamediumbagofcandysitsnexttoalargerbagofthesamecandy.Themediumsizedbagismuchsmallerthantheotherbag,butonlyslightlycheaper.Itmakesthebigbaglooklikethebestdeal,soshoppersbuythatonethemostexpensiveoptionontheshelf.8.WhyisAarronSchurevich’sstorymentioned?A.Toillustratewhywefallforasale. B.Topresenthowourbrainsareactivated.C.Tostresstheimportanceofrationaldecision. D.Toprovetheflexibilityofmarketingstrategies.9.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph4?A.FOMOpostponesdecisions. B.Salesplayonpeople’sfears.C.Subconsciousnessdetermineseverything. D.Scarcitypromotionleadstowisepurchases.10.Whatmarketingtechniqueisusedbywarningaboutthelimitednumberofavailableseatsleft?A.UsingPricingtricks. B.Dealingwithemergencies.C.Creatingscarcity. D.Appealingtocrowdmentality.11.Whatdoes“adecoy”refertoinparagraph5?A.Acandy. B.Ashelf. C.Alargerbag. D.Amediumbag.【答案】8.A9.B10.C11.D【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹在銷售中商家利用顧客心理而使用的一些促銷手段。8.推理判斷題。由文章第一段“Ifsalesgenerallyfeelhardtotoresist,thesaleinfrontofAarronSchurevichwastheultimatetest:newKiaSouljustliketheonehe’dhadandloved,atadealershiphetrusted,atamomentwhenhereallyneededacar.Anditwaspriced$4,000offmorethana20%discount.However,afterhespedthroughpaperworkanddrovethecaroffthelot,thedealturnedsoul.Schurevichnowjokesthathepaidataxforbeingafool.(如果銷售通常讓人難以抗拒，那么在AarronSchurevich面前的銷售是一次終極考驗(yàn)：新款起亞Soul就像他曾經(jīng)擁有和喜愛的一樣，在他真正需要一輛車的時(shí)候，在他信任的經(jīng)銷商那里。它的價(jià)格是4000美元，折扣超過20%。然而，在他快速完成文書工作并將車駛離停車場(chǎng)后，這筆交易讓人魂?duì)繅?mèng)繞。Schurevich現(xiàn)在開玩笑說，他因?yàn)樽约菏莻€(gè)傻瓜而納稅。)”可知，作者提到Schurevich的故事為了說明我們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)上當(dāng)。故選A項(xiàng)。9.推理判斷題。由文章第四段“Expertssayweoftensubconsciouslybelievepopularthingstobemorevaluableormorerewarding.Plus,there’soururgetoavoidloses—thefearofmissingout(FOMO).Sostoresappealtoourcrowdmentality:It’sBlackFriday,anaeveryone’sshopping,buyingthatthingyou’dlike.Theycreateurgency:Yourfavoritecarisonsaletodayonly!Andtheycreatescarcity:Shopnowwhilesupplieslast!(專家表示，我們通常下意識(shí)地認(rèn)為受歡迎的東西更有價(jià)值或更有回報(bào)。此外，我們還有避免失敗的沖動(dòng)——害怕錯(cuò)過（FOMO）。因此，商店吸引了我們的人群心態(tài)：今天是黑色星期五，每個(gè)人都在購(gòu)物，買你喜歡的東西。他們制造了緊迫感：你最喜歡的車今天才打折！他們制造了稀缺性：現(xiàn)在購(gòu)物，而供應(yīng)量有限！)”可知，商家利用了人們的害怕來(lái)促銷。故選B項(xiàng)。10.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第四段“Andtheycreatescarcity:Shopnowwhilesupplieslast!(他們制造了稀缺性：現(xiàn)在購(gòu)物，而供應(yīng)量有限！)”可知，警告剩余座位數(shù)量有限是制造稀缺性的銷售手法。故選C項(xiàng)。11.詞句猜測(cè)題。由文章最后一段“Forexample,picturesstoreshelfwhereamediumbagofcandysitsnexttoalargerbagofthesamecandy.Themediumsizedbagismuchsmallerthantheotherbag,butonlyslightlycheaper.Itmakesthebigbaglooklikethebestdeal,soshoppersbuythatonethemostexpensiveoptionontheshelf.(例如，圖片中的商店貨架上，一個(gè)中等大小的糖果袋放在一個(gè)較大的相同糖果袋旁邊。中等尺寸的袋子比其它袋子小得多，但只稍微便宜一點(diǎn)。它讓這個(gè)大袋子看起來(lái)是最劃算的，所以購(gòu)物者買這個(gè)袋子——這是貨架上最昂貴的選擇。)”可推測(cè)，adecoy應(yīng)指的是“一個(gè)中等大小的袋子”。故選D項(xiàng)。4Everyyear,asthesurfacewatertemperatureofftheUnitedStatesmidAtlanticcoastrisessteadilyfromlatespringthroughthesummer,apocketofuncharacteristicallycoolandcrispwatergetstrappedatthebottomoftheocean.Packedwithnutrientsthisthickbandofcoldwater,knownasthemidAtlanticcoldpool,isavitalhomeforshellfishspecies.ExtendingatitsseasonalpeakfromNantucket,Massachusetts,toCapeHatteras,NorthCarolina,thecoldpollcreatesadiverseecosystemrangingfromalgae(海藻)tofish—andsomeofthemostvaluableshellfishfisheriesintheUnitedStates.Now,however,twopressureshavescientistsworryingaboutwhetherthecoldpoolwilllast.Thefirstisnosurprise:climatechange.Overthepastfivedecades,climateschangehasdestabilizedthecoldpool,causingittowarmandshrink.paredwith1968,thecoldpoolisnow13℃warmerandhaslostmorethanonethirdofitsarea.Thesecondconcernis1esscertain.In2023,theUSfederalgovernmentapprovedplanstoinstall(安裝)98windturbines(渦輪機(jī))offtheNewJerseycoast,coveringanareaofmorethan300squarekilometers.Yetputtingsomanyturbinestotheseafloorcouldhaveunexpectedconsequencesforthecoldpool.That’swhyTravisMiles,aresearcheratNewJersey’sRutgersUniversity,andhiscolleaguesareinvestigating.Sofar,Milesandhiscolleaguescan’tdefinitivelysaywhatwillhappentothecoldpool,sayingmoreresearchisneededtoassesshowclimatechangeandoffshorewind,together,couldaffectthecoldpool.However,theirinitialanalysessuggestthecoldpoolshouldbefine—atleastinnormalconditions.NewJersey’soffshorewindplansarestronglyopposedmainlybyfossilfuelindustryfundedefforts.Milesworriesthatanoverabundanceofcautionorfearofpotentialimpacts,includingonthecoldpool,mightslowdownthedevelopmentofrenewableenergy.“...it’squiteclearthatclimatechangeisfarmoredamagingthaninstallingwindfarms,”hesays.“Idon’tthinkanyscientistwouldarguewiththat.”12.WhatdoweknowaboutthemidAtlanticcoldpool?A.Itformsinearlyspring. B.It’sabandofcoldnearbottomwater.C.Itservesasahabitatofmostseaspecies. D.ItextendsfromNantuckettoNewJersey.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shrink”inparagraph2mean?A.Breakdown. B.Getpolluted. C.Dryup. D.Beesmaller.14.Miles’attitudetowardinstallingwindfarmscanbedescribedas______.A.supportive B.dismissive C.overcautious D.skeptical15.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheColdPoolPlaysaRoleonspeciesB.OpinionsDivideonOffshoreWindFarmsC.ScientistsEyePotentialRiskstotheColdPoolD.RenewableEnergyHelpstoRaceAgainstClimateChange【答案】12.B13.D14.A15.C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述科學(xué)家們關(guān)心可能對(duì)冷池造成影響的兩個(gè)因素。12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第一段“Everyyear,asthesurfacewatertemperatureofftheUnitedStatesmidAtlanticcoastrisessteadilyfromlatespringthroughthesummer,apocketofuncharacteristicallycoolandcrispwatergetstrappedatthebottomoftheocean.Packedwithnutrientsthisthickbandofcoldwater,knownasthemidAtlanticcoldpool,isavitalhomeforshellfishspecies.(每年，隨著美國(guó)大西洋中部海岸的地表水溫度從春末到夏季穩(wěn)步上升，一團(tuán)異常涼爽、清脆的水被困在海底。這條被稱為大西洋中部冷池的厚冷水帶富含營(yíng)養(yǎng)，是貝類物種的重要家園。)”可知，大西洋中部冷池指的是是一條接近海底的冷水帶。故選B項(xiàng)。13.詞句猜測(cè)題。由文章第二段“Overthepastfivedecades,climateschangehasdestabilizedthecoldpool,causingittowarmandshrink.paredwith1968,thecoldpoolisnow13℃warmerandhaslostmorethanonethirdofitsarea.(在過去的五十年里，氣候變化破壞了冷池的穩(wěn)定，導(dǎo)致其變暖和。與1968年相比，現(xiàn)在冷池溫度上升了13攝氏度，面積減少了三分之一以上。)”可知，冷池的面積減少了三分之一以上，所以這里shrink應(yīng)表示“縮小”的意思。故選D項(xiàng)。14.推理判斷題。由文章第四段“Milesworriesthatanoverabundanceofcautionorfearofpotentialimpacts,includingonthecoldpool,mightslowdownthedevelopmentofrenewableenergy.(Miles擔(dān)心，過于謹(jǐn)慎或擔(dān)心潛在影響，包括對(duì)冷池的影響，可能會(huì)減緩可再生能源的發(fā)展。)”和“it’squiteclearthatclimatechangeisfarmoredamagingthaninstallingwindfarms(很明顯，氣候變化的破壞性遠(yuǎn)大于安裝風(fēng)電場(chǎng))”可知，Miles是贊成安裝風(fēng)電場(chǎng)的。故選A項(xiàng)。15.主旨大意題。由文章第二段“Now,however,twopressureshavescientistsworryingaboutwhetherthecoldpoolwilllast.Thefirstisnosurprise:climatechange.Overthepastfivedecades,climateschangehasdestabilizedthecoldpool,causingittowarmandshrink.paredwith1968,thecoldpoolisnow13℃warmerandhaslostmorethanonethirdofitsarea.(然而，現(xiàn)在，兩種壓力讓科學(xué)家們擔(dān)心冷池是否會(huì)持續(xù)下去。第一點(diǎn)并不奇怪：氣候變化。在過去的五十年里，氣候變化破壞了冷池的穩(wěn)定，導(dǎo)致其變暖和萎縮。與1968年相比，現(xiàn)在冷池溫度上升了13攝氏度，面積減少了三分之一以上。)”以及下文可知，文章主要講述科學(xué)家們關(guān)心可能對(duì)冷池造成影響的兩個(gè)因素。所以C項(xiàng)ScientistsEyePotentialRiskstotheColdPool(科學(xué)家關(guān)注冷池的潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn))符合語(yǔ)境。故選C項(xiàng)。5Evensmalldifferencesintheavailabilityofurbangreenandbluespacesmaybeassociatedwithbettermentalandphysicalhealthinolderadults,accordingtoanewstudy.“Ourfindingsuggeststhatlossofurbangreenandbluespacesduetorapidurbanizationmaynotjusthaveanenvironmentalimpactbutcouldhaveapublichealthimpactaswell,”saysAdithyaVegaraju,firstauthorofthestudypublishedinthejournalHealth&Place.Thestudyisbasedonhealthsurveydatafrommorethan42,000peopleaged65andolderwholivedinurbanareasofWashingtonstatebetween2011and2019.Intheiranalysis,theresearchersrelatedsurveyrespondents’generalandmentalhealthoutestodifferentmeasuresthatquantifiedaccesstogreenandbluespaces,suchasforests,parks,lakes,andrivers.Closeto2%ofrespondentsshowedsignsofseriouspsychologicaldistressand19%reportedhavingpoorgeneralhealth.Thoughotherstudieshavelookedathowclosenesstonaturemightimpacthealth,VegarajusaysthisstudyisoneofthefirsttolookatthisrelationshipinolderadultsintheUnitedStates.“Ifexposuretogreenorbluespacescouldhelpprevent,delay,oreventreatpoormentalhealthinolderadults,weneedtolookatthatmorecloselyasawaytoimprovementalhealthoutesinthispopulation.”saysVegaraju.Moreresearchneedstobedonetoknowexactlyhowexposuretogreenandbluespacesmayleadtobettermentalandgeneralhealth,saysseniorauthorSolmazAmiri.Sheislookingtostudythepossiblelinkbetweennatureexposureandcognitive(認(rèn)知的)decline,whichcanbeanearlysignofAlzheimer’sdisease.“Itisthoughtthatexposuretogreenandbluespacescouldhelpslowcognitivedecline,”Amirisays.“WhatwewouldliketoknowisifgreenandbluespaceexposurecaninfluenceAlzheimerdirectlyorwhetheritcandosobyreducingmentalhealthissuesthatmayleadtocognitivedecline.”16.WhatcausesthelossofurbangreenandbluespacesaccordingtoVegaraju?A.Citygrowth. B.Awarmerclimate.C.Poormaintenance. D.Urbandevelopmentcontrol.17.Howisthestudyconducted?A.Bystudyingdifferentmeasures.B.Byanalyzinglargescalefigures.C.Bydoingparativeexperiments.D.Bytrackingtheelderlyalltheirlives.18.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”meaninparagraph3?A.Accesstonature. B.Poormentalhealth.C.Thecloserelationship. D.Theenvironmentalimpact.19.WhichstatementwillSolmazAmiriprobablyagreewith?A.Natureexposurecuresdisease.B.Beingclosetonaturehelpsseniorslivelonger.C.Mentalproblemsresultfromcognitivedecline.D.Greensandbluescanboostolderadults’health.【答案】16.A17.B18.A19.D【解析】本文是一篇說明文。一項(xiàng)研究表明：城市中，可獲得的綠地藍(lán)天越多，身心越健康。16.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段““Ourfindingsuggeststhatlossofurbangreenandbluespacesduetorapidurbanizationmaynotjusthaveanenvironmentalimpactbutcouldhaveapublichealthimpactaswell,”saysAdithyaVegaraju,firstauthorofthestudypublishedinthejournalHealth&Place.(該研究的第一作者AdithyaVegaraju說：“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，由于快速城市化導(dǎo)致的城市綠色和藍(lán)色空間的減少不僅會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生影響，還會(huì)對(duì)公眾健康產(chǎn)生影響。”該研究發(fā)表在《健康與地方》雜志上。)”可知，城市發(fā)展導(dǎo)致了城市綠色和藍(lán)色空間的喪失。故選A。17.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Thestudyisbasedonhealthsurveydatafrommorethan42,000peopleaged65andolderwholivedinurbanareasofWashingtonstatebetween2011and2019.Intheiranalysis,theresearchersrelatedsurveyrespondents’generalandmentalhealthoutestodifferentmeasuresthatquantifiedaccesstogreenandbluespaces,suchasforests,parks,lakes,andrivers.(該研究基于2011年至2019年期間居住在華盛頓州城市地區(qū)的42000多名65歲及以上老年人的健康調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)。在他們的分析中，研究人員將調(diào)查對(duì)象的一般和心理健康結(jié)果與量化進(jìn)入綠色和藍(lán)色空間（如森林、公園、湖泊和河流）的不同措施聯(lián)系起來(lái)。)”可知，這項(xiàng)研究是通過分析大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)而得出的結(jié)果。故選B。18.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段“Ifexposuretogreenorbluespacescouldhelpprevent,delay,oreventreatpoormentalhealthinolderadults,weneedtolookatthatmorecloselyasawaytoimprovementalhealthoutesinthispopulation.”saysVegaraju.(“如果接觸綠色或藍(lán)色的空間可以幫助預(yù)防、延緩甚至治療老年人的心理健康狀況不佳，我們需要更密切地關(guān)注這一點(diǎn)，以此來(lái)改善這一人群的心理健康狀況?！盫egaraju說。)”可知，that指前文出現(xiàn)的接觸綠地藍(lán)天。故選A。19.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段，尤其是“Itisthoughtthatexposuretogreenandbluespacescouldhelpslowcognitivedecline,”Amirisays.“WhatwewouldliketoknowisifgreenandbluespaceexposurecaninfluenceAlzheimerdirectlyorwhetheritcandosobyreducingmentalhealthissuesthatmayleadtocognitivedecline.(阿米里說：“人們認(rèn)為，接觸綠色和藍(lán)色的空間有助于減緩認(rèn)知能力的下降。”“我們想知道的是，接觸綠色和藍(lán)色的空間是否會(huì)直接影響阿爾茨海默病，或者是否可以通過減少可能導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知能力下降的心理健康問題來(lái)影響阿爾茨海默病?！?”可知，Amiri可能認(rèn)同綠地藍(lán)天有益于老年人健康。故選D。6Culdesac,whichdescribesitselfas“thefirstcarfreeneighborhoodbuiltfromscratchintheUS”,admitteditsfirst36residentsinTempe,Arizona,US,earlierthisyear.InacountryascardependentastheUS,Culdesacisnothingshortofvisionary.The$170million(about1.24billionyuan)neighborhood,withitswhitebuildingsandnarrowwalkways,isexpectedtoholdaround1,000peoplewhenthefull760unitsarepletedby2025,accordingtoTheGuardian.SimilarprojectsinCharlotte,NorthCarolina,andHouston,Texas,arealsounderway,saidBloomberg.AlthoughsomedenselypopulatedcoastalUScitieslikeBostonandNewYorkCityarewalkableandhaveadequatepublictransportationoptionslikebusandlightrail,thevastmajorityofAmericansareentirelydependentoncarstogetaround.Inthe2018USCensus,itwasfoundthatroughly85percentofAmericansreliedonacartogettowork.Thisrelianceoncarsdoesn’techeap,unfortunately.Ina2023study,theAmericanAutomobileAssociationsaidthatitcostsanaverageofabout89,000yuanperyeartoownandmaintainacarintheUS.So,whatisstoppingAmericansfromdesertingcarsandembracingrelativelycheaperalternativeslikeebikes?Inaword,unsaferoadsthatprioritizecarsoverpeople.Accordingtoa2018reportbytheWorldHealthOrganization,theUStrafficdeathrateis12.4deathsper100,000.Atthesametime,pedestriansandcyclistsintheUSareoftenblamedforbeinghitbydriversratherthantheotherwayaround.Still,there’shope.Byembracinganewcarfreewayofliving,USprojectslikeCuldesaccanprovideanalternativewayoflivingthat’sbothhealthierandmoreaffordableand,inturn,influenceotherstoliveabetterwayaswell.AsVanessaFox,a32yearoldresidentofCuldesac,said,“Forsome,carsequalfreedom,butforme,it’sarestriction.Freedomisbeingabletojustsimplywalkoutandaccessplaces.”20.WhatcanwelearnaboutCuldesacfromparagraph1?A.Itwillbeputintousesoon.B.Itisthoughttobeforwardthinking.C.Itfollowsseveralsuccessfulprojects.D.Itistheworld’slargestcarfreeneighborhood.21.WhydoAmericanshesitatetogiveupcars?A.Maintainingacarischeap.B.Roadsconditionsareunsafe.C.Ebikesarenotwidelyavailable.D.Publictransportationisinadequate.22.WhatinfluencecancarfreeprojectslikeCuldesachaveonAmericansociety?A.Restrictingfreedomofmovement.B.Increasingresidents’senseofresponsibility.C.Encouragingpeopletoexploretheirmunities.D.Promotingahealthierandmorecosteffectivelifestyle.23.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.LivingCarfreeintheUSB.ImprovingUSRoadConditionsC.ANewTrend:EnergyefficientCarsD.ADilemma:CarfreeorCardependent【答案