高中英語高考沖刺語法專題5謂語動詞語態(tài)（教師版）

高中英語高考沖刺語法專題5：謂語動詞語態(tài)【問題查找】單句語法填空“Thenight________(be)verydark.Someneighborswillealonglaterinthedarkandwillfallagainstthestone.”Atmyschool,“dressdown”tickets________(sell)onschooldays.3.Trulyelegantchopsticksmight________(make)ofgoldandsilverwithChinesecharacters.4.Despitethepreviousroundsoftalks,noagreement____________(reach)sofarbythetwosides.5.Katieisreadingthenotewhich____________(leave)inthedrawertheotherday.6.ChinatogetherwithsomeAsiancountries_______________(strike)byTyphoonHaiyanonNovember8th,causinggreatdamageanddeaths.7.Aboutonefourthofthefamiliesinthecityhaveprivatecarsandthisnumber_____________(expect)todoubleinfiveyears.Keys:1.willbe2.aresold3.bemade4.hasbeenreached5.wasleft6.wasstricken7.isexpected【要點精講】學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)：學(xué)生能全面掌握謂語動詞被動語態(tài)的用法,2.學(xué)生能夠靈活運用被動語態(tài)在語法填空與書面表達。目標(biāo)分解：(1)掌握被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化；(2)掌握被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式；(3)掌握不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況；(4)掌握主動形式表示被動意義的情況。教學(xué)過程：激發(fā)動機、激發(fā)已有知識、解決問題、內(nèi)化過程、總結(jié)優(yōu)化一、用合適的活動激發(fā)學(xué)生動機。（需要老師進行個性化設(shè)計）外部動機：選擇合適的方法激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)動機內(nèi)部動機：好激發(fā)激發(fā)已有知識教師提問：上次課我們講了時態(tài)，你們還記得有哪些時態(tài)嗎？被動語態(tài)是什么？你知道什么時候才需要用被動語態(tài)嗎？被動語態(tài)用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系。英語的語態(tài)共有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。漢語往往用"被"、"受"、"給"等被動詞來表示被動意義，英語中則由被動語態(tài)表示。解決學(xué)習(xí)問題：目標(biāo)對應(yīng)的活動（目標(biāo)的問題化分解）：考點一被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化教師提問：被動語態(tài)在不同時態(tài)下的結(jié)構(gòu)該如何表示？觀察例句總結(jié)被動語態(tài)在不同時態(tài)下的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeenpleted,andwe'rereadytostart.Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere.IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeenpletedinBeijing.AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses.Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldier'smotherassoonasitarrived.TheprojectwillhavebeenpletedbeforeJuly.Hetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadeverysoon.被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式，被動語態(tài)由be＋過去分詞構(gòu)成，be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例，各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為：時時體現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/am/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/shouldbedone進行is/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeendone教師提問：謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)除了不同時態(tài)下的基本結(jié)構(gòu)外，你還知道別的形式結(jié)構(gòu)嗎？先讓學(xué)生觀察例句再總結(jié)用法?？键c二、被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式

1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞。

例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebabysitter.2)有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。

例Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.可改為Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.當(dāng)“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，其余不動。

例Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改為Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.4）在使役動詞have,make,get以及感官動詞see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to。

例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改為Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.5)有些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的動詞詞組，如“動詞＋介詞”，“動詞＋副詞”等，也可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)，但要把它們看作一個整體，不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。

例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.教師提問：是不是所有動詞都能夠用被動語態(tài)？有沒有什么情況是不能用被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的？通過觀察例句，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生歸納總結(jié)不能用被動語態(tài)要點?？键c三不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況：【例1】1）He

went

home.

2）Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

The

teachers

and

the

students

listened

carefully.

*不及物動詞(vi.)后面跟上介詞時相當(dāng)于及物動詞(vt.)，就可以用于被動語態(tài)了。如：

Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

The

teachers

and

the

students

listened

to

him

carefully.

→Mr.

Li

began

to

speak.

He

was

listened

to

carefully

by

the

teachers

and

the

students.

結(jié)論1：所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)。【例2】The

bus

holds

fifty

people.

√

這個汽車能坐50人?！鶩ifty

people

were

held

by

the

bus.

×

結(jié)論2：表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：last、hold（容納）、benefit、contain、equal、fit等?！纠?】1）I

have

some

new

books.

√

→Some

books

are

had

by

me.

×

2）This

car

belongs

to

my

uncle.

√

→Thiscarwasbelongedtomyuncle.

×

結(jié)論3：表示歸屬的動詞，如have、own、belongto等?！纠?】Iwouldlikesomeapples.Iwishmyparentswillbuymeanapplephoneformybirthday.結(jié)論4：表示＂希望、意圖＂的動詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等?！纠?】They

warned

themselves

to

be

careful.

They

help

each

other

in

study.結(jié)論5：賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)。教師提問：除去不能用被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的情況，我們是否存在本身主動語態(tài)即可表達被動意義的情況？具體有哪些？通過觀察例句，歸納總結(jié)主動形式表被動意義的情況?？键c四主動形式表被動意義的情況：【例1】①Thefishsmellsgood.②Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.③Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.④Mypenwritessmoothly.⑤Thedoorwon’tlock.結(jié)論：系動詞沒有被動形式，但有些表示感受、感官的連系動詞feel，sound，taste，book，feel等在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中常以主動形式表示被動意義。當(dāng)cut，sell，read，write，fill，cook，lock，wash，drive，keep等詞帶狀語修飾語時常被用作不及物動詞來描述主語特征，常用其主動形式表達被動意義，主語通常是物?！镒⒁猓褐鲃诱Z態(tài)表被動強調(diào)的是主語的特征，而被動語態(tài)則強調(diào)外界作用造成的影響。試比較：ThebookHarryPottersellswell.（指HarryPotter這本書暢銷的特征）

ThebookHarryPotterissoldineverybookstoreinUK.（強調(diào)書“被賣”的動作是人為原因）【例2】①Theplanworkedoutsuccessfully.②Thelampsonthewallturnedoff.③Thebikeneedsrepairing.＝Thebikeneedstoberepaired.④Thepicturebookiswellworthreading.＝Thepicturebookisveryworthytoberead.⑤Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.⑥Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?結(jié)論：當(dāng)breakout、takeplace、shutoff、turnoff、workout等動詞詞組表示＂發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定＂等意思時；(4)want，require，need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義。(5)beworthdoing用主動形式表示被動含義。(6)在＂be+形容詞+todo＂中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動?！⒁猓哼@些形容詞有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。另外：betoblame(受譴責(zé))，betorent（出租）也用主動形式表被動。拓展補充：被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：此處的系表結(jié)構(gòu)指“連系動詞＋用作表語的過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，它與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一樣。要注意它們的區(qū)別：被動語態(tài)強調(diào)動作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特點或狀態(tài)。Thebookwassoldbyacertainbookstore.(被動語態(tài))Thebookiswellsold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))【查漏補缺】單句語法填空1.1.She_________(divorce)herhusbandafteryearsofunhappinessandmarriedagainsoon.2.Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,___________(regard)asoneofthebestallroundformsofexercise.3.Whenfatandsalt(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifismissingsomething.4.Astimewenton,Einstein’stheory__________(prove)tobecorrect.5.Greatchanges_____________(take)placeinChinasincethePeople’sRepublicofChina_____________(found)in1949.6.Thepen_____________(notbelongto)me.Itishers.7.Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,____________(regard)asoneofthebestallroundformsofexercise.8.Aftergettinglostinastorm,amemberofthenavyteam________(rescue)fourdayslater.9.Insomepartsoftheworld,tea______________(serve)withmilkandsugar.Keys:1.divorced2.isregarded3.areremoved4.proved5.havetaken;wasfounded6.doesn’tbelongto7.isregarded8.wasrescued9.isserved【梳理優(yōu)化】一、?？碱}型：1.語法填空題2.書面表達二、解題技巧◆謂語動詞與語法填空被動語態(tài)是?？嫉膬?nèi)容，會涉及一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。應(yīng)對策略1句中若缺少謂語，注意要考慮所給動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。判斷時態(tài)首先要確定時間，然后根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的狀態(tài)來判斷應(yīng)該運用哪種時態(tài)。有時也可以根據(jù)空格后和該句中已經(jīng)存在的謂語動詞的并列關(guān)系來確定時態(tài)。句中缺少謂語，且與主語存在被動關(guān)系，考慮根據(jù)時間和動作存在的方式，確定相應(yīng)時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。注意只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。在確定謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時，我們可從四個方面來進行判斷：看句子中的時間狀語或時間狀語從句?？瓷舷挛牡闹^語動詞的形式。看是否是特殊的句型。如：①was/wereabouttodo...when...did...②Itis/hasbeen＋時間段＋since從句(一般過去時)③It/This/Thatisthefirsttimethat...have/hasdone...或It/This/Thatwasthefirsttimethat...haddone...④It’s(hightime)that...did/shoulddo...⑤Hardlyhad＋主語＋done...when...did...或Nosoonerhad＋主語＋done...than...did...這樣的句型還有很多，平時要注意積累?？磁c主語存在主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系。若是被動，還需看所給詞是否為及物動詞，是否考查主動表被動等。注意主謂是否一致?！緩娀柟獭空Z法填空ThenationalcollegeentranceexaminationinRussia,UnifiedStateExam,willincludeChineseas1._______________electiveforeignlanguagestartingfrom2019.ChinesewillbeethefifthelectivetestitemfortheUnifiedStateExam2.______________(follow)English,German,FrenchandSpanish.ThenumberofChineselearnersinRussia3.______________(grow)quicklyinthepasttenyears,accordingtoasurvey4._______________(make)byalinguisticresearchcenterinRussia.ApproachestolearningChinesechangefrompersontoperson,5.______________moreandmorepeoplechoosinguniversitycoursesinRussia.ThethreehourlongChinesetestwillquizstudents6._______________theirlistening,readingandwritingabilities,andafourthsectionwillexaminestudentsongrammar,vocabularyandChinese7.________________(character).SomepartsintheexamareevenalittlebitdifficultfornativeChinesespeakers.AccordingtotheOfficeofChineseLanguageCouncilInternational(Hanban),asof2017some100millionpeople,excludingnativespeakers,useChinese8.________________(global).TheUnitedNations(UN)in2010suggestedaChineseLanguageDay9._______________fallsonApril20eachyear10._______________(celebrate)culturaldiversity(多樣性）aswellastopromotetheequaluseofallofficiallanguages.Keys:1.an2.following3.hasgrown4.made5.with6.on7.characters8.globally9.that/which10.tocelebrate【課后練習(xí)】一、單句語法填空1.Medicine

should___________(keep)indrawers

children

can't

reach,

and

allcleaningliquidsinhigh

cupboards.This

opening

led

to

a

cave,

so

the

historians

decided

to

have

a

look

around

it.

The

walls

ofthecave___________(cover)

with

ancient

art.In

US

high

school,

everything___________(record)andgraded,including

your

grades

onquizzes,tests

and

final

examinations.Every

day

the

chef

makes

sure

that

fresh

vegetables

and

high

quality

oil

___________(use)for

cooking.The

door

can't___________(shut),so

take

all

your

valuable

things

with

you.Nowalltheemployeesexceptthemanager____________(encourage)toworkonlineathome.Itisreportedthataspacestation____________(build)onthemooninyearstoe.Ihadastrongdesiretoreachinandplaywiththetoy,but____________(hold)backthankfullybytheshopwindow.Moreexpressways____________(build)inSichuansoontopromotethelocaleconomy.Inmyhometown,thereisalwaysaharvestsupperforthefarmersafterallthewheat____________(be)cut.Tomydelight,I____________(choose)fromhundredsofapplicantstoattendtheopeningceremony.Keys:1.bekept2.werecovered3.isrecorded4.areused5.shut6.areencouraged7.willbebuilt8.washeld9.willbebuilt10.hasbeen11.waschosen二、語法填空ThePacificOceanThePacificOceanisthe__1__(large)oftheEarth'soceans,coveringabout46%oftheEarth'swatersurfaceand32%ofitstotalsurfacearea.Itextends__2__theArcticinthenorthtotheAntarcticainthesouth,__3__(surround)byAsiaandAustraliainthewestandtheAmericasintheeast.ThePacificOceancontainsabout25,000islands.The__4__(major)ofthemarefoundsouthoftheequator.__5__waterneartheequatorislesssaltythanthatfoundinthemid-latitudes(中緯度)for__6__(abundance)equatorialprecipitation(赤道降水)throughouttheyear.ThesurfacecirculationofPacificwatersis__7__(general)clockwiseintheNorthernHemisphereandcounter－clockwiseintheSouthernHemisphere.TheexploitationofthePacific'smineralwealthisvarious,__8__isinfluencedbytheocean'sgreatdepths.InshallowwatersoffthecoastsofAustraliaandNewZealand,naturalgasisproduced,andpearls__9__(harvest)alongthecoastsofAustralia,JapanandthePhilippines.Onemorethingworth__10__(mention)isthatthePacific'sgreatestwealthisitsfish.Keys:說明文，主要介紹了世界上最大的大洋——太平洋。1.largest2.from3.surrounded4.majority5.The6.abundant7.generally8.which9.areharvested10.mentioning三、閱讀理解Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjawdroppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand,let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12bonesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobviousyetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.4.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste. B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat. D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.5.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.6.WhatdoesCurtin’spanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.7.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.CGoshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.Keys:1.B2.B3.D4.A說明文。文章介紹了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锢速M現(xiàn)象以及華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費而采取的努力。1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.(像我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關(guān)注那些被浪費的食物)”及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.(但隨著時間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買了太多東西；我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通過講述芝麻菜的故事來表明我們有時會無意間浪費食物。故選B。2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”(生產(chǎn)沒人吃的食物會浪費用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費成為一個環(huán)境問題。事實上，羅伊特寫道，“如果食物浪費是一個國家，它將是世界上第三大溫室氣體排放國?！?”可知，根據(jù)文中的說法，浪費食物的一個后果是對環(huán)境的危害。故選B。3.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)produce,thatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.(科廷是華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物復(fù)原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過接受捐贈和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，收回了超過807500磅的食物，否則這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品就會在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷凍或干燥它們，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制作食物。故選D。4.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的““Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat,”Curtinsays.(“每個人都可以在減少浪費方面發(fā)揮作用，無論是在每周的購物中不購買不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷說)”可知，科廷建議人們只買需要的東西來避免浪費食物。故選A。四、七選五Theworldisacolorfullandscapeofdifferentlanguages,skincolors,anddifferentcultures.It’simportanttohaveagoodunderstandingofdifferentculturesinordertobeeawellroundedperson____1____Onewayistoreadhookswrittenbyauthorsfromaparticularculture.Readingworksbyauthorswhohaveacloserelationshipwithaparticularcultureallowspeopletogainanauthenticglimpseintothefood,music,language,religion,andwayofalifeofaparticulargroupofpeople.____2____Anotherwaytolearnaboutdifferentculturesistotrytolearnaforeignlanguage.____3____Apersoncanchoosealanguageshehasalwayswantedtolearnandlocatelearningprogramstohelphermasterthelanguage.Besides,onecanenrollinaforeignlanguageclassinordertolearninamoreformalsetting.Onecanalsotrytovisitareasofthecitytoestablishsocialconnectionwithnativespeakersofthelanguage.____4____Seekoutrestaurantsthatfeatureauthenticfoodfromavarietyofcountries.Foodisanimportantpartofdifferentculturesandallowspeopletogaindeepunderstandingintoaparticularculturalgroup’swayoflife.municatingwithpeoplefromothercountriesthroughemailorsnailmailisanotherusefulwaytobeefamiliarwithdifferentcultures.____5____Variouswebsitesofferpenpalservices,offeringtoconnectindividualswithpenfriendsaro