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高考英語閱讀方法:爭(zhēng)論文
高考英語閱讀方法:爭(zhēng)論文
導(dǎo)語:閱讀爭(zhēng)論文我們要抓住論題、抓住提出的觀點(diǎn)、給出的例證及最終得出的結(jié)論。下面就由為大家介紹高考英語閱讀方法:爭(zhēng)論文,大家一起去學(xué)習(xí)吧!
爭(zhēng)論文的閱讀方法
爭(zhēng)論文也就是說理性的文章,一般由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證過程組成。爭(zhēng)論文都要提出論題、觀點(diǎn)、供應(yīng)充分的證(evidence),運(yùn)用肯定的邏輯方法證明觀點(diǎn)或得出結(jié)論。
閱讀爭(zhēng)論文我們要抓住論題、抓住提出的觀點(diǎn)、給出的例證及最終得出的結(jié)論。抓住了論題、抓住了觀點(diǎn),我們就把握了中心,再結(jié)合作為論據(jù)的.諸多事例和理由之間以及它們和觀點(diǎn)/結(jié)論之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,我們就能理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。因此,閱讀爭(zhēng)論文的關(guān)鍵是:抓論題、抓觀點(diǎn)。
看看下面一篇例文:
(05江蘇卷E段)
Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybeforechangesforthebetter,changesfortheworse,changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.
Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse,ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.
Thecontinuationofsuchactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:inpurescience—awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience—amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.
Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons,AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.
WilliamShakespearesaid.“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(紗線),goodandilltogether.“Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?
解析:在第一段提出論題:Theprogressinsciencecausedthechangesinthetwentiethcentury.接下來,其次、三段提出論據(jù):Theprogressinsciencehasbroughtusadvantagesandthecontinuationoftheprogresswillsurelyresultinevengreateradvantages.第四段從另一方面提出論據(jù):Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.再接下來,按行文結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)當(dāng)作出結(jié)論,但在第五段并沒有干脆說出不言自明的結(jié)論(Weshouldseparatethegoodfromtheill.),而是用了幾個(gè)問句:Butdoesithavetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?這樣可引起讀者對(duì)結(jié)論的深化思索,引起讀者的重視。
看看下面的理解題:
72.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?
73.Fromthefourthparagraph,wecaninferthat.
A.a(chǎn)greatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwar
B.a(chǎn)largenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwar
C.theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweapons
D.theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofnuclearweaponsontheearth
74.Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.
A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happy
75.Whatdoyouthinktheauthorismostlikelytosuggestifhecontinuestowrite?
A.Furtherapplicationofsciencetowar.
B.MorereadingofWilliamShakespeare.
C.Properuseofscienceinthenewcentury.
D.Effectivewaystoseparatethegoodfromtheill.
(參考答案:ADBD)
(05北京卷C篇)
Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments-mostlyforentertainmentpurposes-isfairandrespectful?
Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats(棲息地).Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.
Zoosclaim(聲稱)toeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies(物種),butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies’name,diet,andnaturalrange(分布區(qū)).Theanimals’normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon’tusuallytakecareoftheanimals’naturalneeds.
Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusuallyandself-destructivebehaviorcalledzoochosis.Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthatzoochosisiscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.
Furthermore,mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Captivebreeding(圈養(yǎng)繁殖)ofendangeredbigcats.Asianelephants,andotherspecieshasnotresultedintheirbeingsentbacktothewilD.Zoostalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesdyingout.Infact,babyanimalsalsoattractalotofpayingcustomers.Haven’tweseenenoughcompetitionstonamebabyanimals?
Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatsandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.
64.Howwouldtheauthordescribetheanimals’lifeinzoos?
A.Dangerous.B.Unhappy.C.Natural.D.Easy.
65.Inthestateofzoochosis,animals_________.
A.remainincagesB.behavestrangely
C.a(chǎn)ttackotheranimalsD.enjoymovingaround
66.Whatdoestheauthortrytoargueinthepassage?
A.Zoosarenotworththepublicsupport.
B.Zoosfailintheirattempttosaveanimals.
C.Zoosshouldtreatanimalsashumanbeings.
D.Zoosuseanimalsasameansofentertainment.
67.Theauthortriestopersuadereaderstoaccepthisargumentmainlyby_________.
A.pointingoutthefaultsinwhatzoosdo
B.usingevidencehehascollectedatzoos
C.questioningthewayanimalsareprotected
D.discussingtheadvantagesofnaturalhabitats
68.Althoughhearguesagainstzoos,theauthorwouldstillagreethat__________.
A.zooshavetokeepanimalsinsmallcages
B.mostanimalsinzoosareendangeredspecies
C.someendangeredanimalsarereproducedinzoos
D.it’sacceptabletokeepanimalsawayfromtheirhabitats
(04上海卷C篇)
Weareallinterestedinequality,butwhilesomepeopletrytoprotecttheschoolandexaminationsysteminthenameofequality,other,stillinthenameofequality,wantonlytodestroyit.
Anysocietywhichisinterestedinequalityofopportunityandstandardsofachievementmustregularlytestitspupils.Thestandardsmaybechanged—noexaminationisperfect—buttohavetotestsorexaminationswouldmeantheendofequalityandofstandards.Therearegroupsofpeoplewhoopposethisviewandwhodonotbelieveeitherinexaminationsorinanycontrolsinschooloronteachers.Thiswouldmeanthateverythingwoulddependonlucksinceeverypupilwoulddependontheefficiency,thevaluesandthepurposeofeachteacher.
Withoutexaminations,employerswilllookforemployeesfromthehighlyrespectedschoolsandfromfamiliesknowntothem—aformoffavouritismwillreplaceequality.Atthemoment,thebrightchildfromanill—respectedschoolcanshowcertificatestoproveheorsheissuitableforajob,whilethelakeofcertificateindicatestheunsuitabilityofadullchildattendingawell—respectedschool.Thisdefendofexcellenceandopportunitywoulddisappearifexaminationsweretakenaway,andthebrightchildformapoorfamilywouldbeaprisonerofhisorherschool’sreputation,unabletocompeteforemploymentwiththechildfromthefavouredschool.
Theopponentsoftheexaminationsystemsuggestthatexaminationsareanevilforcebecausetheyshowdifferencesbetweenpupils.Accordingtothesepeople,theremustbenospecial,different,academicclass.Theyhaveevensuggestedthatthereshouldbenoformofdifferenceinsportoranyotherarea:alljobsorpostsshouldbefilledbyunsystematicselection.Theselectionwouldbemadebypeoplewhothemselvesareprobablyselectedbysomecomputer.
82.Theword“favouritism”inparagraph3isusedtodescribethephenomenonthat________.
A.brightchildrenalsoneedcertificatesgogetsatisfyingjobs.
B.childrenfromwell—respectedschoolstendtohavegoodjob
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