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Blockchain+AI+Human:WhitepaperandInvitation
AlexPentland,JohnWerner,ChrisBishop
CONTEXT
Wefindourselvesatauniquepointinhistory,amomentintimewhennewtechnologiesareemergingatanunprecedentedpace.Specifically,artificialintelligence,machinelearning,robots,andInternetofThings(IoT)arecombiningtocreateanewwaveofchangeastheybegintotakeadvantageofcryptocurrencies,ICOs,virtualassets,theblockchainandthetokenizationofeverything.Theresultofthiscollisionoftechnologiesandhumanorganizationsishand-wringingaboutjobloss,fearofrobotoverlords,andworriesaboutArmageddon.
Butitiseasytogetcaughtupinthehypeofthemoment,togetsweptupbywhatthemediaandtechnoratiaresayingaboutwhatishappening-whoitwillimpact,whattheimpactwillbeandwhatwinnersandloserswillemerge.Whilethereiscertainlypotentialfortremendouschange,bothgoodandbad,90%ofwhatisbeingwrittenaboutblockchainandartificialintelligencetodayishypeorunrealistic,overinflatedpostulation.Whatisreallygoingon?
Wehaveseenthesetypesofmassivesocietalchangesbefore.These“supercycles”havebeencausedbyvarioustechnologicalinnovationsandresultedinthingsliketheindustrialrevolutionandtheInternetera.ThelastsupercycleoccurredbeginningwiththeintroductionoftheInternet,whichallowedanewlevelofglobalcommunication.IntheearlydaysoftheInternet,youonlydealtwithfriendssoidentityandsecuritywerenotanissue.AstheInternetgrew,howeveryouoftendidn’tknowwhoyouweredealingwith,sopeopleengineered“hacks”suchaspasswordsandfirewallstomakeitworkquicklyandprettyreliably.
Butnowthatwearebeginningtorunourentiresocietyonit,thesehacksareinsufficient.Ithastoalmostneverfailandithastobeconsensusdriven,auditableandtransparent.Theworldhasdiscoveredratherpainfullythattoday’sbusinesssystemsareinfacthackableandgameable.Moreover,itisgettingworse:therecentattackstiedtoelectionmeddlingandattemptstodisruptthepowergridmakeitclearthatourentiresocietyisvulnerable.
Thecurrenttidalwaveofnewtechnologiesandsocialdisruptionaresymptomsofamuchbiggerchange:theveryInternetitselfisbeingtransformed,evolvingfromalooselystructuredcommunicationsmediumtoatrustedexecutionmedium.BlockchainandAIhavethepotentialtofinallyallowbothcompaniesandcitizenstosafelyandsecurelydobusinesswitheachother-toleteachpartyknowwhotheyaredealingwith,confirmtheinteractionisnotfraudulent,theoutcomesguaranteed.
WiththisperspectivetheemergenceofblockchainandAIisnotunexpected.,Theyareaconsequenceofthelimitationsoftheinternetandalogicalextensionofthetechnologyevolutionwehavebeenwitnessingforthepast50years,certainlysincethefirstpersonalcomputerswereinventedandtheearlydaysoftheARPANET.ThepeoplewhobuilttheARPANETdesigneditasawaytokeepmilitarycommunicationsafeincaseofanuclearattack.Thesystemwaslaterextendedtokeepmunicipalitiesanduniversitiesconnectedaswellasprotectimportantinformation.Butitfailedtoprovideadequatesecurityandauditability,andsohasneverdevelopedthetrustedsystemsweneedinordertorunoursociety.
WhichiswhereblockchainandAIcanhelp.Atamacrolevel,theycanprovidealeveloftransparency,accountabilityandanalyticsthatneverexistedbeforeinthedigitalworld.Wehavetheabilitytobringanewleveloftrustworthinesstotheglobaleconomicsystemaswellassocietywritlarge.Asaconsequence,BlockchainandAIarebecomingthenextsupercycleandarethecoreofareallymajorsocietaltransformation.
Blockchain,atitsmostbasic,allowshumanstoreachconsensusonashareddigitalhistorywithoutamiddleman.AIallowshumanstofindanswersinvastamountsofdatamoreefficientlythaneverbefore.Togethertheycanproviderobustbusinessandgovernmentprocessesthatarebothtrustworthyandtransparent,ratherthantryingtomanageahodgepodgeoflooselyconnectedentitiesandprocessesthatwerecreatedthroughhistoricalaccident.Theimplicationsforsocietyandbusinessarehuge.
Today,weseeblockchainandAIpoisedtoprovideasolutionforasetofveryreal21stcenturychallenges:thedelugeofBigData,thegrowthoftheIoT,increasingautomationandroboticsdeployment,useofthecloud,variousthreatstocybersecurity,mobilecomputing,andthegrowthofcryptoassets.WehavenowarrivedataseminalmomentwhereblockchainandAIaretherighttoolstohelphumansaddressthesechallengesandinfact,takeadvantageofthisnextsupercyclebyprovidingbothtransparencyandpowerfulanalytics.
TheprevioussupercycleoccurredwhentheInternetbecamecommercializedandthedevelopmentoftheWebbrowserallowedinstantalbeitunmonitoredglobalcommunication.Therehavebeenmanysmallercycles-themovetoportablecomputers,developmentofsmartphonesanduseofmobiletechnologies,growthofsocialmedia.Butthisevolutionfromacommunicationtooltoatrustedmediumfortransactions,datasharingand,analyticsisaseachange.
Asaconsequence,nowisthetimetofocusonblockchainandAI,justlikewehadtofocusontheInternetbackwhenitfirstappeared.Simplyput-blockchainrepresentsanewwaytoconductsecuretransactionsandAIprovidesexponentiallymorepowerfulanalyticcapabilities.Thetimingisclear.Carpedeum-andwecan.
THEBIGQUESTIONS
Giventhisnewtechnologicallandscape,whatarewereallygoingtodowiththeseinnovations?Howdowewanttolive,basedonthepotentialofblockchainandAItoimpactandinfluenceglobalcultureandbusiness?Howcantheyhelpuspayforandbuildstuff,andnotjustformarket-drivenbusinessesbuttofurtherthe“humanbusiness”?Howarewegoingtousethesedisruptivetechnologiestobuildabettersociety?
AIandblockchainarepartofasetofevolvingglobaleconomicstructuresthatarebettersuitedforaconnectedworld.Weareenteringanerawherethingscannotfailandwehavetoknowthatdataissecure.Imaginebeingabletomonitortransactionsfromanywhereontheplanetandbeconfidentthattheyaresecure,thatthedataleftwhereitwasstoredandgottowhereitwassupposedtogoquicklyandsafely.Thatthedataweshareisonlyviewedbythepeoplewhoaresupposedtoseeitandusedonlyasweexpect.ThepowerofblockchainandAIcancontributetomakingthesesystemsirrefutableandtokeepingdatasafe.
Businesseshavetheopportunitytogetinontheproverbialgroundfloorandtakeadvantageofthisexcitingconvergencewithimplicationsthatincludenewlevelsofsecureauthentication,immutableaudittrails,morerobustfrauddetection.Thesetechnologiesaddressakeyissuefacingbusinesses:howcanItakecontentiousprocessesthatarecomplicatedandinefficientandmanagetheminatrustworthyandefficientmanner?
Asanopen,immutable,andincorruptiblerecordkeepingsystem,blockchainhasthepotentialtotransformeveryfiduciaryandrecord-keepingindustryfromhealthcareto
legaltobanking.Morebroadly,itrequiresustorethinkhowvalueisrepresented,recordedand,exchanged.
Wearenotthereyet.Butwearestartingtoheaddowntheroad.Nottosaytherearen’tprosandconstothisevolutionaryphase.Scenariosrangefromdarkandpessimistic-“thecorporaterobotswilltakeoverandthendestroytheworldasweknowit”-toPollyanna-ish-“noonewillhavetoworkagain,alljobswillbecomeautomatedandwe’llallgettoloungearound,readtheclassicsandpaintinoils.Orgosailingandplaygolf.
Orwhateveryoufancydoing.”
WHATWEAREDOING
Thetimeisnowtoconvenestakeholderstomovethisconvergenceforwardinawayconsistentwithourcommonaspirationsandthedeepnatureofourvaluesashumans.Itisimperativethatweconvenenotthepeoplewhowillcontrolthesetechnologiesbutrathertheoneswhowillactuallybeusingthem.Thisisthetimetobuildpilotsandestablishstandardsandteaseoutbestpracticesandkeylearnings-toacceleratetheimpactofthecoretechnologiesofAIandblockchain,andexpandthepositiveimpactofthenextsupercycle.
AIhastheabilitytodeliveralevelofanalyticsunavailablebefore-toolsthatcancaptureandanalyzetheyottabyesofdatahumansandmachinesarecreating,quicklypullingoutactionabledatafromthetsunamiofinformation.AIinstancesarealsoabletolearn,teachingthemselveshowtoimprovetoreachdesiredoutcomesandsharingthoselearningswithotherAIsaswellaswithhumans.
Butaswebeginhavingreal-timeactionablesystemsincludingroboticsandcivicprocessesrunbyanalytics(AI),wehavetobesuretheydotherightthing,evenifthecurrentlawissilentonthematter.TherecentdemonizingofFacebookdemonstratesthis.Theyaregettinghungbecausepeoplearewakinguptothefactthatcriticalsystemsaregameable.
Similarconcernsapplytoblockchain.Forexample,despitethehype,thereisnotgoingtobeonecentralblockchain.LegalfirmsandhealthcarepayersarealreadybuildingprivateblockchainsbehindEnterprisefirewallstolimitaccesstosensitiveinformation.
Therewillprobablybeacouplecommoncommercialonesbutmanyprivateonesaswell.Howcanwemaintaininteroperabilityandsecurity,letalonetransparencyandaccountability,withsuchawelterofdifferentsystems?
AtMIT,ourpassionhasalwaysbeentoidentifycommittedstakeholderswithwhomto
partner.Weareexcitedaboutbuildingpilotsasawaytoquicklyseewhatworksandthenusetheselearningstohelpestablishstandards.
Fourlarge-scaleprojectswecurrentlyhaveunderwayare:
TransportationincubatorpilotinIsrael
GovernancepilotinColumbiaandSenegal
DataSharingpilotsinBeijingandHongKong
OpenMusicInitiativeforroyaltysharingacrossthemusicindustry
Ourgoalistoestablishbestpracticeswithinthesenewtechnology-enabledenvironmentsbypiloting“beta”versionsofblockchain+AIsystemsinpartnershipwithawidevarietyofstakeholders.
NEXTSTEPS
It'snotjustaboutblockchain.It'snotjustaboutAI.It'sabouthowthesethingsfittogetherinahumanfabric.Sonowthatwerunourentiresocietyonvarioustechnologies,theycan'tfailandhavetobeauditableandtransparent.
WeshouldnotbuildafutureworldbasedonAdamSmith-styledgreedyindividualswhodon’tcooperatewitheachother.Weneedtopromote,encourageand,exploitthepoweroftransparency.
Willthisnewecologyfeel
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