高中英語高考沖刺語法專題1名詞冠詞（學生版）

高中英語高考沖刺語法專題1：名詞、冠詞【問題查找】單句語法填空Group1名詞1.Weshouldmakesurethatourexpectationsarethesameasour______________(friend)ones.2.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew______________(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed3.Recent______________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.4.Therehasbeenarecenttrendinthefoodserviceindustrytowardlowerfatcontentandlesssalt.Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalmunity(醫(yī)學界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside______________(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdiseasetheverythingthemedicalmunitywastryingtofight.5.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible_____________(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.6.Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2014thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesAdayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromall____________(cause).7.Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesand____________(watchtower)tofakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheirdaily(day)routines.8.____________(activity)thererangefromwhalewatchingtohiking(遠足)andacmodationsaimtohavealowimpactonthenaturalenvironment.9.Therollingseaofcloudsyouseeonceyouareatthetopwillremindyouhowtinywe____________(human)are.10.TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparate____________(population)andhomesofgiantpandas,andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.Group2冠詞1.Nowadays,howwecantakegoodcareof_________oldisbeingahotandserioustopic.2.IfIwereevershortofcashandcouldn’taffordtodoanythingmuch,whichinthosedayswasusuallythecase,Icouldalwaysgooutsideandtake____________lookaround.3.Itwasaburning-hot,summer’sdayandIwaslongingtogoswimmingatthelocalpool.Instead,Iwasridingin_____backseatofthecarasmyparentsdrovetoafriend’shouse.4.Buthehadonly______________80-yuannote.5.Hewas____________Europeanbillionairewhogoteverythinghewanted.6.ThatdayIdidn’tlearnmuchaboutanimals,insectsortrees,butIlearnt______________impressivelessonaboutgravity!7.As____________result,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.8.Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,layingthetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover_____________top.9.Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentover__________past25years,whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.10.Unexpectedly,I'mfacetofacewiththegorilla,whobeginsscreamingat__________topofherlungs.11.Instead,sheisearning$6500adayas__________modelinNewYork.12.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdayswithhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottlefed,__________otheriswithmum.13.Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsidefor__________while,exercising,ordoingsomethingyouenjoy.14.Theadobedwellings(土坯房）builtbythePuebloIndiansoftheAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeven__________mostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.15.Now,yearslater,thisriverisoneof__________mostoutstandingexamplesofenvironmentalcleanup.【要點精講】名詞學習目標：學生能全面掌握名詞的用法，并實際運用于語法填空步驟一：可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)的變化規(guī)則有？可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)的構成，通常是在單數(shù)形式后面加－s或－es，其規(guī)則如下：構成方法例詞一般情況在詞尾加__________girl—girlspage—pages以s,x,sh,ch結尾的詞在詞尾加______________bus—busesbox—boxeswatch—watchesbrush—brushes但有例外：stomach—stomachs以“輔音字母＋y”結尾的詞，________________baby—babiescity—cities以“輔音字母＋o”結尾的詞，在詞尾加___________tomato—tomatoeshero—heroespotato—potatoes但有例外：photo—photos；piano—pianos以f或fe結尾的詞，多數(shù)_________________________________knife—kniveswife—wiveshalf—halvesleaf—leaves但仍有例外：belief—beliefsroof—roofshandkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves【特別提醒】因為漢語中沒有名詞的單復數(shù)形式變化，所以英語中名詞的單復數(shù)也就成了易錯點。如以下兩個典型錯誤：①Doyouhavedictionary?②Heshookheadsadly.一般情況下，英語中的可數(shù)名詞在句子中出現(xiàn)時，要么用復數(shù)形式，要么在其前面加冠詞或限定詞。因此以上兩句可以表達為：①Doyouhaveadictionary?②Heshookhisheadsadly.單復數(shù)形式意義不同的名詞：experience經驗experiences____________manner方式 manners_______________custom風俗 customs_______________work工作 works_________________wood木材 woods________________sand沙子 sands_________________paper紙張 papers________________glass玻璃 glasses________________步驟二：可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1）有些名詞的復數(shù)屬于不規(guī)則變化，需要在平時的學習中逐一記憶：child—children,tooth—teeth,phenomenon—phenomena,ox—oxen,foot—feet,man—men,mouse—mice,woman—women等2）總是表示復數(shù)意義的名詞集體名詞people,police,cattle總是表示復數(shù)意義，不能說apeople,apolice,acattle，但可以說aperson,apoliceman,aheadofcattle.Thepolicearesearchingforthestolenboy.Thecattlearefeedingonthegrassland.3）有些名詞只用復數(shù)形式：trousers,congratulations,thanks,goods,clothes,socks,shoes,belongings,savings4）單復數(shù)同形的名詞有些名詞的復數(shù)形式同原形。這些名詞有：deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,li(里),jin(斤),yuan(元),mu(畝),means(方式，方法)等。Allpossiblemeanshavebeentried.Everypossiblemeanshasbeentried.【點撥】對于單復數(shù)同形的名詞，一定要從題中找出關鍵信息(如謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式)，來確定其到底是表示單數(shù)意義還是復數(shù)意義。5）合成名詞的復數(shù)把主體名詞變成復數(shù)，如：passersby,fathersinlaw(岳父)[來源:學§步驟三：高考常考的不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞常在書面表達中使用時，要注意以下名詞：advice,

baggage,change(零錢),furniture,hair,homework,information,knowledge,luggage,money,news,progress,traffic,progress,work,health,luck,weather,music,fun,experience【點撥】抽象名詞與a（an）連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉化為似乎可以體驗到的動作、行為或類別。如：

AknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltrade.

Wouldyouliketohaveawalk(swim,bath,talk)withme?

(2)物質名詞有前置后置修飾時，前面要使用不定冠詞。

havebreakfast

haveawonderfulbreakfast

步驟四：名詞所有格英語名詞所有格有兩種：’s所有格和of所有格。1．’s所有格的構成(1)通常在單數(shù)名詞和不以－s結尾的復數(shù)名詞的詞尾加’s，如：Jack’sbooks,Children’sDay(2)以－s結尾的復數(shù)名詞，在詞尾加’，如：thestudents’books(3)作為一個整體的詞組，一般在最后一個詞的詞尾加’s，如：anhourandahalf’swalk(步行一個半小時的路程)；amonthortwo’sabsence(一兩個月的缺席)(4)以and連接的兩個名詞：表示共同所有時，在最后一個詞的詞尾加’s，如：KateandMary’sfather(Kate和Mary是姐妹倆)；表示分別所有時，在每個名詞后分別加’s，如：Kate’sfatherandMary’sfather(Kate和Mary不是姐妹倆)。【特別提醒】不定代詞后接else時，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebodyelse’sbag2．’s所有格的用法(1)常表示有生命的東西。如：Tom’sbirthday,thedog’sowner。(2)用于表示時間、距離、天體、度量衡與貨幣價值、國家、城市等。如：①時間：aday'swork(一天的工作)，today'snewspaper；②距離：twentyminutes’ride,fiveminutes’walk,amile’sdistance；③天體：thesun’sheat,themoon’ssurface；④度量衡與貨幣價值：tendollars’worth,twentypounds’weight；⑤國家、城市等：China’sindustry,thecity’sdevelopment,thegovernment’splan表示某人的家或店鋪。如：atthedoctor’s,atmyuncle’s3．of所有格的構成the＋所有物＋of＋(this/that/the/my/their...)＋無生命之物。4．of所有格的用法of所有格主要用于無生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：thewindowofthehouse;amapofJapan;thenameofthegirlstandingatthegateDoesanyoneknowthetitleofthenovel?Theyhavethesupportofpeopleofthedevelopingcountries.5．雙重所有格(1)雙重所有格的構成：雙重所有格即“of＋’s結構”。(2)雙重所有格的用法：表示整體中的一個或部分，用于修飾of前面的名詞。如：afriendofmine;thisbookoftheprofessor’s;thislovelybabyofmyaunt’s?！咎貏e提醒】雙重所有格還可以表示贊賞、厭惡等感情色彩，如：1．ThatcarofPeter'sisverynice.彼得的車確實很好。(表示贊賞)2．ThedogofTom'sisveryfierce.湯姆的那條狗非常兇。(表示厭惡、不滿)冠詞學習目標：1.學生能全面掌握冠詞的用法，并實際運用于語法填空步驟一：什么是冠詞？冠詞在句中放在哪里？有什么作用呢？分類概念用法定冠詞the冠詞是一種虛詞，本身不能獨立使用，只能放在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人或事物用于特指一定的人或事物或上下文提到的人或事物Takeyourtimeit’sjustashortdistancefromheretotherestaurant.不定冠詞a用在輔音因素開頭的可數(shù)名詞前表示“一個”Itisgenerallyacceptedthataboymustlearntostandupandfightlikeaman.an用在元音因素開頭的可數(shù)名詞前表示“一個”MrWilsonlivedinanAshapedhouse.步驟二：不定冠詞a/an的使用規(guī)則序號用法例句1表示“一”這個數(shù)量RunningmanisapopularTVshow.2用于第一次出現(xiàn)的人或者物Thedirectorislookingforamissingboyinmyhometown.3泛指某一類人或物Afathermusttakecareofthefamily.如：Whenyoufinishreadingthebook,youwillhaveabetterunderstandingoflife.Afteranhourorsowebegantofeelveryfrightened.特別提醒：注意hour,university,European,umbrella等前冠詞的運用內化過程：a/an的選用以單詞的首個讀音因素為依據(jù)，元音因素開頭的單詞用an，輔音音素開頭的單詞用a。步驟三：定冠詞the的使用規(guī)則用法口訣：特指雙熟悉，上文已提及，世上獨一無二，序數(shù)最高級，某些專有名，習語及樂器。（1）the用在“特指”談話雙方都知道的某個人或某些人或物前。如：Whereistheteacher?（2）the用在上文已提到的人或事物前。如：Iseeacat.ThecatisLucy’s.（3）the用在世界上獨一無二的事物前。如：Theearthgoesaroundthesun.（4）the用在序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級前。如：Mikeisthetallestofthethreeboys.注意：序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級前有代詞如this，my等修飾則不用冠詞（5）the用在由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前。如：theGreatWall，thePeople’sPark（6）the用在一些習慣用語中或西洋樂器名詞前。如：inthemorning，playthepiano步驟四：零冠詞的使用規(guī)則代詞限定名詞前，泛指名詞不可數(shù)，復數(shù)名詞表泛指，學科球棋三餐飯，季節(jié)星期月份前，顏色語種和國名，稱呼習語及頭銜。（1）名詞前已有作定語用的this,that,these,those,my,your,his,her,our,their,some等限定詞時，不用冠詞。如：thiseraser,herpencilbox,someboxes,thosewomen等。（2）泛指的不可數(shù)名詞前一般不用冠詞。如：meat,rice,water,bread,tea,milk,juice等。（3）復數(shù)名詞表示泛指時，不用冠詞。如：Thepeopleintheroomaredoctors.（4）在表示學科的名詞前一般不用冠詞。如：Chinese,English,maths,physics,history等。（5）在三餐飯和球類運動、棋類名詞前一般不加冠詞。如：havebreakfast,playbasketball等。（6）在季節(jié)、節(jié)日、星期、月份前不用冠詞。如：inautumn,onChildren’sDay,inFebruary,onMonday等。（7）在表顏色、語種和國家名詞前不用冠詞。如：white,French,Australia（8）在表示稱呼語的名詞之前，以及職務、頭銜的名詞前不用冠詞。如：DoctorGreenisascientist.【查漏補缺】單句語法填空Group1名詞1.Anysmellmightattractnatural________(enemy)thatwouldtrytoeatthelittlepanda.2.Wecanachievealotwhenwelearntoletour____________(different)unite,ratherthandivideus.3.Doyouknowanyfriendofmy______________(husband)?4.We’vecalledseveral____________(time)aboutCleo’searlymorningbarking.Group2冠詞1.AlexanderGrahamBellinvented____________telephonein1876.2.Butat________sametime,weflickedslyglancesathimandcheckedhimout.3.________prizeforthewinnerofthepetitionis________two-weekholidayinParis.4.Ifyoucutyourfinger,ifsomeof__________dustfromthefloorgoesintothecut,someofthegermswillgointoyourfinger.5.Sheisthelittleboy’sgrandmother,andherdaughter,Nicole,bought__________housenextdoorlastOctober.【梳理優(yōu)化】名詞A.補充、完善初步總結的解題方法。一、?？碱}型：語法填空題二、解題技巧語法填空題中名詞的解題技巧：1.觀察空格處是否給出提示詞（一般是有給出提示詞的）2.判斷空格中是否考查名詞；3.如果提示詞不是名詞，則要轉換成名詞（參考構詞法）4.如果提示詞是名詞，則根據(jù)句子需要改成名詞復數(shù)或所有格小竅門：名詞所有格用法口訣:英語名詞所有格，表示某物是“誰的”；通常后加’s，Tom’smother要記住。復數(shù)有s只加’，Teachers’Day記清楚。若是兩者共有時，只在后者把’s加；表示兩人分有時，前者后者都把’s加。名詞若是無生命，of短語來把所屬關系表。翻譯時要注意，從后往前錯不了。冠詞A.補充、完善初步總結的解題方法。一、?？碱}型：語法填空題二、解題技巧語法填空題中冠詞的解題技巧觀察空格處是否給出提示詞（一般是未給出提示詞的）；觀察空格處前后的詞性搭配或固定短語搭配；（一般空格后應有名詞或者形容詞最高級或者序數(shù)詞）根據(jù)句意或固定短語搭配以及冠詞的使用規(guī)則正確運用恰當?shù)墓谠~B..小竅門：1.the的用法口訣：特指雙熟悉，上文已提及，世上獨一無二，序數(shù)最高級，某些專有名，習語及樂器。2.零冠詞的用法口訣：代詞限定名詞前，泛指名詞不可數(shù)，復數(shù)名詞表泛指，學科球棋三餐飯，季節(jié)星期月份前，顏色語種和國名，稱呼習語及頭銜?！緩娀柟獭空Z法填空1__________

ispossiblethatwesimplydonotstayinoneplaceforatruefriendshiptodevelop.However,therecanbenodisagreementontheneedforeachofus

2________________

(think)carefullyaboutthekindoffriendshipswewant.Tomostofus,friendshipsareconsidered

3______________

(importance),butneedtohaveclearinourownminds

4____________

kindsoffriendshipswewant.Aretheytobecloseor

5_____________

(keep)atarm’slength?Dowewanttoshareourselvesordowewanttowalkonthesurface?Forsomepeople,manyfriendshipsonthesurfacearequiteenough—andthat’sallright.Butatsomepointweneedtomakesurethatourexpectationsarethesameasour

6___________________

(friend)expectations.Ifonewantsmorefromthefriendshipthantheother,

7_________

ifthisisnottalkedabout,oneislikelyatlasttofellthathe’sholdingtheshortendofthestick.Thesharingofpersonalexperience

8_______________

(include)ourtearsaswellasourdarkdreams

9_____________

(be)thesurestwaytodeepenfriendships.Butitmustbeundertakenslowlyandcarriedononlyiftheresignsofinterestandaction

10__________return.

【課后練習】一、單句語法填空Group1名詞Asthe___________(world)populationcontinuestogrow,thesupplyoffoodbeesmoreandmoreofaconcern.Don’tworry.Wehavestored(quantity)offoodalready.Jackisastudentofmy______________(father).Heisalsomybestfriend.Runningforhalfanhoureverydayisoneofthe__________(rule)inourschool..Group2冠詞1.Thepaperisduenextmonth,andIamworkingsevendays______week,oftenlonginto______night.2.Indiaattainedindependencein1947,after_______longstruggle.3.TheDoubleNinthFestivalremindsustorespect_______elderly.4.Heoftentakeshisdogfor_______walkaroundthesquare.5.Whydidyoumakesomanymistakesinthespeech?I’msosorry.Couldyougiveme_______secondchance?二、語法填空TheInternetisanamazinginformationresource.Students,teachers,andresearchersuseitas

1_______

investigativetool.Journalistsuseittofindinformationforstories.Doctorsuseittolearnmoreaboutunfamiliardiseasesandthe

2_____________

(late)medicaldevelopment.Ordinarypeopleuseitforshopping,banking,billpaying,andmunicatingwithfamilyandfriends.Peopleallovertheworlduseittoconnectwithindividualsfrom

3__________

countriesandcultures.However,4___________therearemanypositivedevelopments

5____________

(associate)withtheInternet,therearealsocertainfearsandconcerns.

6___________

concernrelatestoalackofcontrolover7____________

appearsontheInternet.Withtelevisionandradiothereareeditorstochecktheaccuracyorappropriatenessofthecontentofprograms,andwithtelevisionthereare

8_________________(restrict)onwhatkindsofprogramscan

9_______________(broadcast)andatwhattimesoftheday.WiththeInternet,parentscannot

checkapublishedguidetodeterminewhatissuitable10_________theirchildrentosee.三、閱讀理解AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingpanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?1.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.3.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants. B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests. D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.4.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.四、七選五Makingotherpeoplefeelgoodfeelsgood,and,bestofall,itrequireslittlemorethanagenerousheart.Studiesshowthatpeoplefeelhappierwhentheydosomethingkindforanotherperson,andbothrecipientsandgooddeeddoerscangetth