翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換視角下政府工作報(bào)告英譯本研究

IChapterTwoTranslationShiftTheoryTranslationshifttheoryplacesgreateremphasisontheequivalenceeffectoftranslation,greaterassuranceofaccurateoutputinthetargetandsourcelanguages,makingtranslationmoreflexibleandgreatlyfacilitatingthedevelopmentofthetranslationindustry.2.1IntroductiontoCatfordTranslationShiftTheorySincethe1960s,Westerntranslationscholarsgraduallybegantoexploretranslationtheoryandtranslationstrategies,andthefourmajorlinguisticschoolshadanimportantinfluenceontheresearchanddevelopmentoftranslationtheory,andthenscholarsbasedonthestudyoflinguisticsledtothestudyof“translationshift”intheWesterntranslationfield.In1965,Catfordfirstintroducedtheconceptof“translationshift”inhistranslationmasterpieceALinguisticTheoryofTranslation,anddiscussedthedefinitionandtypesoftranslationtransformation.ThefocusofCatfordtranslationshifttheoryistocomparethestructuralandlinguisticsimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthesourceandtargetlanguages,andtosummarizeanddescribeindetailtheconsiderationsthatoccurwhentwolanguagesaretranslatedatthelexicalandsyntacticlevels.Headvocatesthatwhentranslating,itisimportantnottosticktothesuperficialorlinguisticstructuralcorrespondence,buttotranslatethedeepermeaning,toachievetheequivalentcorrespondencebetweenthetwolanguages,sothatthereadersofthetranslatedlanguageandthereadersofthesourcelanguagehavethesamereadingexperienceeveniftheformsofthetwolanguagesdonotcorrespond,theequivalenteffectofthetranslationwillnotbeaffected.Translationshifttheorymainlyincludeslevelshiftsandcategoryshifts.Amongthem,levelshiftsfocusesonthedifferencesbetweentwolanguagesintermsofvocabulary,grammarandwordform.Wordformistheexternalexpressionofaword,anditisdifficulttoconverttheChinesephrasethroughoneEnglishword,soitismorecommontoconvertvocabularyandgrammarinthelevelshifts.Thecategoryshiftsanalyzedinfourmainaspects:structuralshift,categoryshift,unitshift,andinternalsystemshiftconversionbetweentwolanguages.Structuralconversionreferstothetranslationinwhichthemeaningofthesourcelanguageisbetterexpressedandmadeclearbyadjustingthestructureofcertainsentences.Forexample,whentranslatingthedefinitearticle,somerequirethedefinitearticletobeprepositionedandsomerequirethedefinitearticletobeputbehind.Thereisalsothesubject-passiverelationshipofsentences,withtheChinesemostlyusingactivesentencesandtheEnglishmostlyusingpassivesentences,whichisabigdifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish.Acategoryshiftisachangeinthelexicalnatureoftwolanguageswhentranslatingwords,morecommonlyashiftinverbsandnouns,verbsandprepositions,nounsandadjectives,andadjectivesandadverbs,etc.UnitshiftsmainlyreferstothetranslationbetweenChineseandEnglish,wherethecontentcontainedinaChinesewordisdifficulttobeexpressedbyanEnglishword,sothereisanequivalenttranslationofawordandaphrase,oraphraseandasentence.Thisoftenbetterexpressestheessentialmeaningofthesourcelanguage.Intra-systemshiftsmeansthatwecanfindthetermfromthetargetlanguagethatwewanttoexpressinthesourcelanguage,althoughthetwowordsthemselvesdonotcorrespondinmeaning,buttheexpressioneffectisthesamewhenplacedinasentence.2.2InfluenceofCatfordTranslationShiftTheoryonModernTranslationComparedwiththeearliertheoriesontranslationconversion,CatfordtranslationshifttheoryappliestheresearchresultsoflinguisticsandguidestheChinesetranslationindustrytowardsscientificresearch.“Categorizationanddescriptionofthewordandphraseleveloftranslationarerelativelydetailed,andCatford’sanalysisismorein-depthandcomprehensive.Forabstractconcepts,insteadoftranslatingword-for-word,itcantranslatebyparaphrasing”[1]3.“Thetheoryalsoprovesthatdirecttranslationandparaphraseareonlydifferentlevelsoftranslationtransformation,whichlargelysolvesthedebatebetweendirecttranslationandparaphrase”[2]42.Atthesametime,thetheoryalsohascertainlimitations.“Catforduseslinguistictheorytoexplainthephenomenonoftranslation,andbelievesthattranslationinvolvesonlylanguageissuesandissubordinatetoappliedlinguistics,whichisaratherone-sidedview”[3]40.Inaddition,theCatfordtranslationshifttheoryisnotconcernedwithspecificcriteriafortranslation,letalonethatitdoesnottakeintoaccountdeepsemantics,makingthetheoryincompleteandincomplete.Thetheoryisonlyapplicabletotranslationtransformationatthelevelofsentencesandbelow,andcannotbeusedtoanalyzetranslationbeyondthelevelofsentences,suchasparagraphsandchapters.ChapterThreeCaseStudyinGovernmentWorkReportApplyingtranslationshifttheorytopractice,fullyunderstandthechoiceofvocabularyandtheuseofgrammarthroughcasestudies.Inthischapter,casestudieswillbecitedtoexamineexpressionsingovernmentworkreportsintermsoflevelshiftsandcategoryshifts.Andthenfurtherunderstandingtranslationshifttheory.3.1CaseStudyofLevelShiftsChineseexpressionsarecasualandnatural,incontrast,Englishismoreconcernedwiththestructureofthelanguage,soitisimportanttoanalyzedetailssuchastensewhentranslatingintoEnglish.3.1.1TenseShiftsChineseexpressionsdonothavespecialgrammaticalrequirements,soverbsinChinesesentencesdonotinvolvetensechanges.Chineseusuallyuseswordsorcharactersthatexplicitlyindicatetimetoindicatethetenseinwhichtheactionoccurs,suchas“昨天”、“自從”、“已經(jīng)”、“了”indicatetheactionorstatethathappenedinthepast.Thewords“明天”、“下個(gè)月”、“將來”andsoonindicatethefutureactionorstatetohappen;“正在”indicatestheactioninprogress;andthepresenttensegenerallydoesnotaddotherwords.However,itisworthnotingthatsomeChinesesentencesaretranslatedintoEnglishwithoutanyobvioustensemarkersintheChinesesentences,butwecanunderstanditstensebyrelatingittothecontext.（1）落實(shí)常態(tài)化防控舉措，保障了人民生命和身體健康，維護(hù)了正常生產(chǎn)生活秩序。Implementationofcontrolmeasuresbecameroutine.Weensuredthehealthandsafetyofthepeopleandmaintainednormalorderinworkandlife.（2）今年將召開中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第二十次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)，是黨和國(guó)家事業(yè)發(fā)展進(jìn)程中十分重要的一年。ThisyearisofgreatsignificanceinthecauseofthePartyandthecountry,astheCommunistPartyofChinawillholdits20thNationalCongress.（3）中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)一定能頂住新的下行壓力，必將行穩(wěn)致遠(yuǎn)。ThereisnodoubtbutthatChina’seconomywillwithstandanynewdownwardpressureandcontinuegrowingsteadilylongintothefeature.（4）2013年以來新增的涉稅市場(chǎng)主體去年納稅達(dá)到4.76萬億元。Lastyear,revenuegeneratedfromtaxpayingmarketentitiesregisteredsince2013reached4.76trillionyuan.（5）局部疫情時(shí)有發(fā)生。 LocalCovid-19casesarestilloccurringsporadically.（6）全球疫情仍在持續(xù)，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇動(dòng)力不足，大宗商品價(jià)格高位波動(dòng)，外部環(huán)境更趨于復(fù)雜嚴(yán)峻和不確定。TheCovid-19pandemicisstillongoing.Theworldeconomicrecoverylacksdrive,andcommoditypricesremainhighandarepronetofluctuation.Theabovesixexamplesarealltenseshiftsinlevel.Theword“了”inexample（1）indicatestheachievementofimplementingregularpreventionandcontrol,indicatingthattheactionoccurredinthepast.WhentranslatedintoEnglish,thepasttenseoftheverbshouldbeused.Theword“將”inexample（2）indicatesthattheactionhasnotyetoccurredandisplannedtobedoneinthefuture,sothegeneralfuturetenseoftheverbisusedwhentranslatingintoEnglish.Inexample（3）,wecanunderstandfromthecontextualanalysisthatthissentenceisagoodmessageforthefuture,expressingahope,sothegeneralfuturetenseoftheverbisusedinthetranslation.Inexample（4）,thewords“2013年以來”indicatethattheactiontookplaceinthepast,sotheverbistranslatedinthegeneralpasttense.Inexample（5）,thewords“時(shí)有發(fā)生”indicatethattheactionhasbeenongoing,sotheongoingtenseisusedtoexpressthecontinuityoftheaction.Inexample（6）,thephrase“仍在持續(xù)”indicatesthattheactionhasprogressedfromthepasttothepresent,sothepredicateverbinthesentenceistranslatedinthegeneralpresenttense.3.1.2SingularandPluralNumbersShiftsThesingular-pluralphenomenonisacommongrammaticalphenomenoninEnglish,wherenounscanbedividedintocountableanduncountablenouns.Countablenounshavesingularandpluralformswhenapplied.Thesingularisusedtorepresentone,andthepluralisusedtorepresenttwoormore.ThisisrarelyemphasizedinChinese,butitisimportanttopayattentiontothispointwhentranslating.Forexample,thewords“許多、不少、一些”areusedinChinese.（1）著力穩(wěn)定宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)大盤，繼續(xù)做好“六穩(wěn)”、“六?！惫ぷ?。Achievingstablemacroeconomicperformance,Wemustcontinuetoensurestabilityonsixfrontandmaintainsecurityinsixareas.（2）少數(shù)干部不擔(dān)當(dāng)、不作為、亂作為。Asmallnumberofofficialseithershirktheirresponsibilities,failtodotheirjobs,orbehaveirresponsibly.（3）一些地方財(cái)政收支矛盾加大。Thebudgetaryimbalancesofsomelocalgovernmentshavebecomemorepronounced.（4）完成國(guó)企改革三年行動(dòng)任務(wù)，加快國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)布局優(yōu)化和結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整。Wewillcompletethethree-yearactionplanforSOEreform,movefastertoadjustandimprovethelayoutandstructureofthestate-ownedsector.Theabovefourexamplesareallsingularandpluralshiftsinlevelshifts.The“六穩(wěn)”inexample（1）referstostableemployment,stablefinance,stableforeigntrade,stableinvestment,stableforeigninvestment,andstableinvestment.The“六?！眗efertoensuringemploymentforresidents,basiclivelihood,marketplayers,foodandenergysecurity,supplychainstability,andgrassrootsoperation.Itissixareasandsixaspects.Therefore,thepluralisused.Theterm“少數(shù)”inexample（2）referstoasmallgroupofpeople,soitisexpressedintheplural.Inexample（3）,“一些”alsohasapluralmeaning.Thisisthepointtonotewhentranslatingtechnicalterms.Notallnounsmodifiedbynumbersaretranslatedinthepluralform,andspecificanalysisisrequired.3.2CaseStudyofCategoryShiftsThecategoryshiftsareincludedfourparts,suchasstructuralshifts,classshifts,unitsshiftsandintra-systemshifts.DuetothedifferentlinguisticsystemsofChineseandEnglish,translationsoftenrequiretheshiftthetwolanguages,requiringappropriateadjustmentstothelanguagestructure,takingintoaccountthegrammaticalandculturalcontext.3.2.1StructuralShiftsStructuraltransformationreferstothechangeinthestructureofasentencefromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage,mainlymanifestingasachangeingrammaticalstructure.Thestructureofthesentencechangesfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage.Therefore,itmustbesomelogicaldifferencesinexpressionsordifferencesinlanguageconventions.Forexample:activeandpassivesentences,prepositionandpostpositionofthedefinitearticle.（1）提高優(yōu)撫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Thebasicpensionforretireeswasincreased.Example（1）isastructuralconversionincategoryconversion.Thissentenceisaconversionbetweenactiveandpassivesentences.Thissentencedoesnothaveasubject,sowhentranslatingintoEnglish,accordingtothecontext,thereisnoobvioussubjectofthesentencehere,soforthesakeofbrevityandclarity,apassivesentenceisusedforexpression.（2）加快發(fā)展保障性租賃住房。Government-subsidizedrentalhousingwasincreasedatafastpace.Example（2）isastructuralshiftinthecategoryshift.WhentranslatingfromChinesetoEnglish,asentencewithoutasubjectcanbetranslatedeitherbyaddingasubjectorbytranslatingitintoapassiveform,whichiswhatisusedhere,choosingpassiveformtoavoidthelongandcomplexsentences.（3）經(jīng)濟(jì)增速預(yù)期目標(biāo)的設(shè)定，主要考慮穩(wěn)就業(yè)保民生防風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的需要。Theaboveeconomicgrowthtargetisbasedmainlyontheneedtomaintainstableemployment,meetbasiclivingneeds,andguardagainstrisks.Example（3）isapostpositionofthedefinitearticleinthestructuralshiftofthecategoryshift.Thedefinitearticleusuallymodifiesandqualifiesthenoun,herethenounis“穩(wěn)就業(yè)”、“保民生”.InChinese,weareusedtosaythemodifierfirstandthenthekeypart,whileinEnglish,weareusedtosaythekeycomponentfirstandthenthemodifier,andwhenthedefinitepartistoolong,itisusuallyputafter.Therefore,whentranslatingintoEnglish,thenounissaidfirstandthenthedefinitearticle.（4）加強(qiáng)生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)，促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，鞏固藍(lán)天、碧水、凈土保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)成果。Westrengthenedenvironmentalprotectionandpromotedsustainabledevelopment,weconsolidatedourgainsinkeepingtheskiesblue,waterclear,andlandpollution-free.“Formodifiersandcentralwords,thelengthofthewordsofthemodifiercanbeusedinthetranslationtodeterminewhetherthedefinitearticleisprepositionalorpostpositional.”[4]74Example4showsthedefenceofwarasthecentralwordandthebluesky,bluewaterandcleanlandasthepostpositionaldefinitearticle.InChinese,whenanadjectivemodifiesanoun,thepositionoftheadjectiveisrelativelysingleandfixed,usuallyplacedbeforethenounitmodifies,andthenumberisoftenfromonetomore;inEnglish,whenanadjectivemodifiesanoun,itspositionisflexibleandvariable,andtheadjectivecanbeplacedbeforeorafterthecentralword.Inordertoreducetheburdenonthecentralwordandavoidtheeffectofasentencethatistop-heavy.Whenmoreadjectivesmodifythecentralword,theadjectiveisusuallyplacedafterthecentralword.3.2.2ClassShiftsClassshiftsreferstothetranslationofwordsinwhichthelexicalnatureofthetwolanguagesischanged.Themorecommononesaretheconversionofverbsandnouns,verbsandprepositions,nounsandadjectives,andadjectivesandadverbs,etc.（1）扎實(shí)穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)農(nóng)村改革發(fā)展。Wewillsteadilyandprudentlyadvanceruralreformanddevelopment.Theaboveexampleistheconversionfromadjectivetoadverbinthecategoryconversion.Theverbinthissentenceis“穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)”,sotheprecedingadjectiveisusedtomodifytheverb,andtheadjectivesusedinthetranslationaresteadilyandprudently,toexpresstheorderlyprocessofadvancement.（2）推進(jìn)質(zhì)量強(qiáng)國(guó)建設(shè)，推動(dòng)產(chǎn)業(yè)向中高端邁進(jìn)。WewillcontinueeffortstobuildChinaintoamanufacturerofquality.Theaboveexampleisaconversionfromanountoanadjectiveinthecategory.Both“質(zhì)量”and“強(qiáng)國(guó)”inthissentencearenouns,however,intheEnglishexpression,strongischosenasthecentralword,andtheword“quality”isexpressedintheformofaprepositionplusanoun.Itisusedtomodifytheword“strong”.3.2.3UnitShiftsUnitshiftsmainlyreferstothetranslationbetweenChineseandEnglish,whereaChinesewordcontainscontentthatisdifficulttoexpressthroughanEnglishword,sothereis,forexample,anequivalenttranslationofawordandaphrase,oraphraseandasentence.Thisoftenbetterexpressestheessentialmeaningofthesourcelanguage.（1）開展黨史學(xué)習(xí)教育。WecarriedoutactivitiestostudythehistoryoftheCPC.Theword“開展”inexample（1）isaverbinChinese,buttherearefewwordsinEnglishthatcanexpressitsmeaningaccurately,sothetranslationusesaverbphraseinEnglish.Thismakestheexpressionmoreauthentic.（2）發(fā)揮好政策性、開發(fā)性金融作用。Wewillmakegooduseofpolicy-backedanddevelopmentfinance.Theword“發(fā)揮”inexample（2）isaChinesephrasethatmeans“tomakegooduseof”,soaphraseisusedheretoexpressit.（3）我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展面臨需求收縮、供給沖擊、預(yù)期轉(zhuǎn)弱三重壓力。Inpursingeconomicdevelopment,Chinaisunderthetriplepressuresofshrinkingdemand,disruptedsupplyandweakeningexpectations.Inexample（3）,thephrase“面臨…三重壓力”usessubject-verbandprepositionalinterchange.Demandcontraction,supplypressure,andweakeningexpectationsareseenasadjectivestomodifythepressure.Thisincreasesthereadabilityofthesentence,makingiteasiertounderstandandclearertoexpress.（4）脫離實(shí)際、背離群眾意愿現(xiàn)象屢有發(fā)生。Casesofbecomingdetachedfromrealityandactingagainstthepublicwillarestillfrequent.Inexample（4）,“脫離實(shí)際”and“背離群眾”aretwoverypoliticalChinesewords,meaningtodothingsimpracticallyandagainstthewillofthepeople.Whentranslatingsuchfour-characterwords,wecanusethedirecttranslationmethodwhendirecttranslationispossible,andfurtherexplainthewordswhendirecttranslationisnotpossible,soastotranslatetheinnermeaningofthemandexpressthemeaningofthesourcelanguageclearly.Sohereweusetwoparallelsmallphrasesasthesubjectofthesentence.Clearlyandaccuratelyshowthemeaningofthesourcelanguage.（5）務(wù)必使基層落實(shí)惠企利民政策更有能力、更有動(dòng)力。Itisimperativethatlocalgovernmentsarebothableandmotivatedtocarryoutpoliciesthatwillbenefitbusinessesandpeople.Example（5）isaconversionbetweenawordandasentence.Theword“務(wù)必”meanshowitshouldbedoneoritisverynecessarytodosomething.Itisverycommoninpoliticalessays,andhereanemphaticsentenceisusedtotranslate,showingthestrengthanddeterminationofthedecision.Italsohighlightstheimageofabigcountrythatalwayspaysattentiontopeople’slivelihoodandcaresaboutthem.3.2.4Intra-SystemShiftsIntra-systemshiftsmeansthat,forsomewordexpressions,itisdifficulttofindwordswithexactlythesamemeaningfromChineseandEnglish,butwecanfindtermsfromthetargetlanguagethatareidenticaltowhatwewanttoexpressinthesourcelanguage,andalthoughthetwowordsthemselvesdonotcorrespondinmeaning,theexpressionsplacedinthesentencehavethesameeffect.（1）加強(qiáng)資金調(diào)度，確保退稅減稅這項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵性舉措落實(shí)到位，為企業(yè)雪中送炭，助企業(yè)煥發(fā)生機(jī)。Toallocatefundsmoreeffectively,wemustensurethatthecriticallyimportantpolicyoftaxrefundsandcutstakesfulleffect,inordertoprovideenterpriseswithtimelyassistanceandhelpthemgeneratefreshvitality.（2）今年我國(guó)發(fā)展面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)挑戰(zhàn)明顯增多，必須爬坡過坎。Thisyear,ourcountrywillencountermanymorerisksandchallenges,andwemustkeeppushingtoovercomethem.（3）防止政策執(zhí)行“一刀切”、層層加碼，持續(xù)為基層減負(fù)。Wewillavoidaone-size-fits-allapproach,refrainfrommakinglocalgovernmentstakeexcessivepolicysteps,andcontinueeasingtheburdensonthoseworkingontheground.（4）各項(xiàng)幫扶政策都要給予傾斜，支持這些行業(yè)企業(yè)挺得住、過難關(guān)、有奔頭。Supportpolicieswillbeweightedmoreheavilytowardenterprisesinthesesectorstohelpthemstayafloatandgetthroughchallengingtimeswithbrightprospects.Theabovefourexamplesareallinternalsystemshiftsincategoryshifts.Asanofficialpoliticaltopicofgovernmentreports,someemergingChinesespecialvocabularywillappeareveryyear.However,duetothedifferenthistoricalbackgroundsandculturesofdifferentcountries,itisoftendifficulttofindthecorrespondingwordsinEnglish,andinthiscase,weoftenusethemethodofparaphrasing,i.e.,expressingtheinnermeaning.Forexample,“雪中送炭”inexample（1）meanstogivematerialhelpwhensomeoneisinurgentneedinChinese.Inthiscase,throughcontextualanalysis,weknowthatitistoincreasethedispatchoffunds,implementthetaxrebateandtaxreductionpolicy,andpromotethedevelopmentofenterprises.Soweuse“providewithtimelyassistance”.Inexample（2）,thephrase“爬坡過坎”referstothechallengeoffacingthedifficultiesorrisksonChina’sroad,andtorisetothechallengewithoutfearofhardship.Therefore,theword“overcome”showsthatwearefullofenergyandconfidenceonthewayforward.Wewilldefinitelybravethedifficultiesandrisksandgoforward.Inexample（3）,thephrase“一刀切、層層加碼、基層減負(fù)”hasstrongpoliticalovertones.InChinese,“一刀切”referstothestrongimplementationoforderswithoutregardtotheactualsituation.“層層加碼”meansthatinsteadofeffectivelyworkingforthewell-beingofthepeople,additionalthresholdsareaddedandrestrictionsareseteverywhere.ApolicyproposedbytheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinatoreducetheburdenatthegrassrootslevelisaimedatenablinggrassrootscadrestobettersolveproblemsanddopracticalworkforthepeople.Heretheword“基層”istranslatedinto“workontheground”,whichmakesthetranslationeasiertounderstandandfitsthemeaningoftheoriginaltext,andrealizestheinternalsystemconversion.Inexample（4）,thethreephrases“挺得住、過難關(guān)、有奔頭”areChinesewords,whichmeanthatthegovernmentshouldprovidepolicysupporttohelpenterprisesandtheindustrytofunctionnormally,relievethepressureontheindustry,andhaveconfidenceandhopeforthefuture,refusingtoslackenoffinthedoldrums,againstacomplexandchangingbackground.Sohere,theword“穩(wěn)得住”istranslatedas“stayafloat”and“過難關(guān)”istranslatedasthephrase“getthroughchallengingtimes”isfollowedbytheaccompanyingstructure,and“brightprospects”isusedtoexpressthemeaningof“有奔頭”.ThisChinesephraseiscleverlylinkedbythreelittleEnglishphrases.ChapterFourThePromotionofTranslationShiftTheoryforCulturalExchangeSomeChineseliterarytermsareabstractanditisdifficulttoconveytheirintrinsicmeaningthroughoneortwoEnglishwords.UnderstandingthewayofthinkingandexpressioninEnglishandChinesefacilitatesaccurateoutputofthetargetlanguageandavoidsambiguity.4.1BreakingthroughUntranslatabilityinLiteraryTranslationWiththeprogressofeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopment,China’sinternationalstatushasincreasedsignificantly,andithasbecomemoreandmoreimportanttotelltheChinesestoriesandspreadChineseculture,anddiplomacyisakeyparttoletcountriesunderstandChina.Translationasacross-culturalcommunicationactivity,fromthetranslationofBuddhistscripturesintheEasternHanDynastytothetranslationofscienceandtechnologyintheMingandQingDynastiestothetranslationofWesternstudiesinthelateMingDynasty,hascontinuouslyspreadnewideasandnewcultures.Forexample,DreamoftheRedChamber,aclassicalnovelwithastrongtraditionalChineseculture,hasbeentranslatedintoEnglishintworelativelyperfectversionssofar.OneofthemistranslatedbyYangXianYi,andtheotheristranslatedbyHawks.Theformernotonlyattachesimportancetothesemanticequivalenceoftheoriginaltextandthetranslation,butalsoinvolvesrichculturalconnotationsinthetranslation.TheuseoftranslationshifttheorytoskillfullycoordinateandflexiblydealwiththeobscureandincomprehensibleinliteraryworkswillhelpChineseclassicliteraturetogoglobal.4.2RecognizingDifferencesinExpressionsbetweenChineseandEnglishIntheexamplesofcategoryshifts,itcanbeseenthatEnglishisaboutgrammaticalstructure,whileChineseismoreflexibleandhasnofixedexpressions.Therefore,whentranslating,somewordsinChinesecanbeusedasbothnounsandverbs,andsometimesaverbphrasecanbetranslatedintoacompletesentenceinEnglish.ThisisthedifferenceinthewayofthinkingandexpressionbetweenChineseandEnglish,whichrequiresunderstandingtheculturebehindthelanguageandaccuratelytranslatingauthenticexpressions.Theprimarypurposeoftranslationistofacilitateculturalexchange,butthequestionishowtodoiteffectively.ThisrequiresaclearunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish.Therearethreemainaspects.First,Chineseisgoodatusingshortsentences,andcommasareoftenusedtoconnectsentencestoeachother.Englishisgoodatusinglongsentences,andtherearemorecompoundsentenceinthetext.Second,Chineseisgoodatusingverbsandisadynamiclanguage,withmultipleverbsinasentence.Englishusesnounswellandisastaticlanguage.Third,Chineseisameaningfullanguage,withfewconjunctionsbetweensentences.Englishisamorphologicallanguage,withmoreconjunctionsbetweensentences.Therefore,whentranslating,weshouldfirstfindthemainbodyofthesentence,determinethecoreverbs,treatothernon-coreverbsasconstituentsorclauses,andselectcertainconjunctionswhennecessarytoensurethesmoothnessofthesentence.Conveyingtheinnermeaning,whilemakingthetranslationsimpleandclear.ChapterFiveConclusionThispaperanalyzestheEnglishtranslationofthe2022governmentworkreportfromtwoaspects:levelshiftsandcategoryshifts,basedonthetheoreticalbasisofCatfordtranslationshifttheory.Itstudiestheapplicationofthetheoryinthegovernmentworkreportandexplorestheguidingmeaningofitstheoryfortranslation,soastobetterusethetheoryinpractice.Here,theauthorhasthefollowingexperiences:First,maintainthefidelityandrigoroftheoriginaltext.Thegovernmentworkreportisanimportantlinktoshowtheimageofabigcountryandpromotethecultureofabigcountry.Scientificandaccuratetranslationoftheessentialmeaningoftheoriginalreport,especiallythedeepermeaningbehindthevocabularyofChinesecharacteristics,willcausemisunderstandingtoforeignreadersandbringnegativeimpacttoChinaifitisnottranslatedproperly.Therefore,youshouldmakeuseofthehelpofChinese-EnglishdictionariesandEnglish-Englishdictionariestotranslate,andkeepabreastofcurrentaffairsandthelatestdevelopmentsinChinatoensurethatyouunderstandtheessentialmeaningofspecialandemergingwords,sothatthetranslationismoreaccurateandstandardized,avoidingambiguitiesandmisunderstandings.Second,standardizationandunity.Payattentiontothestandardizationandunificationoflanguagewords,andunifytheChinesecharacteristicwordsthatappearrepeatedlyinthearticle,sothatthewordcannothavemultipleexpressions.Duetothedifferentculturalbackgrounds,whentranslating,itisnecessarytodeeplyunderstandtheinnermeaningofthevocabularyinordertoestablishtheimageofabigcountryandsafeguarditsinterests.Forexample,termssuchas“thefirstcentenarygoal”and“th