外研社版高一英語詞匯和語法講義(上)

高一英語高一英語同步強化培訓(xùn)詞匯和語法朱翀

Module1Europe重點概括：核心詞匯：across,off,face,popular,famous,influence,none,sign,核心短語： looklike..becauseof,eversince,incommon,referto,intermsof,ontheotherhand,belongto重點語法：一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)和一般過去時的被動語態(tài)；主謂一致補充語法：倍數(shù)的表達核心詞匯：acrossacross,through,over與past[教材原文]FranceisEurope’sthirdlargestcountryandfacestheUnitedKingdomacrosstheEnglishChannel.(教材P1)[釋義]詞條詞性含義用法例句acrossprep.經(jīng)過，跨過動作在某物體表面進行，跨越其范圍Heswamacrosstheriver.在另一邊，在對面Theylivejustacrosstheroadadv./adj穿過，從一邊到另一邊Theriverismorethantenmetersacross交叉Hewasstandingwitharmsacrossthroughprep通過、經(jīng)過、穿過動作在某物體內(nèi)部穿過，有時也表跨越Hewalkedthroughthecrowdandfoundhismother.overprep.跨越、越過動作從物體上方跨過（尤其是浮在正上方，飛過、跳過、飄過等）Heclimbedoverthewallandranaway.pastprep.經(jīng)過動作從物體旁邊過，強調(diào)經(jīng)過、經(jīng)歷Heranpastmewithoutgreetings.Itwindsitswayfromwesttoeast,acrossdeserts，overmountains,throughvalleys,tillatlastitreachesthesea.常見collocation：justacross?Heknewthatjustacrosstheborderlayfreedom.rightacross?Teachersareexpectedtoteacharangeofsubjectsrightacrossthecurriculum.rightacross?Someone’sparkedrightacrosstheentrancetothedriveway.straightacrossTheyranstraightacrosstheroad.comeacross:tomeet,findordiscoversomeoneorsomethingbychanceIcameacrossanolddiaryinherdesk.I’venevercomeacrossanyonequitelikeherbefore.PracticeHesuddenlysawSue___________theroom.Hepushedhisway_____________thecrowdofpeopletogettoher.A.across,across B.over,throughC.over,into D.across,through高考真題Therewerealotofpeoplestandingatthedoorandthesmallgirlcouldn’tget.（06全國卷2）A.betweenB.throughC.acrossD.beyond——Guesswhat!Icameacrossanoldfriendatthepartylastnight.——____________I’msureyouhadawonderfultime.(2004遼寧)A.Soundsgood! B.Verywell. C.Hownice! D.Allright.Thepracticeofhangingclothesacrossthestreetisacommon____________inmanypartsofthecity.（2007安徽）A.look B.sign C.sight D.appearanceIfyoureallyhavetoleaveduringthemeeting,you’dbetterleave_____________thebackdoor.（2008北京）A.for B.by C.across D.outIfwecan____________ourpresentdifficulties,theneverythingshouldbeallright.（2007湖北）A.comeacross B.getoverC.comeover D.getoffIcanhardlyimaginePeteracrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sail B.tosail C.sailing D.tohavesailedarchitectOrigin:[Greek]fromarchi-(→ARCH-)+tekton‘builder’拓展：architecturecontinental拓展：intercontinentaltranscontinentalfacen.臉、表情pretty/beautiful/handsomeetcround/oval/squarethin/narrowpale/darksad/serioushappy/smiling?Shelleylookedatthechildren’shappyfaces.agrinningface?Helookeddownattheboy’sgrinningface.angry?Beth’sangryfacestaredfiercelyatherhusband.worried/anxious?Myfatherwatchedusgowithaworriedface.puzzled?Helookedathisson’spuzzledface.blank/impassive:showingnoemotionorthoughts?Whatwasshereallythinkingbehindthatblankface?wrinkled?Hiswrinkledfacemustoncehavebeenhandsome.alongface?anunhappyexpression?What’sthelongfacefor?vt.面對faceaproblem?Shetoldmeaboutsomeoftheproblemsshewasfacing.faceadifficulty?Thehotel’sownerswerefacingfinancialdifficulties.faceachallenge?Thecoalindustryfacesseriouschallenges.faceadanger?Hehasthecouragetofacedangerinspiteoffear.faceanuncertain/difficultfuture?Thecompanyisfacinganuncertainfuture.befacedwithsomething面臨_________withanewchallenge,wehavetostudyharder.A.Face B.Facing C.Faced D.Toface句型轉(zhuǎn)換_Facingthedifficultsituation,Idecidedtoaskmyparentsforadvice___________，Idecidedtoaskmyparentsforadvice.faceuptosomethingphrasalverb：接受現(xiàn)實并面對、處理They’llnevergiveyouanotherjob;youshouldfaceuptoit.Shehadtofaceuptothefactthathewasguilty.in(the)faceofcompetition(fromsomebody/something)面臨……的挑戰(zhàn)高考真題The_____________onhisfacetoldmethathewasangry.（06湖北）A.impressionB.sightC.appearanceD.expression__________achievement,lastweek’sministerialmeetingoftheWTOhereearnedalow,thoughnotfailing,grade.（06湖南）A.IntermsofB.IncaseofC.AsaresultofD.Infaceof____________withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.（20XX年四川）A.Faced B.Face C.Facing D.TofaceFacedwithabillfor$10,000,_______.（06陜西）A.JohnhastakenanextrajobB.thebosshasgivenjohnanextrajobC.anextrajobhasbeentakenD.anextrajobhasbeengiventoJohnbelocatedin/nearetcsomethingPLACEtobeinaparticularpositionorplaceSYNbesituated[教材原文]ParisisthecapitalandlargestcityofFrance,situatedontheRiverSeine.(教材P2)situatedontheRiverSeine為形容詞短語作定語。situated同義located。形容詞短語作定語時，一般后置，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。Tom,dressedinhisfavoriteclothes，wenttoschoolhappily.be situatedin/on/to...=belocatedin/on/to..=liein/on/to..形容詞作定語一般置于名詞前。形容詞修飾不定代詞時要后置。Nothingserioushappened.沒肴發(fā)生嚴重的事情。以a**開頭的表語形容詞作定語時要后置。Theboyasleepismyyoungerbrother.成對的形容詞作定語時要后置。Shehasmanypencils,blueandred.作形容詞時，放在名詞前后均可。Ihaveenoughfood.Ihavebooksenough.[高考真題]Ideally_________________forBroadwaytheatresandFifthAvenue，theNewYorkParkhotelisafavouritewithmanyguests. (上海高考）A.locating B.beinglocatedC.havingbeenlocated D.locatedmountainrangeagroupofmountainsorhills,usuallyinalinepopular[教材原文]ThemostpopularplacefortouristsistheEiffelTower,thefamoussymbolofParis.[教材P2][用法](1)Jeansarepopularamongtheyoung,(adj.受歡迎的)(2)I’d liketolistentopopularmusicwhileworking.(Adj.流行的)(3)Thepricesofhousesandgoodsareissuesofpopularconcern,{adj.大眾的，普遍的）(4)It’s popularlybelievedthatJohnisinnocent.（adv.普遍地）(5)Herbookshavegrowninpopularityrecently,(n.受歡迎的狀態(tài)，流行，普及)(6)Theuseofpersonalcomputersshouldbepopularized.（使受歡迎;使普及）because[教材原文]FlorenceisanItaliancitywhichbecamefamousbecauseoftheRenaissance.[近義詞解析]詞條含義位置闖法becauseof因為，由于主句前或后在句中一般用作狀語owingto由于，因為主句前或后作狀語，所引導(dǎo)的短語修飾全句，置于主句后時，嚴格講應(yīng)用逗號與主句隔開dueto由于主句后在句中多用作表語或定語asaresultof由于……主句前或后用作狀語onaccountof因……的緣故，由于主句前或后用作狀語thanksto幸虧，多虧大多位于主句前，也可位于主句后用作狀語，可以用于正面含義“謝謝”，也可用于諷刺口吻(1)Theyhadtostayathomebecauseoftheheavyrain.(2)Owingtomyabsence,theyhadtoputofftheclassmeetingtillnextweek.(3)His failureisduetothefactthathelacksofexperience.(4)Asaresultofthepilots’strike，allflightshadtobecancelled.(5)Thetrainarrivedlateonaccountofaheavysnow.(6)Thankstoyourhelp,Ipassedthetest.(7)I’vegotconfused，thankstoyourdisturbance.[高考真題]Jennynearlymissedtheflight______________doingtoomuchshopping.(全國高考)A.asaresultof B.ontopofC.infrontof D.inneedofnone詞條含義用法備注.none沒有一人，沒有—個可接of短語；做主語時，口語或非正式文體中，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，正式的書面語中用單數(shù)可用來回答howmany/much提問的句子noone沒有一人不接of短語，謂語用單數(shù)，只指人nobody沒有人只指人，不接of短語用來回答who引導(dǎo)的問句核心短語：befamousforsecondlargestcityeversinceincommonreferto重點語法：被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)可以理解為“主語+系動詞+主語的狀態(tài)、屬性”其他常見系動詞look，sound，feel，smell，taste,appear,seem,go，prove,become，keep主動表被動表示開始、結(jié)束、運動的詞，如begin，start，finish,open,close，stop，end,shut，run,moveThiscoatdrieseasily.Thematchwon’tcatch.表示主語的某種屬性、特征的動詞，如read,write,act,cut,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,close,look，eat，dry，drink,catch等Thebooksareprinting.Themeatiscooking.少數(shù)動詞用于進行時，其主動形式表示被動含義，如print,cook,fry,hand，build,make等介詞in/on/under/beyond等+名詞”構(gòu)成介詞短語表示被動意義undertreatment,undercontrol,underrepair,underconstruction,inprint,onshow,beyondbelief主謂一致1、HYPERLINK作狀語,有下列幾種情況：[A]放在不及物動詞(come,go,stop,finish,wait等詞)的后面。如：Hecametoseeheryesterday.(他昨天來看望她)(表示來的目的)/Istoppedtohavearest.(我停下來休息一會兒)(表示停下來的目的)[B]放在完整的謂語之后(即“謂語+賓語”、“謂語+賓語+補語”、“動詞+表語”之后)。如：Wecleanedtheroomtolethimplayinit.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/Iopenedthewindowtoseemoreclearly.(我打開窗子以便看得更清楚點兒)[C]有時表示目的的不定式短語可以放在句首。如：Toarrivethereontime,Igotuponehourearlierthanusual.(為了按時到達,我們比平時早起了一個小時)(表示早起的目的)[注意]stoptodo與stopdoing的不同。如：Theystoppedtohavealook.(他們停下來看看)(不定式作“停下來”的目的狀語)/Theystoppedlookingoutofthewindowandbegantolistentotheteahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開始聽老師講課)(動名詞作賓語,表示“停止”的內(nèi)容)⑦動詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語,限用于連系動詞之后。如：Myjobistokeepthegoal.(我的工作就是守住球門)⑧動詞不定式可以在句子中用作復(fù)合賓語中的賓語補足語。謂語動詞(vt.)+賓語(人/物)+不定式(作賓語補足語)ask(請)/tell(關(guān)照)/teach(教)/want(想要)/wouldlike(想要)/get(讓)/help(幫)/invite(邀請)/like(喜歡)/warn(警告)/+sb./sth.+to(do)make(使得)/let(讓)/hear(聽)/see(看)/feel(感覺)/watch(觀看)/have(使得)/help(幫助)+sb./sth.+(do)如：Mumaskedmetohelpherwiththecooking.(媽媽叫我?guī)椭鲲?/Iwouldlikeyoutoseemyparents.(我想要你見見我的父母)/Thebossoftenmadetheworkerswork14hoursaday.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時)/Nowletmehearyouplaytheviolin.(現(xiàn)在讓我來聽你拉小提琴)[注意]help之后做賓補的不定式符號to可以省略；hear/see/feel/watch之后的賓補用不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞時,含義不同,需特別注意,(參見現(xiàn)在分詞部分)。試比較：IheardhercryingwhenIwalkedpast.(我路過時聽到她正在哭)(指當(dāng)時瞬間的情況)Isatnearherandheardhersingthenewsong.(我坐在她附近聽她唱新歌)(指整個過程)補充語法but+不定式動詞不定式作介詞的賓語，一般用“疑問詞wh-+不定式”，但在表“除外”的but,except等少數(shù)介詞后面，可用帶to的不定式Thenthecold-bloodedanimalshadnochoicebuttoliedownandsleep.然后冷血動物沒有別的選擇只好躺下睡覺。Ihavenochoicebuttogo.我別無選擇，只有走。不定式前如有實義動詞do的各種形式時，省略不定式符號toThelittlegirldidnothingbutcry.那個小女孩什么也不做只是哭。Thereisnothinglefttodobutwaitthereforhelp.沒有別的可做，只好在那兒等待幫助。在can’tbutdo…（只好做 ）can'thelpbutdo(不得不做……）can’tchoosebutdo（沒有選擇，只能做）結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式不帶toHecan’tchoosebutaccepttheoffer.他別無選擇，只能接受提議。Ican’thelpbutadmirehiscourage.我不得不佩服他的勇氣。

Module5GreatPeopleandGreatInventionsofAncientChina重點概括：核心詞匯：other,all,one,equal,order,found,sense,contribution,argument,until,condition核心短語：bringup,inconclusion重點語法：限制性定語從句補充語法：“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”定語從句核心詞匯：otheralloneequalorderfoundsensecontributionargumentuntilcondition核心短語：bringupinconclusion重點語法：限制性定語從句HYPERLINK定語從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語用修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。①定語從句的位置：放在名詞或代詞的后面。如：Themanwhohasanumbrellainhishandismyuncle.(手上抓了一把雨傘的人是我的叔叔。)②語法術(shù)語的改變：被修飾的名詞或代詞稱為先行詞；引導(dǎo)定語從句的連接詞稱為關(guān)系詞,其中that、which、who稱為關(guān)系代詞,where、when、how稱為關(guān)系副詞。③關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的作用：關(guān)系代詞who、whom和whose指人,分別在從句中作主語、賓語和定語。which指物that多指物,有時也指人,它們在從句中可以作主語或賓語。定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作從句賓語時可以省略。Thisisthethief(that/who/whom)wehavebeenlookingforthesedays.(這個就是我們近日一直在找的小偷。)/Pleasefindaroomwhichisbigenoughforallofustolivein.(請找一間足夠大能住下我們?nèi)w的房間。)關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo)定語從句時,它們在從句中分別作時間狀語和地點狀語。如：Thisistheroomwheretheyhadaquarrelaweekago.(這是一個星期前他們吵架的房間。)/IcanneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstsawyou.(我永遠不會忘記第一次見到你的日子。)④限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句在句中不能省略,否則主句意思就不完整。非限制性定語從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開,這種從句是一種附加說明,如果從句子中省去,也不致于影響主句的意思。如：Shespentthewholeeveningtalkingaboutherlatestbook,whichnoneofushadheardof.(她一個晚上都在談?wù)撍罱臅?我們一個人都沒有聽說過那本書。)[注解]1、關(guān)系代詞只能用that的情況：當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的不定代詞(all,anything等),或先行詞部分含有最高級,或含有序數(shù)詞時,不能用其他的關(guān)系代詞,只能用that.如：AllthatLilytoldmeseemsuntrue.(Lily告訴我的話似乎不真實。)/Canyougivemeanythingthathasnosugarinside?(能不能給我點里面沒有糖的東西？)/Thisisthefirsttwo-storybusthatrunsinourcity.(這是第一輛運行于我市的雙層公交車。)2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時一般用who(指人)、that(指物),而不用that指人或用which指物。如：Doyouknowthewomanwhoisweepinginthecorner?(你認識那個在角落里哭泣的女人嗎？)/Donottellmeanywordsthathavenothingtodowithme.(跟我無關(guān)的話,請一個字也不要說。)3、關(guān)系代詞作從句的賓語時,常用which或whom,較少使用that或who,而且,關(guān)系代詞常常省略。如：Tom’sfatherwasthefirstparentwhomourteachertalkedto.(Tom的父親是我們老師第一個談話的人。)4、當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時,必須用which或whom,而當(dāng)介詞移到句尾時,則又可以使用that或who.如：ThisistheroominwhichMissLioncelived.(=ThisistheroomMissLioncelivedin.)(這是李小姐曾經(jīng)居住過的房間。)補充語法當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時,，關(guān)系代詞只能是which或:whom，且不可以省略。Who'sthemanwithwhomyoujustshookhands?Thisis.thepenwithwhichIwrotetheletter.在固定搭配的動詞短語中，介詞一般不可置于關(guān)系代詞之前。Thisisthepen(which/that)I'mlookingfor.“復(fù)合介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，從句常用逗號與先行詞分開Helivedinabighouse,infrontofwhichstoodabigtalltree.

Module6OldandNew重點概括：核心詞匯：take,accommodate,suggest,freezing,absolutely核心短語：workout,holdback,cometrue重點語法：非限制性定語從句補充語法：定語從句的簡化核心詞匯：takeaccommodatesuggestfreezingabsolutely核心短語：workoutholdbackcometrue重點語法：1.非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對先行詞進行附加的說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開，翻譯成漢語時一般都另成一句，不能用that引導(dǎo)。ThisnotewasleftbyJohn,whowashereamomentago.這張便條是約翰留的，他剛才來過這兒。2.非限制性定語從句的主要應(yīng)用場合情況例句若先行詞指代明確時，如專有名詞和獨一無二的事物Paul,whomeveryonesuspected,turnedouttobeinnocent.大家都懷疑的保羅被證明是無辜的。若關(guān)系代詞作復(fù)雜介詞的賓語時Heisill,inspiteofwhich,hekeepsonstudying.他病了，盡管如此，他仍堅持學(xué)習(xí)。若關(guān)系代詞作of的賓語，且of前有數(shù)詞、代詞或名詞時Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull，weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.公共汽車大部分都已滿了，周圍是一群憤怒的人。若先行詞指代主句的整個內(nèi)容時Heinvitedustohavedinner,whichwasverykindofhim.他請我們吃飯，這是他的好意。限制性定語從句與非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句菲限制性定語從句例句語法結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別從句是主從復(fù)合句的重要成分，如果省去，則句子意思不清楚或不成立從句與主句關(guān)系松散，省去從句，主句意思仍然清楚，不受影響Iwastheonlypersoninourofficethatwasinvited.我是我們辦公室里唯一受到邀請的人。Mr.S