核電專業(yè)英語詞匯

原子核、核子及相關(guān)術(shù)語質(zhì)子proton中子neutron電子electron核子nucleon核nucleus（pl.）nuclei原子atom光子photon正電子positron量子quantum,quanta(pl.)電子伏特electron-volt(eV)兆電子伏特megaelectron-volt(MeV)同位素isotope原子序數(shù)atomicnumber質(zhì)量數(shù)massnumber超鈾元素transuraniumelement元素周期表periodictable熱中子thermalneutron快中子fastneutron復合核compoundnucleus相關(guān)元素與材料核燃料與增殖材料鈾uranium（U）钚plutonium（Pu）氘，重氫deuterium，heavyhydrogen氚tritium混合氧化物燃料（MOX燃料）Mixed(UraniumandPlutonium)OXidefuel二氧化鈾uraniumdioxide濃縮鈾enricheduranium貧鈾depleteduranium碳化鈾uraniumcarbide釷thorium鋰lithium錒系元素actinideelement易裂變的fissile可裂變的、可裂變物質(zhì)fissionable增殖同位素fertileisotope核嬗變nucleartransmutation轉(zhuǎn)化conversion其它核材料及核電廠用材料慢化劑moderator輕水lightwater重水heavywater石墨graphite冷卻劑coolant氦helium液態(tài)金屬liquidmetal鈉sodium包殼cladding鋁aluminium鎂magnesium鋯zirconium鋯2/4合金zircaloy-2/4不銹鋼stainlesssteel控制材料controlmaterial通量展平flux-shaping銀silver銦indium鎘cadmium可燃毒物burnablepoison硼boron硼酸boricacid鋰lithium鈹beryllium乏燃料spentfuel因科鎳，因康INCONEL不銹鋼stainlesssteel核反應及相關(guān)術(shù)語decay衰變fission裂變fusion聚變nuclearreaction核反應chainreaction鏈式反應crosssection截面microscopiccrosssection微觀截面macroscopiccrosssection宏觀截面absorbingcrosssection吸收截面scatteringcrosssection散射截面barn靶恩delayedneutron緩發(fā)中子promptneutron瞬發(fā)中子promptcriticality瞬發(fā)臨界fissile易裂變的fissionab可裂變的lemorderate/slowdown慢化breedingratio增殖比burnup燃耗reactivity反應性neutroncycle中子循環(huán)fissionproduct裂變產(chǎn)物criticality臨界promptcritical瞬發(fā)臨界flux通量xenon氙iodine碘actinide錒系（元素）reactivityworth反應性價值慢化劑溫度系數(shù)

moderator

temperature

coefficient反應性系數(shù)

reactivity

coefficient剩余反應性

excess

reactivity燃料比功率

fuel

specific

power倍增因子multiplicationfactor有效增殖系數(shù)effectivemultiplicationfactor；effectivemultiplicationconstant無限介質(zhì)增殖系數(shù)infinitemultiplicationfactor；infinitemultiplicationconstant快中子增殖系數(shù)fastfissionfactor熱中子利用系數(shù)thermalutilizationfactor不泄漏幾率nonleakageprobability逃脫共振俘獲幾率resonanceescapeprobability四因子公式four-factorformula多普勒增寬Dopplerbroadening*總集成中子通量/總積分中子通量TotalIntegratedNeutronFlux=IntegratedFluxorFluence(注量)=NeutrondensityVelocityTime[單位：n/m3m/ss=n/m2]反應堆壓水堆PressurizedWaterReactor(PWR)沸水堆BoilingWaterReactor(BWR)加拿大重水鈾反應堆（坎杜堆）CANadianDeuteriumandUraniumreactor(CANDU)/pressurizedheavywaterreactor(PHWR)英國氣冷堆（美諾克斯堆）Britishgas-cooledMagnoxreactor高溫氣冷堆hightemperaturegas-cooledreactor(HTGR)快中子增殖反應堆fastbreederreactor(FBR)輕水堆LightWaterReactor(LWR)先進反應堆advancedreactor超臨界水反應堆supercriticalwaterreactor歐洲壓水堆（第三代反應堆之一）EuropeanPressurizedwaterReactor(EPR)（美國）先進壓水堆600/1000（第三代(+)反應堆之一）AP(WR)600/1000核電廠部件、設(shè)備與系統(tǒng)燃料芯塊fuelpellet燃料元件fuelelement燃料棒fuelrod燃料組件fuelassembly定位格架spacergrid法蘭flange密封環(huán)sealring阻力塞plug(上/下)腔室(upper/lower)plenum堆芯，活性區(qū)core反應堆壓力容器ReactorPressureVessel(RPV)上封頭upperclosurehead液壓螺栓拉伸機(張緊機)hydraulicstudtensioner包覆層clad(碳鋼表面的防腐蝕堆焊層)控制棒controlrod控制棒組件ControlElementAssembly(CEA)可燃吸收棒burnableabsorberrod控制棒驅(qū)動機構(gòu)ControlElementDriveMechanism(CEDM)變送器transmitter信號調(diào)理signalregulation吊籃barrel進/出口接管inlet/outletnozzle冷/熱端，冷/熱腿，冷/熱管段cold/hotleg反應堆堆內(nèi)構(gòu)件reactorvesselinternals腫脹swelling腐蝕corrode,corrosion侵蝕erode,erosion氧化oxidation,oxidize完整性integrity反應堆冷卻劑泵（主泵）ReactorCoolantPump(RCP)屏蔽泵canned(motor)pump軸封泵shaftsealpump反應堆冷卻劑系統(tǒng)（一回路系統(tǒng)）ReactorCoolantSystem(RCS)核蒸汽供應系統(tǒng)NuclearSteamSupplySystem(NSSS)一回路primaryloop/circuit一回路系統(tǒng)/主回路系統(tǒng)primarysystem二回路secondaryloop穩(wěn)壓器pressurizer(PRZ)波動管surgeline汽水分離器moistureseparator干燥器（二/三級汽水分離器）steamdryer安全閥safetyvalve卸壓閥reliefvalve溢流閥overflowvalve主蒸汽隔離閥mainsteamisolationvalve單向閥checkvalve止回閥non-returnvalve主蒸汽聯(lián)箱mainsteamheader給水調(diào)節(jié)閥feedregulatingvalve蒸汽發(fā)生器SteamGenerator(SG)主蒸汽管MainSteamLine(MSL)汽輪機steamturbine汽水分離再熱器MoistureSeparatorReheater(MSR)給水泵feed(water)pump上充泵chargingpump凝汽器condenser發(fā)電機(electric)generator安全殼containment地基，基礎(chǔ)foundation煙道stack貫穿件penetration核島nuclearisland常規(guī)島conventionalisland核電廠配套子項BalanceofPlant(BOP)一回路輔助系統(tǒng)auxiliarysystemforprimaryloop化學與容積控制系統(tǒng)（化容系統(tǒng)）ChemicalandVolumeControlSystem(CVCS)專設(shè)安全設(shè)施EngineeredSafetyFeature(ESF)余熱排出系統(tǒng)ResidualHeat-RemovalSystem(RHRS)應急堆芯冷卻系統(tǒng)EmergencyCoreCoolingSystem(ECCS),安注系統(tǒng)SafetyInjection(SI)System直接注射系統(tǒng)directvesselinjection(DVI)換料水箱RefuelingWaterStorageTank(IRWST)(乏)燃料貯存水池(spent)fuelstoragepool燃料裝卸系統(tǒng)fuelhandlingsystem蓄壓箱accumulator機組unit輔助噴淋auxiliaryspray柴油發(fā)電機Dieselgenerator自動保護系統(tǒng)AutomaticProtectiveSystem(APS)自動降壓系統(tǒng)automaticdepressurizationsystem(ADS)儀控系統(tǒng)InstrumentationandControlSystem(I&Csystem)開關(guān)設(shè)備，開關(guān)柜switchgear蒸汽軸封系統(tǒng)，壓蓋蒸汽密封系統(tǒng)glandsteamsystem汽輪機旁路管turbinebypassline輔助給水泵auxiliaryfeedwaterpump汽動給水泵turbinedrivenfeedwaterpump導管conduit冷凝水泵condensatepump冷凝水增壓泵condensateboosterpump水潤滑軸承waterlubricatedbearing人孔manway檢修孔accessoryport反應堆運行運行operation運行工況operatingcondition操縱員operator維護maintenance監(jiān)督、監(jiān)視surveillance監(jiān)督試樣surveillancespecimen輻照監(jiān)督管irradiationsurveillancecapsule輻照監(jiān)督試樣盒surveillancespecimencompartment硼濃度boronconcentration稀釋dilution/dilute硼注入

boron

injection停堆shutdown緊急停堆scram/trip停役outage換料停堆refuelingoutage/refuelingshutdown換料refuel卸料

discharge倒料

shuffling滿功率運行fullpoweroperation負荷跟蹤loadfollowing甩負荷loadshedding,loadrejection(控制棒等的)插入insertion(控制棒等的)抽出withdrawal反應堆調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)ReactorRegulatingSystem(RRS)(蒸汽發(fā)生器)排污、下泄blowdown規(guī)程procedure技術(shù)規(guī)格technicalspecification瞬態(tài)，瞬變transient安裝調(diào)試installationandcommissioning冷態(tài)試驗

cold

functional

test熱態(tài)試驗

hot

functional

test(反應堆)啟動試驗(reactor)

startuptest退役decommissioning主控室maincontrolroom方位角偏差azimuthaltilt徑向功率分布radialpowerdistribution軸向功率分布axialpowerdistribution燃料管理方案fuelmanagementscheme燃料-包殼交互作用fuel-cladinteractioneffect芯塊-包殼交互作用(PCI)pellet-cladinteraction(燃料)柵格、晶格lattice反應堆安全核安全nuclearsafety安全功能

safety

function衰變熱decayheat余熱residualheat空泡系數(shù)voidcoefficient法律law法規(guī)regulation/code聯(lián)邦管理法規(guī)CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)法案（美）Act導則guidance安全1/2/3級safetyclass1/2/3可靠性reliability容限，裕量，邊界margin堆芯熱裕量corethermalmargin堵管裕量tubepluggingmargin運行安全裕量operatingmargin標準，準則criterion，復數(shù)形式:criteria概率安全分析ProbabilisticSafetyAnalysis(PSA)概率風險分析ProbabilisticRiskAnalysis(PRA)確定論安全分析deterministicsafetyanalysis初步安全分析報告PreliminarySafetyAnalysisReport(PSAR)最終安全分析報告FinalSafetyAnalysisReport(FSAR)安全評價報告safetyevaluationreport事件incident事故accident后果consequence嚴重事故severeaccident堆芯損毀coredamage堆芯融化coremeltdown全廠斷電stationblackout冷卻劑喪失事故（失水事故）Loss-of-coolantAccident(LOCA)反應性引入事故ReactivityInsertionAccident(RIA)未能緊急停堆的預計瞬變AnticipatedTransientWithoutScram(ATWS)失電LossofPower失流Lossofflow先漏后破leakbeforebreak(LBB)故障安全，失效保護fail-safe單一故障準則single-failurecriterion共因故障commoncausefailure固有安全性inherentsafety非能動安全passivesafety冗余性redundancy多樣性diversity多層屏障multiplebarrier縱深防御defenseindepth潛熱latentheat焓，熱函sensibleheat,enthalpy定期安全檢查periodicsafetyinspection許可證license監(jiān)管regulation核安全準則nuclearsafetycriteria三哩島事故ThreeMileIsland(TMI)accident切爾諾貝利事故Chernobylaccident工作不正常，故障malfunction失效failure假設(shè)始發(fā)事件postulatedinitiatingevents事故工況accidentcondition嚴重事故severeaccident事故處理accidentmanagement設(shè)計基準事故designbasisaccident負荷喪失事故lossofelectricalloadaccident主給水喪失事故lossofmainfeedwateraccident卡棒事故stuckrodaccident彈棒事故rodejectionaccident堵管裕量tubepluggingmargin管道甩擺限制pipewhiprestraint在役檢查inserviceinspection承壓熱沖擊pressurizedthermalshock放射性與輻射防護radioactivity放射性scatter散射deflect,deflection折射衍射diffraction穿透penetrate,penetration交互作用interact,interactionionization電離湮滅annihilate(v.),annihilation(n.)衰減attenuate(v.),attenuation(n.)projectile入射離子radiationprotection輻射防護radiation,ray輻射，射線irradiation輻照，（向外）輻射internalexposure內(nèi)照射externalexposure外照射occupationaldose職業(yè)照射（劑量）fluence注量cosmicray宇宙射線x-rayX射線//射線//rayhealthphysics保健物理shielding屏蔽biologicalshield生物屏蔽劑量dosedoseequivalent劑量當量collectivedose集體劑量individualdose個人劑量ingest,ingestion攝入，攝取inhale,inhalation吸入coma昏迷cramp絞痛diarrhea腹瀉tremor顫抖vomit嘔吐somatic身體的somaticeffect軀體反應radiationsickness輻照病變symptom征兆therapy治療survivor幸存者activationproduct活化產(chǎn)物effluent廢水naturalbackground天然本底sivert希弗spectrum譜雷姆rem氡radonaslowasreasonablyachievable(ALARA)合理可行盡量低radioactivewastedisposal放射性廢物處理high-level(radioactive)waste高放廢物low-level(radioactive)waste低放廢物有關(guān)機構(gòu)InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)國際原子能機構(gòu)AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)美國機械工程師學會NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC/USNRC)美國核管會DepartmentOfEnergy(DOE)美國能源部WorldAssociationofNuclearOperators(WANO)世界核電運營者協(xié)會InternationalCommissiononRadiologicalProtection(ICRP)國際輻射防護委員會ChinaAtomicEnergyAuthority（CAEA）中國國家原子能機構(gòu)StateEnvironmentProtectionAdministrationofChina國家環(huán)保總局其它術(shù)語表示方向lateral橫向longitudinal縱向radial徑向perpendicularto垂直于verticallymounted垂直/立式安裝circumferential環(huán)向axial軸向periphery周邊材料失效術(shù)語corrosion腐蝕stresscorrosioncracking應力腐蝕開裂rapture,fracture,break斷裂breach破口腫脹swellingcavitation氣蝕pitting點蝕/孔蝕crevicecorrosion縫隙腐蝕erosion沖蝕FACflowacceleratedcorrosion流動加速腐蝕wastage耗蝕(SGtube)dent凹陷，凹痕fatigue疲勞ageing老化degradation降級wear磨損frettingwear微動磨損creep蠕變stress應力strain應變creepstrength蠕變強度tensilestrength抗拉強度yieldstrength屈服強度rapturestrength斷裂強度nil-ductilitytransitiontemperature零延性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度thermalstress熱應力irradiationswelling輻照腫脹depositwelding,overlaying,build-upwelding,surfacewelding堆焊sealweld密封焊heataffectedzone(HAZ)焊接熱影響區(qū)核電工程術(shù)語procurement征購site廠址callforbid,callfortender招標commercialoffer商務標technicaloffer技術(shù)標commencement開工contract合同firmcontract不可更改的合同subcontract分包合同commitment承諾，任務jobsite工地，工作現(xiàn)場technicalrequirement技術(shù)要求技術(shù)規(guī)格technicalspecificationnon-conformance不符合項delivery交貨warehouse倉庫constructionschedule施工計劃FreeonBoard(FOB)離岸價格CostInsuranceandFreight(CIF)到岸價格Engineering,Procurement&ConstructionEPC合同-設(shè)計采購建造powergrid電網(wǎng)distributionsystem輸變電系統(tǒng)其它compound化合物mixture混合物mass質(zhì)量momentum動量energy能量potential(energy)勢能kineticenergy動能inertia慣性half-life半衰期meanfreepath平均自由程fuelcycle燃料循環(huán)hotspot熱點hot-channelfactor熱管因子departurefromnucleateboilingratio(DNBR)偏離泡核沸騰比heattransfer傳熱heatexchanger換熱器heatconduction導熱convection對流熱輻射thermal/heatradiation干度quality蒸汽steam預應力鋼筋混凝土prestressedreinforcedconcrete/prestressedconcrete鋼筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete鐵鋼沙混凝土Steelshotconcret筋，鋼筋束tendon流量分配flowdistribution電網(wǎng)powergrid業(yè)主utility承包商contractor分包商sub-contractor壓降pressuredrop壓差differentialpressure水位(water)level規(guī)定，條款；保障；裝備provision地震earthquake地震的seismic颶風tornado暖通空調(diào)Heating,VentilationandAirConditioning(HVAC)熱阱heatsink惰轉(zhuǎn)coastdown惰轉(zhuǎn)流量coastdownflow功率失常激增，功率漂移powerexcursion減輕，緩解v.mitigate,n.mitigation公差、容差allowance間隙，公差clearance權(quán)重因子weightingfactor有必要了解的詞匯與短語asaruleofthumb根據(jù)經(jīng)驗byordersofmagnitude以數(shù)量級incipientfailure早期故障,初期故障eliminate,elimination消除derive,derivation,deduce,deduction導出，起源mechanism,approach,principle,theory機理，原理susceptible敏感的susceptibility敏感性toxic有毒的acute急劇的inherit遺傳hereditary遺傳性的altitude高度postulate,postulation假定，假設(shè)permeable可滲透的,有滲透性的impermeable不可滲透的brittlefracture脆性破裂embrittlement脆化toughness韌性ductility延展性閱讀理解題練習Passage1Asaresultreactordesignershavepaidgreatattentiontotheinherentsafetyofreactorswhichcanbeachievedbynegativetemperatureandpowercoefficientsandfail-safecontrolsystems.Itcanbesaidwithsomeconfidencethatpresent-daythermalreactorsaresafeinthesensethatundernoconceivablecircumstancecantheyexplodelikeabomb,andcontrolsystemshavebeendesignedwhichcan,intheeventofanymalfunctiononthepartofthereactororitsassociatedplant,automaticallyandrapidlyshutdownthereactor,i.e.makeitsubcriticalbyasubstantialamount,inaveryfewseconds.1.Accordingtotheparagraph,inherentsafetyofreactorscanbeachievedby.（C）A.theoperators;B.positivetemperatureandpositivepowercoefficients;C.negativetemperatureandnegativepowercoefficients;D.passivesafetysystemandpositivepowercoefficients.2.Thebesttitleofthepassagemayprobablybe.（D）A.fail-safecontrolsystem；B.thermalreactorsafetyandoperation;C.automaticprotectivesystem;D.inherentsafetydesignofreactors.PassageIIThebiologicalshieldshouldcontainsomehydrogencompoundtoslowdownfastneutrons,andbedenseenoughtoattenuategammaradiationeffectively.Concretesatisfiesboththeserequirementsfairlywellandissuitableforlandbasereactors.Barytes(重晶石)concrete,containingtheheavyelementbarium,andsteel-shotconcretehavebeenusedforbiologicalshields.Theyaremoredensethanordinaryconcrete,withimprovedshieldingproperties,howevertheirhighercostoffsetsthisadvantage.Thebiologicalshieldforamarinereactor,whichisusuallyafairlycompactpressurizedwaterreactor,mustsatisfyaminimumspaceandweightrequirement.Thisleadstoashielddesignwhichconsiststypicallyofalternatelayersofwater(forfastneutronslowing)andsteel(forgammarayattenuation).3.Accordingtotheabovepassage,isnotpossibleforconstructingbiologicalshield?（C）A.steel; B.concrete;C.graphite; D.paraffinwax.4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesisnottrue?（D）A.Thebiologicalshieldisdesignedmainlytoslowdownfastneutronsandattenuategammaradiation.B.Themarinereactorusesalternativesteelandwaterlayersasitsbiologicalshield.C.Thecombinationofheavyelementconcreteandsteelbarscouldimprovetheshieldingproperties.D.Thebiologicalshieldshouldusehydrogenelementtoslowdownfastneutronandattenuategammaradiations.PassageIIIInordertomitigatetheeffectsoflargereleaseofsteam(anpotentiallyofradioactivity)inthecontainment,twofullcapacityindependentsafetysystemsareprovided;thereactorbuildingspraysystemandthereactorbuildingemergencycoolers.Thesystemsaredesignedtoprovidecoolwatertocondensedischargesteamandtopreventcontainmentpressurefromreachingitsdesignlimit.Individualsystemsdifferconsiderablybutatypicalsystemmaybedescribedasfollows;Theinitialcapacityofthesystemsinremovingheatfromthecontainmentatmosphereistypically253GJ/hr.Whenacontainmentpressureof4psigisreached,theemergencycoolersofthereactorbuildingareactuated.Intheirpostaccidentmode,thesystemconsistsofthreeunitseachwithafanandanemergencycooler.Asthereactorbuildingairiscirculatedacrossatubularheatexchanger,aportionofsteamiscondensed.Thesecoolersalonewouldbecapableofreturningthecontainmentpressuretonearatmosphericwithin24hrafteranaccident.Whenthepressurereachesalevelof10psig,thesecondsafetysystem,thereactorbuildingspraysystem,isautomaticallyactuated.Itconsistsofapump,piping,headers,andspraynozzlesarrangeduniformlyunderthecontainmentdome.Itcansprayboratedwaterintothereactorbuildingatarateof11.35m3/min.Asodiumhydroxideadditiveisalsoprovidedinthespraywatertoincreasetheretentionofiodine,andhence,toreduceitsconcentrationinthecontainmentatmosphereintheeventofasizablebreachoffuelcladding.5.Twofullcapacityindependentsafetysystemsareprovidedforthedesignpurposeof.（A）A.condensingthesteamreleasedintothecontainmentwhenpressureexceedsdesignlimit.B.maintainingthehighpressureinthecontainmentC.discharginglargeamountofsteamD.mitigatingtheeffectofradiationhazardtothecontainment.6.Thereactorbuildingspraysystemwillbeactuatedautomatically.（C）A.after24hoursaftertheaccident;B.immediatelyaftertheaccident;C.whenthecontainmentpressurereachesalevelofdesignlimit;D.whentheairinthecontainmentiscirculatedthroughtheheatexchanger.7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?（B）A.Theemergencycoolerconsistsoffansandheatexchangers.B.Theemergencycoolersystemcansprayboratedwaterintocontainment.C.Allthetwosystemareappliedforreturningthecontainmentpressuretobeblowatmosphericaftertheaccident.D.Sodiumhydroxideadditiveisprovidedinthespraywatertoreducetheamountofradioactivefissionproduces.PassageIVManyreactor-yearsofoperatingexperiencehaveshownthatitisnotthefissionchainreactioninthereactorcorethatisthemostlikelysourceofmalfunctionandaccidents,butthe“conventional”componentsofthepowerplantsuchaspumps,valves,switches,relaysandpartsunderstresssuchaspressurevesselorpipework.Humanerroronthepartofoperatingandmaintenancestaffhasalsoprovedtobearatherfrequentsourceoftroubleinnuclearpowerplant.Thesefactorsarenotpeculiartonuclearpowerplant,buttheyassumegreatimportancebecauseofthehazardousnatureofnuclearreactors.Designershavetoensurethatallsystemsshouldasfaraspossiblebefail-safeandredundant,i.e.ifonesystemfailstofunctioncorrectly,anotherisavailabletofulfillthesamefunction.Asstatedabove,nuclearreactorscannotexplodelikenuclearbombs.ThisprimarilybecauseofthefastactingnegativethermalfeedbackduetoDopplerbroadeningofthe238Uabsorptionresonances.Inadditioninthermalreactorswhereneutronsaremoderated,thepromptneutronlifetimeLpistheorderof10-4second;inabomb,sincetheneutronsareunmoderated,thepromptneuronlifetimeisoftheorderof10-8seconds.Finally,reactorfuelconsiststypicallyof2to3percent235U,whereasnuclearweaponscontainalmostpure239Pu.Theneteffectofthesedifferenceisthat,eveninareactorwhichistotallyoutofcontrolandgonepromptcritical,thereactorperiodwillnotbemuchlessthanasecondorso.Inanuclearbomb,theperiodisoftheorderofnanoseconds.Accordingtothetext,themostlikelysourceoftroublesinanuclearcomesfromCoreofthereactorConventionalcomponentsPartsunderstressHumanerrorThefirstsentenceofsecondparagraph“Thesefactorsarenotpeculiarto…”,whatdoes“Thesefactors”mean?HumanerrorMalfunctionofconventionalcomponentsFissionchainreactioninthecoreAlloftheaboveWhatmakethepressurizedwaterreactorscannotexplodelikeanuclearbomb?Dopplerbroadeningofthe238UabsorptionresonancesTheneutronsaremoderatedPWRfuelcontainsmuchlessfissileisotopesthannuclearbombAlloftheaboveThelasttwosentences“Theneteffectof…isoftheorderofnanoseconds.”Giveacomparisonaboutthereactorperiod,whatdoestheauthormostlikelytoexpress?ThereactorperiodistooshortcomparingwithanuclearbombThe239PuinanuclearbombismoreeasilytogopromptcriticalityThenuclearreactorcannotgeneratelargeamountofheatasanuclearbombdoeswithinveryshorttime,thereforenuclearreactorcannotexplode.Theauthorwantstogiveusareferenceaboutthedataofthereactorperiodtime.PassageVTheprimaryfunctionsofthecontrolroddrivemechanisms(CRDM)aretoinsertorwithdrawrodclustercontrolassembliesandgrayrodcontrolassemblesintoorfromthecoretocontrolaveragecoretemperatureatadesignedspeed.AschematicdiagramofCRDMisgiveninFig1.Controlrodwithdrawalonestepinvolvessixactions.Fig1.Controlroddrivemechanism1)MoveableGripperCoilB-on.Thelatch-lockingplungerrisesandswingsthemovablegripperlatchesintothedriverodassemblygroove.Asmallaxialclearanceexistsbetweenthelatchteethandthedriverod.2)StationaryGripperCoilA-off.Theforceofgravity,actinguponthedriverodassemblyandattachedcontrolrod,causesthestationarygripperandplungertomovedownward1/16inch,transferringtheloadofthedriverodassemblyandattachedcontrolrodtothemovablegripperlatches.Theplungercontinuestomovedownwardandswingsthestationarygripperlatchesoutofthedriverodassemblygroove.3)LiftCoilC-on.The5/8-inchgapbetweenthemovablegripperpoleandtheliftpolecloses,andthedriverodassemblyrisesonesteplength.4)StationaryGripperCoilA-on.Theplungerrisesandrisesthegapbelowthestationarygripperpole.Thethreelinks,pinnedtotheplunger,swingthestationarygripperlatchesintoadriverodassemblygroove.Thelatchescontactthedriverodassemblyandliftitasmallfractionofaninch.Thesmallverticaldriverodassemblymovementtransfersthedriverodassemblyloadfromthemovablegripperlatchestothestationarygripperlatches.5)MovableGripperCoil–off.Thelatch-lockingplungerseparatesfromthemovablegripperpoleundertheforceofaspringandgravity.Threelinks,pinnedtotheplunger,swingthethreemovablegripperlatchesoutofthedriverodassemblygroove.6)LiftCoilC–off.Thegapbetweenthemovablegripperpoleandthelifepoleopens.Themovablegripperlatchesdrop5/8inchtoapositionadjacenttoadriverodassemblegroove.Repetitionoftheabovesixactionswillmakeanotherstepofwithdrawalmovementofcontrolrod.Accordingtothetext,themostlikelysourceoftroublesinanuclearcomesfromCoreofthereactorConventionalcomponentsPartsunderstressHumanerrorAccordingtothetext,themostlikelysourceoftroublesinanuclearcomesfromCoreofthereactorConventionalcomponentsPartsunderstressHumanerror句子翻譯－舉例Which從句Theatomsofallelements,whichatonetimewerethoughttobethefundamentalparticlesofnature,consistofnumbersofthreemorefundamentalparticles-protons,neutronsandelectrons.曾經(jīng)被認為是自然界中基礎(chǔ)粒子的原子是由多個更基礎(chǔ)的粒子組成－質(zhì)子、中子和電子。Theforceofelectrostaticrepulsion靜電斥力betweenlikecharges,whichvariesinverselyasthesquareoftheirseparation,wouldbeexpectedtobesolargethatnucleicouldnotbeformed.在相同的電荷之間的靜電斥力與它們之間的距離成反比，這個力如此之大以至于原子核無法形成。Differentisotopesofanelementbehaveidenticallyasfarastheirchemistryisconcerned,whichisnotsurprisingaschemicalbondsexistbetweenelectrons.(非限定性定語從句)僅考慮化學性質(zhì)，一個元素的不同同位素都有相同的性質(zhì)，這一點并不奇怪，因為化學鍵僅存在于電子之間。Isotopesdifferfromoneanotherphysicallyinthatthemassesandothercharacteristicsoftheirnucleiaredifferent,whichistobeexpectedasitisinthenucleithatthedifferencebetweentwoisotopeslies.(非限定性，修飾前面的句子)同位素之間的物理特性是不同的，由于兩個同位素的差別是在原子核內(nèi)，因此可以預計到它們的原子核的質(zhì)量和其它特性都會有差別。Thetotalnewmassproducedistwicethemass-energyoftheelectron,2(0.51)=1.02MeV,whichmeansthatthereactioncanoccuronlyifthegammarayhasatleastthisamountofenergy.(非限定性)所產(chǎn)生的總的新質(zhì)量是兩倍電子的質(zhì)能2(0.51)=1.02MeV，這意味著僅當伽馬射線最少具有這個能量時這個反應才可能發(fā)生。WaterhasexcellentneutronslowingdownpropertieswhichenablewatermoderatedreactorstohavemuchmorecompactcoresthanarepossibleinothertypesofthermalreactorsThereactorvesselislocatedwithinadeeppit,whichcanbefloodedwhenthereactorisshutdown.反應堆容器被放置在一個深坑中，這個坑在反應堆停堆后可以被水淹沒。Thecooledwaterleavingthesteamgeneratorsisreturnedtothecorebyalargecirculatingpump,andthesteamproducedflowstoaturbine,whichdrivestheelectricalgenerator.冷卻后的水離開蒸汽發(fā)生器由一個巨大的循環(huán)泵送回堆芯，產(chǎn)生的蒸汽流到驅(qū)動發(fā)電機的汽輪機。介詞+which，如inwhich等Theatomconsistsofnucleusinwhichallthepositivelychargedprotonsandunchargedneutronsarecloselygroupedtogether,andanumberofnegativelychargedelectronsmovinginorbitalpathsaroundthenucleus.原子包含一個原子核，其中帶正電的質(zhì)子和不帶電的中子緊密聚集在一起，一定數(shù)量帶負電的電子沿著軌道繞核運動。Theexplanationistobefoundintheprincipleoftheequivalenceofmassandenergyinwhich(修飾principle)Einsteinstatedthatmassandenergyaredifferentformsofthesamefundamentalquantity.從質(zhì)量和能量的等效原理中可以找到解釋，在這一原理中，愛因斯坦證明了質(zhì)量和能量時同一基本量的兩個不同形式。Consequentlyalphaparticleshaveashortandwell-definedrangeinmatterwhichdependsontheirenergyandthedensityofthematerialthroughwhichtheypass.因此粒子在物質(zhì)中有一個短而明確的穿透范圍，該范圍取決于其能量和穿過物質(zhì)的密度。Thevaluesfortherangeof5MeValphaparticlesinairandaluminumareabout3.5cmand0.0025cmrespectively,fromwhichitisevident(tosee)thatalphaparticlescanbeeasilystoppedandpresentnoshieldingprobleminnuclearphysicsorengineering,althoughtheydopresentahealthhazardifanalpha-emittingisotopeisingested(攝入)inthebody.能量為5MeV的粒子在空氣和鋁中的穿透距離大約分別為3.5cm和0.0025cm，從中可以明顯看出，盡管它們在被攝入體內(nèi)后確實對健康有危害，粒子在核物理或工程上可以非常容易地被阻止，不會造成屏蔽問題。Theword“material”willrefertobulkmatter,whetherofmineralorbiologicalorigin,aswellastheparticlesofwhichthematteriscomposed,includingmolecules,atoms,electrons,andnuclei.“材料”一詞是指礦物和生物性質(zhì)的塊狀物質(zhì)，以及組成物質(zhì)的粒子，其中包括分子、原子、電子和原子核?，F(xiàn)在分詞做狀語Theelectrongainsenergyandmovesawaywithhighspeedvandtotalmass-energymc2,leavingtheatomionized.電子獲得能量并帶著總質(zhì)能mc2高速離開原子核，從而使原子電離。Ifitsenergyislarger,itmayimpartenergytoatomicelectronsasdescribedbytheBohrtheory,causingexcitationofelectronstohigherenergystatesorproducingionization,withsubsequentemissionoflight.如果其能量更大，它可以按照波爾理論把能量傳遞給原子的電子，使電子激發(fā)到高能態(tài)或電離，并伴隨發(fā)光現(xiàn)象。Anincidentphotonofhighenoughenergydislodges(移出)anelectronfromtheatom,leavingapositivelychargedion.能量足夠高的一個入射光子從原子中擊出一個電子，剩下一個帶正電的離子。Electronsalsoflowinatelevisiontube,wheretheyaremadetohitthescreen,causingaflashoflight.電子也能在電視顯像管中流動，顯像管中的電子沖擊熒光屏，因而引起閃光。表示“導致”的常用詞：Resultin,resultfrom,asaresultofTheabovetwoprocessesareusuallytreatedseparatelyeventhoughbothresultinionization.盡管都導致電離，上述兩個過程通常被分別對待。Weincludethoseproducedbybothatomicandnuclearprocessesandthoseresultingfromelectricalacceleration.我們包括那些由原子和核反應過程中產(chǎn)生的射線，也包括那些由電加速產(chǎn)生的射線。Thelatterprocessmayresultintheneutronbeingcapturedinthenucleus,beingeffectivelyscattered,orcausingthefissionorsplittingofthenucleus.后一個過程可能導致中子被原子核俘獲、被散射、或者原子核的裂變或分裂。LeadtohoweveritispossiblethatthedistortionmayleadtoadumbbellshapeatwhichpointtheCoulombforceofrepulsionbetweenthetwohalvesofthedumbbellexceedthenuclearforcewhichisweakenedbythedistortionofthenucleus.大多數(shù)情況下，扭曲會被核力所限制，在退出激發(fā)態(tài)后，原子核的球形被恢復，但是，當扭曲可能導致原子核變成啞鈴狀，這時啞鈴的兩個半球之間的庫侖斥力超過因原子核變形而減弱的核力。cause,causebyTheycauseintense(強烈的)ionizationduetotheirdoublepositivecharge,andsoloseenergyrapidly.它們導致強烈的電離，因為它們具有兩個正電荷，并迅速失去能量。Inthisisotopefissioncanbecausedbyneutronsofanyenergy,lowenergyneutronsbeingthemosteffective.對該同位素，裂變可以由任何能量的中子引發(fā)，低能量中子最有效。ProduceFalloutfromnuclearweaponstestingproducesasimilarhazard.從核武器試驗中放出的輻射微塵會產(chǎn)生相似的危害。Wenowturntoagroupofthreerelatedprocessesinvolvinggammarayphotonsproducedbynuclearreactions.我們現(xiàn)在開始介紹一下關(guān)于由核反應產(chǎn)生的伽馬射線光子的三個相關(guān)過程。bringControlrods,insertedthroughtheremovablehead,providesufficientcontroltobringthecoretoahotshutdowncondition.