核電專業(yè)英語詞匯

原子核、核子及相關(guān)術(shù)語質(zhì)子proton中子neutron電子electron核子nucleon核nucleus（pl.）nuclei原子atom光子photon正電子positron量子quantum,quanta(pl.)電子伏特electron-volt(eV)兆電子伏特megaelectron-volt(MeV)同位素isotope原子序數(shù)atomicnumber質(zhì)量數(shù)massnumber超鈾元素transuraniumelement元素周期表periodictable熱中子thermalneutron快中子fastneutron復(fù)合核compoundnucleus相關(guān)元素與材料核燃料與增殖材料鈾uranium（U）钚plutonium（Pu）氘，重氫deuterium，heavyhydrogen氚tritium混合氧化物燃料（MOX燃料）Mixed(UraniumandPlutonium)OXidefuel二氧化鈾uraniumdioxide濃縮鈾enricheduranium貧鈾depleteduranium碳化鈾uraniumcarbide釷thorium鋰lithium錒系元素actinideelement易裂變的fissile可裂變的、可裂變物質(zhì)fissionable增殖同位素fertileisotope核嬗變nucleartransmutation轉(zhuǎn)化conversion其它核材料及核電廠用材料慢化劑moderator輕水lightwater重水heavywater石墨graphite冷卻劑coolant氦helium液態(tài)金屬liquidmetal鈉sodium包殼cladding鋁aluminium鎂magnesium鋯zirconium鋯2/4合金zircaloy-2/4不銹鋼stainlesssteel控制材料controlmaterial通量展平flux-shaping銀silver銦indium鎘cadmium可燃毒物burnablepoison硼boron硼酸boricacid鋰lithium鈹beryllium乏燃料spentfuel因科鎳，因康INCONEL不銹鋼stainlesssteel核反應(yīng)及相關(guān)術(shù)語decay衰變fission裂變fusion聚變nuclearreaction核反應(yīng)chainreaction鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)crosssection截面microscopiccrosssection微觀截面macroscopiccrosssection宏觀截面absorbingcrosssection吸收截面scatteringcrosssection散射截面barn靶恩delayedneutron緩發(fā)中子promptneutron瞬發(fā)中子promptcriticality瞬發(fā)臨界fissile易裂變的fissionab可裂變的lemorderate/slowdown慢化breedingratio增殖比burnup燃耗reactivity反應(yīng)性neutroncycle中子循環(huán)fissionproduct裂變產(chǎn)物criticality臨界promptcritical瞬發(fā)臨界flux通量xenon氙iodine碘actinide錒系（元素）reactivityworth反應(yīng)性價(jià)值慢化劑溫度系數(shù)

moderator

temperature

coefficient反應(yīng)性系數(shù)

reactivity

coefficient剩余反應(yīng)性

excess

reactivity燃料比功率

fuel

specific

power倍增因子multiplicationfactor有效增殖系數(shù)effectivemultiplicationfactor；effectivemultiplicationconstant無限介質(zhì)增殖系數(shù)infinitemultiplicationfactor；infinitemultiplicationconstant快中子增殖系數(shù)fastfissionfactor熱中子利用系數(shù)thermalutilizationfactor不泄漏幾率nonleakageprobability逃脫共振俘獲幾率resonanceescapeprobability四因子公式four-factorformula多普勒增寬Dopplerbroadening*總集成中子通量/總積分中子通量TotalIntegratedNeutronFlux=IntegratedFluxorFluence(注量)=NeutrondensityVelocityTime[單位：n/m3m/ss=n/m2]反應(yīng)堆壓水堆PressurizedWaterReactor(PWR)沸水堆BoilingWaterReactor(BWR)加拿大重水鈾反應(yīng)堆（坎杜堆）CANadianDeuteriumandUraniumreactor(CANDU)/pressurizedheavywaterreactor(PHWR)英國(guó)氣冷堆（美諾克斯堆）Britishgas-cooledMagnoxreactor高溫氣冷堆hightemperaturegas-cooledreactor(HTGR)快中子增殖反應(yīng)堆fastbreederreactor(FBR)輕水堆LightWaterReactor(LWR)先進(jìn)反應(yīng)堆a(bǔ)dvancedreactor超臨界水反應(yīng)堆supercriticalwaterreactor歐洲壓水堆（第三代反應(yīng)堆之一）EuropeanPressurizedwaterReactor(EPR)（美國(guó)）先進(jìn)壓水堆600/1000（第三代(+)反應(yīng)堆之一）AP(WR)600/1000核電廠部件、設(shè)備與系統(tǒng)燃料芯塊fuelpellet燃料元件fuelelement燃料棒fuelrod燃料組件fuelassembly定位格架spacergrid法蘭flange密封環(huán)sealring阻力塞plug(上/下)腔室(upper/lower)plenum堆芯，活性區(qū)core反應(yīng)堆壓力容器ReactorPressureVessel(RPV)上封頭upperclosurehead液壓螺栓拉伸機(jī)(張緊機(jī))hydraulicstudtensioner包覆層clad(碳鋼表面的防腐蝕堆焊層)控制棒controlrod控制棒組件ControlElementAssembly(CEA)可燃吸收棒burnableabsorberrod控制棒驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)ControlElementDriveMechanism(CEDM)變送器transmitter信號(hào)調(diào)理signalregulation吊籃barrel進(jìn)/出口接管inlet/outletnozzle冷/熱端，冷/熱腿，冷/熱管段cold/hotleg反應(yīng)堆堆內(nèi)構(gòu)件reactorvesselinternals腫脹swelling腐蝕corrode,corrosion侵蝕erode,erosion氧化oxidation,oxidize完整性integrity反應(yīng)堆冷卻劑泵（主泵）ReactorCoolantPump(RCP)屏蔽泵canned(motor)pump軸封泵shaftsealpump反應(yīng)堆冷卻劑系統(tǒng)（一回路系統(tǒng)）ReactorCoolantSystem(RCS)核蒸汽供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)NuclearSteamSupplySystem(NSSS)一回路primaryloop/circuit一回路系統(tǒng)/主回路系統(tǒng)primarysystem二回路secondaryloop穩(wěn)壓器pressurizer(PRZ)波動(dòng)管surgeline汽水分離器moistureseparator干燥器（二/三級(jí)汽水分離器）steamdryer安全閥safetyvalve卸壓閥reliefvalve溢流閥overflowvalve主蒸汽隔離閥mainsteamisolationvalve單向閥checkvalve止回閥non-returnvalve主蒸汽聯(lián)箱mainsteamheader給水調(diào)節(jié)閥feedregulatingvalve蒸汽發(fā)生器SteamGenerator(SG)主蒸汽管MainSteamLine(MSL)汽輪機(jī)steamturbine汽水分離再熱器MoistureSeparatorReheater(MSR)給水泵feed(water)pump上充泵chargingpump凝汽器condenser發(fā)電機(jī)(electric)generator安全殼containment地基，基礎(chǔ)foundation煙道stack貫穿件penetration核島nuclearisland常規(guī)島conventionalisland核電廠配套子項(xiàng)BalanceofPlant(BOP)一回路輔助系統(tǒng)auxiliarysystemforprimaryloop化學(xué)與容積控制系統(tǒng)（化容系統(tǒng)）ChemicalandVolumeControlSystem(CVCS)專設(shè)安全設(shè)施EngineeredSafetyFeature(ESF)余熱排出系統(tǒng)ResidualHeat-RemovalSystem(RHRS)應(yīng)急堆芯冷卻系統(tǒng)EmergencyCoreCoolingSystem(ECCS),安注系統(tǒng)SafetyInjection(SI)System直接注射系統(tǒng)directvesselinjection(DVI)換料水箱RefuelingWaterStorageTank(IRWST)(乏)燃料貯存水池(spent)fuelstoragepool燃料裝卸系統(tǒng)fuelhandlingsystem蓄壓箱accumulator機(jī)組unit輔助噴淋auxiliaryspray柴油發(fā)電機(jī)Dieselgenerator自動(dòng)保護(hù)系統(tǒng)AutomaticProtectiveSystem(APS)自動(dòng)降壓系統(tǒng)automaticdepressurizationsystem(ADS)儀控系統(tǒng)InstrumentationandControlSystem(I&Csystem)開關(guān)設(shè)備，開關(guān)柜switchgear蒸汽軸封系統(tǒng)，壓蓋蒸汽密封系統(tǒng)glandsteamsystem汽輪機(jī)旁路管turbinebypassline輔助給水泵auxiliaryfeedwaterpump汽動(dòng)給水泵turbinedrivenfeedwaterpump導(dǎo)管conduit冷凝水泵condensatepump冷凝水增壓泵condensateboosterpump水潤(rùn)滑軸承waterlubricatedbearing人孔manway檢修孔accessoryport反應(yīng)堆運(yùn)行運(yùn)行operation運(yùn)行工況operatingcondition操縱員operator維護(hù)maintenance監(jiān)督、監(jiān)視surveillance監(jiān)督試樣surveillancespecimen輻照監(jiān)督管irradiationsurveillancecapsule輻照監(jiān)督試樣盒surveillancespecimencompartment硼濃度boronconcentration稀釋dilution/dilute硼注入

boron

injection停堆shutdown緊急停堆scram/trip停役outage換料停堆refuelingoutage/refuelingshutdown換料refuel卸料

discharge倒料

shuffling滿功率運(yùn)行fullpoweroperation負(fù)荷跟蹤loadfollowing甩負(fù)荷loadshedding,loadrejection(控制棒等的)插入insertion(控制棒等的)抽出withdrawal反應(yīng)堆調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)ReactorRegulatingSystem(RRS)(蒸汽發(fā)生器)排污、下泄blowdown規(guī)程procedure技術(shù)規(guī)格technicalspecification瞬態(tài)，瞬變transient安裝調(diào)試installationandcommissioning冷態(tài)試驗(yàn)

cold

functional

test熱態(tài)試驗(yàn)

hot

functional

test(反應(yīng)堆)啟動(dòng)試驗(yàn)(reactor)

startuptest退役decommissioning主控室maincontrolroom方位角偏差azimuthaltilt徑向功率分布radialpowerdistribution軸向功率分布axialpowerdistribution燃料管理方案fuelmanagementscheme燃料-包殼交互作用fuel-cladinteractioneffect芯塊-包殼交互作用(PCI)pellet-cladinteraction(燃料)柵格、晶格lattice反應(yīng)堆安全核安全nuclearsafety安全功能

safety

function衰變熱decayheat余熱residualheat空泡系數(shù)voidcoefficient法律law法規(guī)regulation/code聯(lián)邦管理法規(guī)CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)法案（美）Act導(dǎo)則guidance安全1/2/3級(jí)safetyclass1/2/3可靠性reliability容限，裕量，邊界margin堆芯熱裕量corethermalmargin堵管裕量tubepluggingmargin運(yùn)行安全裕量operatingmargin標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，準(zhǔn)則criterion，復(fù)數(shù)形式:criteria概率安全分析ProbabilisticSafetyAnalysis(PSA)概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析ProbabilisticRiskAnalysis(PRA)確定論安全分析deterministicsafetyanalysis初步安全分析報(bào)告PreliminarySafetyAnalysisReport(PSAR)最終安全分析報(bào)告FinalSafetyAnalysisReport(FSAR)安全評(píng)價(jià)報(bào)告safetyevaluationreport事件incident事故accident后果consequence嚴(yán)重事故severeaccident堆芯損毀coredamage堆芯融化coremeltdown全廠斷電stationblackout冷卻劑喪失事故（失水事故）Loss-of-coolantAccident(LOCA)反應(yīng)性引入事故ReactivityInsertionAccident(RIA)未能緊急停堆的預(yù)計(jì)瞬變AnticipatedTransientWithoutScram(ATWS)失電LossofPower失流Lossofflow先漏后破leakbeforebreak(LBB)故障安全，失效保護(hù)fail-safe單一故障準(zhǔn)則single-failurecriterion共因故障commoncausefailure固有安全性inherentsafety非能動(dòng)安全passivesafety冗余性redundancy多樣性diversity多層屏障multiplebarrier縱深防御defenseindepth潛熱latentheat焓，熱函sensibleheat,enthalpy定期安全檢查periodicsafetyinspection許可證license監(jiān)管regulation核安全準(zhǔn)則nuclearsafetycriteria三哩島事故ThreeMileIsland(TMI)accident切爾諾貝利事故Chernobylaccident工作不正常，故障malfunction失效failure假設(shè)始發(fā)事件postulatedinitiatingevents事故工況accidentcondition嚴(yán)重事故severeaccident事故處理accidentmanagement設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)事故designbasisaccident負(fù)荷喪失事故lossofelectricalloadaccident主給水喪失事故lossofmainfeedwateraccident卡棒事故stuckrodaccident彈棒事故rodejectionaccident堵管裕量tubepluggingmargin管道甩擺限制pipewhiprestraint在役檢查inserviceinspection承壓熱沖擊pressurizedthermalshock放射性與輻射防護(hù)radioactivity放射性scatter散射deflect,deflection折射衍射diffraction穿透penetrate,penetration交互作用interact,interactionionization電離湮滅annihilate(v.),annihilation(n.)衰減attenuate(v.),attenuation(n.)projectile入射離子radiationprotection輻射防護(hù)radiation,ray輻射，射線irradiation輻照，（向外）輻射internalexposure內(nèi)照射externalexposure外照射occupationaldose職業(yè)照射（劑量）fluence注量cosmicray宇宙射線x-rayX射線//射線//rayhealthphysics保健物理shielding屏蔽biologicalshield生物屏蔽劑量dosedoseequivalent劑量當(dāng)量collectivedose集體劑量individualdose個(gè)人劑量ingest,ingestion攝入，攝取inhale,inhalation吸入coma昏迷cramp絞痛diarrhea腹瀉tremor顫抖vomit嘔吐somatic身體的somaticeffect軀體反應(yīng)radiationsickness輻照病變symptom征兆therapy治療survivor幸存者activationproduct活化產(chǎn)物effluent廢水naturalbackground天然本底sivert希弗spectrum譜雷姆rem氡radonaslowasreasonablyachievable(ALARA)合理可行盡量低radioactivewastedisposal放射性廢物處理high-level(radioactive)waste高放廢物low-level(radioactive)waste低放廢物有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師學(xué)會(huì)NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC/USNRC)美國(guó)核管會(huì)DepartmentOfEnergy(DOE)美國(guó)能源部WorldAssociationofNuclearOperators(WANO)世界核電運(yùn)營(yíng)者協(xié)會(huì)InternationalCommissiononRadiologicalProtection(ICRP)國(guó)際輻射防護(hù)委員會(huì)ChinaAtomicEnergyAuthority（CAEA）中國(guó)國(guó)家原子能機(jī)構(gòu)StateEnvironmentProtectionAdministrationofChina國(guó)家環(huán)?？偩制渌g(shù)語表示方向lateral橫向longitudinal縱向radial徑向perpendicularto垂直于verticallymounted垂直/立式安裝circumferential環(huán)向axial軸向periphery周邊材料失效術(shù)語corrosion腐蝕stresscorrosioncracking應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂rapture,fracture,break斷裂breach破口腫脹swellingcavitation氣蝕pitting點(diǎn)蝕/孔蝕crevicecorrosion縫隙腐蝕erosion沖蝕FACflowacceleratedcorrosion流動(dòng)加速腐蝕wastage耗蝕(SGtube)dent凹陷，凹痕fatigue疲勞ageing老化degradation降級(jí)wear磨損frettingwear微動(dòng)磨損creep蠕變stress應(yīng)力strain應(yīng)變creepstrength蠕變強(qiáng)度tensilestrength抗拉強(qiáng)度yieldstrength屈服強(qiáng)度rapturestrength斷裂強(qiáng)度nil-ductilitytransitiontemperature零延性轉(zhuǎn)變溫度thermalstress熱應(yīng)力irradiationswelling輻照腫脹depositwelding,overlaying,build-upwelding,surfacewelding堆焊sealweld密封焊heataffectedzone(HAZ)焊接熱影響區(qū)核電工程術(shù)語procurement征購(gòu)site廠址callforbid,callfortender招標(biāo)commercialoffer商務(wù)標(biāo)technicaloffer技術(shù)標(biāo)commencement開工contract合同firmcontract不可更改的合同subcontract分包合同commitment承諾，任務(wù)jobsite工地，工作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)technicalrequirement技術(shù)要求技術(shù)規(guī)格technicalspecificationnon-conformance不符合項(xiàng)delivery交貨warehouse倉(cāng)庫(kù)constructionschedule施工計(jì)劃FreeonBoard(FOB)離岸價(jià)格CostInsuranceandFreight(CIF)到岸價(jià)格Engineering,Procurement&ConstructionEPC合同-設(shè)計(jì)采購(gòu)建造powergrid電網(wǎng)distributionsystem輸變電系統(tǒng)其它c(diǎn)ompound化合物mixture混合物mass質(zhì)量momentum動(dòng)量energy能量potential(energy)勢(shì)能kineticenergy動(dòng)能inertia慣性half-life半衰期meanfreepath平均自由程fuelcycle燃料循環(huán)hotspot熱點(diǎn)hot-channelfactor熱管因子departurefromnucleateboilingratio(DNBR)偏離泡核沸騰比heattransfer傳熱heatexchanger換熱器heatconduction導(dǎo)熱convection對(duì)流熱輻射thermal/heatradiation干度quality蒸汽steam預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼筋混凝土prestressedreinforcedconcrete/prestressedconcrete鋼筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete鐵鋼沙混凝土Steelshotconcret筋，鋼筋束tendon流量分配flowdistribution電網(wǎng)powergrid業(yè)主utility承包商contractor分包商sub-contractor壓降pressuredrop壓差differentialpressure水位(water)level規(guī)定，條款；保障；裝備provision地震earthquake地震的seismic颶風(fēng)tornado暖通空調(diào)Heating,VentilationandAirConditioning(HVAC)熱阱heatsink惰轉(zhuǎn)coastdown惰轉(zhuǎn)流量coastdownflow功率失常激增，功率漂移powerexcursion減輕，緩解v.mitigate,n.mitigation公差、容差allowance間隙，公差clearance權(quán)重因子weightingfactor有必要了解的詞匯與短語asaruleofthumb根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)byordersofmagnitude以數(shù)量級(jí)incipientfailure早期故障,初期故障eliminate,elimination消除derive,derivation,deduce,deduction導(dǎo)出，起源mechanism,approach,principle,theory機(jī)理，原理susceptible敏感的susceptibility敏感性toxic有毒的acute急劇的inherit遺傳hereditary遺傳性的altitude高度postulate,postulation假定，假設(shè)permeable可滲透的,有滲透性的impermeable不可滲透的brittlefracture脆性破裂embrittlement脆化toughness韌性ductility延展性閱讀理解題練習(xí)Passage1Asaresultreactordesignershavepaidgreatattentiontotheinherentsafetyofreactorswhichcanbeachievedbynegativetemperatureandpowercoefficientsandfail-safecontrolsystems.Itcanbesaidwithsomeconfidencethatpresent-daythermalreactorsaresafeinthesensethatundernoconceivablecircumstancecantheyexplodelikeabomb,andcontrolsystemshavebeendesignedwhichcan,intheeventofanymalfunctiononthepartofthereactororitsassociatedplant,automaticallyandrapidlyshutdownthereactor,i.e.makeitsubcriticalbyasubstantialamount,inaveryfewseconds.1.Accordingtotheparagraph,inherentsafetyofreactorscanbeachievedby.（C）A.theoperators;B.positivetemperatureandpositivepowercoefficients;C.negativetemperatureandnegativepowercoefficients;D.passivesafetysystemandpositivepowercoefficients.2.Thebesttitleofthepassagemayprobablybe.（D）A.fail-safecontrolsystem；B.thermalreactorsafetyandoperation;C.automaticprotectivesystem;D.inherentsafetydesignofreactors.PassageIIThebiologicalshieldshouldcontainsomehydrogencompoundtoslowdownfastneutrons,andbedenseenoughtoattenuategammaradiationeffectively.Concretesatisfiesboththeserequirementsfairlywellandissuitableforlandbasereactors.Barytes(重晶石)concrete,containingtheheavyelementbarium,andsteel-shotconcretehavebeenusedforbiologicalshields.Theyaremoredensethanordinaryconcrete,withimprovedshieldingproperties,howevertheirhighercostoffsetsthisadvantage.Thebiologicalshieldforamarinereactor,whichisusuallyafairlycompactpressurizedwaterreactor,mustsatisfyaminimumspaceandweightrequirement.Thisleadstoashielddesignwhichconsiststypicallyofalternatelayersofwater(forfastneutronslowing)andsteel(forgammarayattenuation).3.Accordingtotheabovepassage,isnotpossibleforconstructingbiologicalshield?（C）A.steel; B.concrete;C.graphite; D.paraffinwax.4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesisnottrue?（D）A.Thebiologicalshieldisdesignedmainlytoslowdownfastneutronsandattenuategammaradiation.B.Themarinereactorusesalternativesteelandwaterlayersasitsbiologicalshield.C.Thecombinationofheavyelementconcreteandsteelbarscouldimprovetheshieldingproperties.D.Thebiologicalshieldshouldusehydrogenelementtoslowdownfastneutronandattenuategammaradiations.PassageIIIInordertomitigatetheeffectsoflargereleaseofsteam(anpotentiallyofradioactivity)inthecontainment,twofullcapacityindependentsafetysystemsareprovided;thereactorbuildingspraysystemandthereactorbuildingemergencycoolers.Thesystemsaredesignedtoprovidecoolwatertocondensedischargesteamandtopreventcontainmentpressurefromreachingitsdesignlimit.Individualsystemsdifferconsiderablybutatypicalsystemmaybedescribedasfollows;Theinitialcapacityofthesystemsinremovingheatfromthecontainmentatmosphereistypically253GJ/hr.Whenacontainmentpressureof4psigisreached,theemergencycoolersofthereactorbuildingareactuated.Intheirpostaccidentmode,thesystemconsistsofthreeunitseachwithafanandanemergencycooler.Asthereactorbuildingairiscirculatedacrossatubularheatexchanger,aportionofsteamiscondensed.Thesecoolersalonewouldbecapableofreturningthecontainmentpressuretonearatmosphericwithin24hrafteranaccident.Whenthepressurereachesalevelof10psig,thesecondsafetysystem,thereactorbuildingspraysystem,isautomaticallyactuated.Itconsistsofapump,piping,headers,andspraynozzlesarrangeduniformlyunderthecontainmentdome.Itcansprayboratedwaterintothereactorbuildingatarateof11.35m3/min.Asodiumhydroxideadditiveisalsoprovidedinthespraywatertoincreasetheretentionofiodine,andhence,toreduceitsconcentrationinthecontainmentatmosphereintheeventofasizablebreachoffuelcladding.5.Twofullcapacityindependentsafetysystemsareprovidedforthedesignpurposeof.（A）A.condensingthesteamreleasedintothecontainmentwhenpressureexceedsdesignlimit.B.maintainingthehighpressureinthecontainmentC.discharginglargeamountofsteamD.mitigatingtheeffectofradiationhazardtothecontainment.6.Thereactorbuildingspraysystemwillbeactuatedautomatically.（C）A.after24hoursaftertheaccident;B.immediatelyaftertheaccident;C.whenthecontainmentpressurereachesalevelofdesignlimit;D.whentheairinthecontainmentiscirculatedthroughtheheatexchanger.7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?（B）A.Theemergencycoolerconsistsoffansandheatexchangers.B.Theemergencycoolersystemcansprayboratedwaterintocontainment.C.Allthetwosystemareappliedforreturningthecontainmentpressuretobeblowatmosphericaftertheaccident.D.Sodiumhydroxideadditiveisprovidedinthespraywatertoreducetheamountofradioactivefissionproduces.PassageIVManyreactor-yearsofoperatingexperiencehaveshownthatitisnotthefissionchainreactioninthereactorcorethatisthemostlikelysourceofmalfunctionandaccidents,butthe“conventional”componentsofthepowerplantsuchaspumps,valves,switches,relaysandpartsunderstresssuchaspressurevesselorpipework.Humanerroronthepartofoperatingandmaintenancestaffhasalsoprovedtobearatherfrequentsourceoftroubleinnuclearpowerplant.Thesefactorsarenotpeculiartonuclearpowerplant,buttheyassumegreatimportancebecauseofthehazardousnatureofnuclearreactors.Designershavetoensurethatallsystemsshouldasfaraspossiblebefail-safeandredundant,i.e.ifonesystemfailstofunctioncorrectly,anotherisavailabletofulfillthesamefunction.Asstatedabove,nuclearreactorscannotexplodelikenuclearbombs.ThisprimarilybecauseofthefastactingnegativethermalfeedbackduetoDopplerbroadeningofthe238Uabsorptionresonances.Inadditioninthermalreactorswhereneutronsaremoderated,thepromptneutronlifetimeLpistheorderof10-4second;inabomb,sincetheneutronsareunmoderated,thepromptneuronlifetimeisoftheorderof10-8seconds.Finally,reactorfuelconsiststypicallyof2to3percent235U,whereasnuclearweaponscontainalmostpure239Pu.Theneteffectofthesedifferenceisthat,eveninareactorwhichistotallyoutofcontrolandgonepromptcritical,thereactorperiodwillnotbemuchlessthanasecondorso.Inanuclearbomb,theperiodisoftheorderofnanoseconds.Accordingtothetext,themostlikelysourceoftroublesinanuclearcomesfromCoreofthereactorConventionalcomponentsPartsunderstressHumanerrorThefirstsentenceofsecondparagraph“Thesefactorsarenotpeculiarto…”,whatdoes“Thesefactors”mean?HumanerrorMalfunctionofconventionalcomponentsFissionchainreactioninthecoreAlloftheaboveWhatmakethepressurizedwaterreactorscannotexplodelikeanuclearbomb?Dopplerbroadeningofthe238UabsorptionresonancesTheneutronsaremoderatedPWRfuelcontainsmuchlessfissileisotopesthannuclearbombAlloftheaboveThelasttwosentences“Theneteffectof…isoftheorderofnanoseconds.”Giveacomparisonaboutthereactorperiod,whatdoestheauthormostlikelytoexpress?ThereactorperiodistooshortcomparingwithanuclearbombThe239PuinanuclearbombismoreeasilytogopromptcriticalityThenuclearreactorcannotgeneratelargeamountofheatasanuclearbombdoeswithinveryshorttime,thereforenuclearreactorcannotexplode.Theauthorwantstogiveusareferenceaboutthedataofthereactorperiodtime.PassageVTheprimaryfunctionsofthecontrolroddrivemechanisms(CRDM)aretoinsertorwithdrawrodclustercontrolassembliesandgrayrodcontrolassemblesintoorfromthecoretocontrolaveragecoretemperatureatadesignedspeed.AschematicdiagramofCRDMisgiveninFig1.Controlrodwithdrawalonestepinvolvessixactions.Fig1.Controlroddrivemechanism1)MoveableGripperCoilB-on.Thelatch-lockingplungerrisesandswingsthemovablegripperlatchesintothedriverodassemblygroove.Asmallaxialclearanceexistsbetweenthelatchteethandthedriverod.2)StationaryGripperCoilA-off.Theforceofgravity,actinguponthedriverodassemblyandattachedcontrolrod,causesthestationarygripperandplungertomovedownward1/16inch,transferringtheloadofthedriverodassemblyandattachedcontrolrodtothemovablegripperlatches.Theplungercontinuestomovedownwardandswingsthestationarygripperlatchesoutofthedriverodassemblygroove.3)LiftCoilC-on.The5/8-inchgapbetweenthemovablegripperpoleandtheliftpolecloses,andthedriverodassemblyrisesonesteplength.4)StationaryGripperCoilA-on.Theplungerrisesandrisesthegapbelowthestationarygripperpole.Thethreelinks,pinnedtotheplunger,swingthestationarygripperlatchesintoadriverodassemblygroove.Thelatchescontactthedriverodassemblyandliftitasmallfractionofaninch.Thesmallverticaldriverodassemblymovementtransfersthedriverodassemblyloadfromthemovablegripperlatchestothestationarygripperlatches.5)MovableGripperCoil–off.Thelatch-lockingplungerseparatesfromthemovablegripperpoleundertheforceofaspringandgravity.Threelinks,pinnedtotheplunger,swingthethreemovablegripperlatchesoutofthedriverodassemblygroove.6)LiftCoilC–off.Thegapbetweenthemovablegripperpoleandthelifepoleopens.Themovablegripperlatchesdrop5/8inchtoapositionadjacenttoadriverodassemblegroove.Repetitionoftheabovesixactionswillmakeanotherstepofwithdrawalmovementofcontrolrod.Accordingtothetext,themostlikelysourceoftroublesinanuclearcomesfromCoreofthereactorConventionalcomponentsPartsunderstressHumanerrorAccordingtothetext,themostlikelysourceoftroublesinanuclearcomesfromCoreofthereactorConventionalcomponentsPartsunderstressHumanerror句子翻譯－舉例Which從句Theatomsofallelements,whichatonetimewerethoughttobethefundamentalparticlesofnature,consistofnumbersofthreemorefundamentalparticles-protons,neutronsandelectrons.曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是自然界中基礎(chǔ)粒子的原子是由多個(gè)更基礎(chǔ)的粒子組成－質(zhì)子、中子和電子。Theforceofelectrostaticrepulsion靜電斥力betweenlikecharges,whichvariesinverselyasthesquareoftheirseparation,wouldbeexpectedtobesolargethatnucleicouldnotbeformed.在相同的電荷之間的靜電斥力與它們之間的距離成反比，這個(gè)力如此之大以至于原子核無法形成。Differentisotopesofanelementbehaveidenticallyasfarastheirchemistryisconcerned,whichisnotsurprisingaschemicalbondsexistbetweenelectrons.(非限定性定語從句)僅考慮化學(xué)性質(zhì)，一個(gè)元素的不同同位素都有相同的性質(zhì)，這一點(diǎn)并不奇怪，因?yàn)榛瘜W(xué)鍵僅存在于電子之間。Isotopesdifferfromoneanotherphysicallyinthatthemassesandothercharacteristicsoftheirnucleiaredifferent,whichistobeexpectedasitisinthenucleithatthedifferencebetweentwoisotopeslies.(非限定性，修飾前面的句子)同位素之間的物理特性是不同的，由于兩個(gè)同位素的差別是在原子核內(nèi)，因此可以預(yù)計(jì)到它們的原子核的質(zhì)量和其它特性都會(huì)有差別。Thetotalnewmassproducedistwicethemass-energyoftheelectron,2(0.51)=1.02MeV,whichmeansthatthereactioncanoccuronlyifthegammarayhasatleastthisamountofenergy.(非限定性)所產(chǎn)生的總的新質(zhì)量是兩倍電子的質(zhì)能2(0.51)=1.02MeV，這意味著僅當(dāng)伽馬射線最少具有這個(gè)能量時(shí)這個(gè)反應(yīng)才可能發(fā)生。WaterhasexcellentneutronslowingdownpropertieswhichenablewatermoderatedreactorstohavemuchmorecompactcoresthanarepossibleinothertypesofthermalreactorsThereactorvesselislocatedwithinadeeppit,whichcanbefloodedwhenthereactorisshutdown.反應(yīng)堆容器被放置在一個(gè)深坑中，這個(gè)坑在反應(yīng)堆停堆后可以被水淹沒。Thecooledwaterleavingthesteamgeneratorsisreturnedtothecorebyalargecirculatingpump,andthesteamproducedflowstoaturbine,whichdrivestheelectricalgenerator.冷卻后的水離開蒸汽發(fā)生器由一個(gè)巨大的循環(huán)泵送回堆芯，產(chǎn)生的蒸汽流到驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)的汽輪機(jī)。介詞+which，如inwhich等Theatomconsistsofnucleusinwhichallthepositivelychargedprotonsandunchargedneutronsarecloselygroupedtogether,andanumberofnegativelychargedelectronsmovinginorbitalpathsaroundthenucleus.原子包含一個(gè)原子核，其中帶正電的質(zhì)子和不帶電的中子緊密聚集在一起，一定數(shù)量帶負(fù)電的電子沿著軌道繞核運(yùn)動(dòng)。Theexplanationistobefoundintheprincipleoftheequivalenceofmassandenergyinwhich(修飾principle)Einsteinstatedthatmassandenergyaredifferentformsofthesamefundamentalquantity.從質(zhì)量和能量的等效原理中可以找到解釋，在這一原理中，愛因斯坦證明了質(zhì)量和能量時(shí)同一基本量的兩個(gè)不同形式。Consequentlyalphaparticleshaveashortandwell-definedrangeinmatterwhichdependsontheirenergyandthedensityofthematerialthroughwhichtheypass.因此粒子在物質(zhì)中有一個(gè)短而明確的穿透范圍，該范圍取決于其能量和穿過物質(zhì)的密度。Thevaluesfortherangeof5MeValphaparticlesinairandaluminumareabout3.5cmand0.0025cmrespectively,fromwhichitisevident(tosee)thatalphaparticlescanbeeasilystoppedandpresentnoshieldingprobleminnuclearphysicsorengineering,althoughtheydopresentahealthhazardifanalpha-emittingisotopeisingested(攝入)inthebody.能量為5MeV的粒子在空氣和鋁中的穿透距離大約分別為3.5cm和0.0025cm，從中可以明顯看出，盡管它們?cè)诒粩z入體內(nèi)后確實(shí)對(duì)健康有危害，粒子在核物理或工程上可以非常容易地被阻止，不會(huì)造成屏蔽問題。Theword“material”willrefertobulkmatter,whetherofmineralorbiologicalorigin,aswellastheparticlesofwhichthematteriscomposed,includingmolecules,atoms,electrons,andnuclei.“材料”一詞是指礦物和生物性質(zhì)的塊狀物質(zhì)，以及組成物質(zhì)的粒子，其中包括分子、原子、電子和原子核。現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語Theelectrongainsenergyandmovesawaywithhighspeedvandtotalmass-energymc2,leavingtheatomionized.電子獲得能量并帶著總質(zhì)能mc2高速離開原子核，從而使原子電離。Ifitsenergyislarger,itmayimpartenergytoatomicelectronsasdescribedbytheBohrtheory,causingexcitationofelectronstohigherenergystatesorproducingionization,withsubsequentemissionoflight.如果其能量更大，它可以按照波爾理論把能量傳遞給原子的電子，使電子激發(fā)到高能態(tài)或電離，并伴隨發(fā)光現(xiàn)象。Anincidentphotonofhighenoughenergydislodges(移出)anelectronfromtheatom,leavingapositivelychargedion.能量足夠高的一個(gè)入射光子從原子中擊出一個(gè)電子，剩下一個(gè)帶正電的離子。Electronsalsoflowinatelevisiontube,wheretheyaremadetohitthescreen,causingaflashoflight.電子也能在電視顯像管中流動(dòng)，顯像管中的電子沖擊熒光屏，因而引起閃光。表示“導(dǎo)致”的常用詞：Resultin,resultfrom,asaresultofTheabovetwoprocessesareusuallytreatedseparatelyeventhoughbothresultinionization.盡管都導(dǎo)致電離，上述兩個(gè)過程通常被分別對(duì)待。Weincludethoseproducedbybothatomicandnuclearprocessesandthoseresultingfromelectricalacceleration.我們包括那些由原子和核反應(yīng)過程中產(chǎn)生的射線，也包括那些由電加速產(chǎn)生的射線。Thelatterprocessmayresultintheneutronbeingcapturedinthenucleus,beingeffectivelyscattered,orcausingthefissionorsplittingofthenucleus.后一個(gè)過程可能導(dǎo)致中子被原子核俘獲、被散射、或者原子核的裂變或分裂。LeadtohoweveritispossiblethatthedistortionmayleadtoadumbbellshapeatwhichpointtheCoulombforceofrepulsionbetweenthetwohalvesofthedumbbellexceedthenuclearforcewhichisweakenedbythedistortionofthenucleus.大多數(shù)情況下，扭曲會(huì)被核力所限制，在退出激發(fā)態(tài)后，原子核的球形被恢復(fù)，但是，當(dāng)扭曲可能導(dǎo)致原子核變成啞鈴狀，這時(shí)啞鈴的兩個(gè)半球之間的庫(kù)侖斥力超過因原子核變形而減弱的核力。cause,causebyTheycauseintense(強(qiáng)烈的)ionizationduetotheirdoublepositivecharge,andsoloseenergyrapidly.它們導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)烈的電離，因?yàn)樗鼈兙哂袃蓚€(gè)正電荷，并迅速失去能量。Inthisisotopefissioncanbecausedbyneutronsofanyenergy,lowenergyneutronsbeingthemosteffective.對(duì)該同位素，裂變可以由任何能量的中子引發(fā)，低能量中子最有效。ProduceFalloutfromnuclearweaponstestingproducesasimilarhazard.從核武器試驗(yàn)中放出的輻射微塵會(huì)產(chǎn)生相似的危害。Wenowturntoagroupofthreerelatedprocessesinvolvinggammarayphotonsproducedbynuclearreactions.我們現(xiàn)在開始介紹一下關(guān)于由核反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的伽馬射線光子的三個(gè)相關(guān)過程。bringControlrods,insertedthroughtheremovablehead,providesufficientcontroltobringthecoretoahotshutdowncondition.