攝影測量與遙感學(xué)英語詞匯

攝影測量與遙感學(xué)英語詞匯001攝影測量學(xué)photogrammetry

002衛(wèi)星攝影測量satellitephotogrammetry

003攝影學(xué)photography

004航天攝影spacephotography

005航空攝影aerialphotography

006航空攝影機(jī)aerialcamera

007立體攝影機(jī)stereocamera，stereometriccamera

008非量測攝影機(jī)non－metriccamera

009量測攝影機(jī)metriccamera

010全景攝影機(jī)panoramiccamera，panoramacamera

011框幅攝影機(jī)framecamera

012條幅［航帶］攝影機(jī)continuousstripcamera,stripcamera

013陣列攝影機(jī)arraycamera

014電荷耦合器件攝影機(jī)(簡稱“CCD攝影機(jī)”)charge－coupleddevicecamera

015多譜段攝影機(jī)multispectralcamera

016地面攝影機(jī)terrestrialcamera

017彈道攝影機(jī)ballisticcamera

018水下攝影機(jī)underwatercamera

019大象幅攝影機(jī)largeformatcamera，LFC

020恒星攝影機(jī)stellarcamera

021地平線攝影機(jī)horizoncamera

022反束光導(dǎo)管攝象機(jī)returnbeamvidiconcamera，RBV

023象幅pictureformat

024框標(biāo)fiducialmark

025象移補(bǔ)償imagemotioncompensation，IMC，forwardmotioncompensation，F(xiàn)MC

026焦距focallength

027快門shutter

028中心快門between-the-lensshutter，lensshutter

029簾幕快門(又稱“焦面快門)focalplaneshutter，curtainshutter

030景深depthoffield

031超焦點距離hyperfocaldistance

032孔徑(又稱“光圈”)aperture

033光圈號數(shù)f-number，stop-number

034象場角objectiveangleofimagefield，angularfieldofview

035瞬時現(xiàn)場(又稱“空間分解力”，其值為地面分解力2．5～2．8倍)instantaneousfield－of－view，IFOV

036畸變［差］distortion

037全景畸變panoramicdistortion

038幾何畸變geometricdistortion

039徑向畸變radialdistortion

040切向畸變tangentialdistortion，tangentiallensdistortion

041物鏡分辨率resolvingpoweroflens

042影象分辨率resolvingpowerofimage(注：一毫米內(nèi)能分辨線對條數(shù))

043正片positive

044負(fù)片negative

045透明負(fù)片dianegative

046透明正片diapositive,transparentpositive

047反轉(zhuǎn)片reversalfilm

048盲色片achromaticfilm

049正色片orthochromaticfilm

050全色片panchromaticfilm

051紅外片infraredfilm

052黑白片black-and-whitefilm

053彩色片colorfilm

054全色紅外片panchromaticinfraredfilm

055彩色紅外片(又稱“假彩色片”)colorinfraredfilm，falsecolorfilm

056航攝軟片aerialfilm

057感光度sensitivity

058感光材料sensitivematerial

059彩色感光材料colorsensitivematerial

060感光測定sensitometry

061感光特性曲線characteristiccurveofphotographicemulsion

062光譜感光度(又稱“光譜靈敏度”)spectralsensitivity

063黑白攝影black-and-whitephotography

064彩色攝影colorphotography

065假彩色攝影falsecolorphotography

066紅外攝影infraredphotography

067全息攝影hologramphotography，holography

068縮微攝影microphotography,microcopying

069低倍放大攝影pnotomacrography

070顯微攝影photomicrography

071多譜段攝影multispectralphotography

072全景攝影panoramicphotography

073豎直攝影verticalphotography

074傾斜攝影obliquephotography

075小象幅航空攝影smallformataerialphotography，SFAP

076攝站camerastation，exposurestation

077攝影航線flightlineofaerialphotography

078攝影分區(qū)flightblock

079攝影比例尺photographicscale

080攝影基線photographicbaseline，airbase

081攝影質(zhì)量photographicquality

082航攝領(lǐng)航navigationofaerialphotography

083航攝計劃flightplanofaerialphotography

084航攝漏洞aerialphotographicgap

085航高flyingheight，flightheight

086相對航高relativeflyingheight

087絕對航高absoluteflyingheight

088基一高比base-heightratio

089航向重疊longitudinaloverlapendoverlap，forwardoverlap,fore－and－aftoverlap

090旁向重疊lateraloverlap，sideoverlap，sidelaP

091骨架航線(又稱“構(gòu)架航線”)controlstrip

092曝光exposure

093攝影處理photographicprocessing

094顯影developing

095定影fixing

096感光sensitising

097接觸曬印contactprinting

098投影曬印projectionprinting

099反差contrast

100反差系數(shù)contrastcoefficient

101景物反差objectcontrast

102地面照度illuminanceofground

103影象質(zhì)量imagequality

104影象分辨力(又稱“象元地面分辨力”。指象元地面尺寸。)imageresolution,groundresolution

105像片photo，photograph

106豎直攝影像片verticalphotograph

107傾斜攝影像片obliquephotograph

108航攝像片aerialphotograph

109地平線像片horizonphotograph

110像片比例尺photoscale

111數(shù)字影象(又稱“數(shù)字圖象”)digitalimage

112數(shù)字化影象digitizedimage

113光學(xué)密度opticaldensity

114密度計densitometer

115測微密度計microdensitometer

116光學(xué)傳遞函數(shù)opticaltransferfunction，OTF

117相位傳遞函數(shù)phasetransferfunction，PTF

118調(diào)制傳遞函數(shù)modulationtransferfunction，MTF

119維納頻譜Winerspectrum

120透光率transmittance

121灰楔greywedge,opticalwedae

122密度density

123灰度greylevel

124象元pixel，pictureelement

125密度分割densityslicing

126象主點principalpointofphotograph

127象底點photonadirpoint

128地底點groundnadirpoint

129象等角點isocenterofphotogrgaph

130等比線ipometricparallel

131像片基線photobase

132象主縱線principalline［ofphotograph］

133主垂面principalplane［ofphotograph］，principalverticalplane

134真地平線truehorizon

135視地平線apparenthorizon

136象地平線(又稱“合線”、“真水平線”)imagehorizon,horizontrace,vanishingline

137象點位移displacementofimage

138投影差reliefdisplacement，heightdisplacement

139傾斜位移tiltdisplacement

140主合點principalvanishingpoint

141核點epipole

142核面epipolarplane

143核線epipolarline，epipolarray

144主核線principalepipolarline

145主核面principalepipolarplane

146垂核面verticalepipolarplane

147垂核線verticalepipolarline

148同名核線correspondingepipolarline

149像片方位角azimuthofphotograph

150像片內(nèi)方位元素elementsofinteriororientation

151像片外方位元素elementsofexteriororientation

152像片方位元素photoorientationelements

153姿態(tài)attitude

154姿態(tài)參數(shù)attitudeparameter

155像片傾角tiltangleofphotograph

156航向傾角longitudinaltilt，pitch

157旁向傾角lateraltilt，roll

158像片旋角swingangle,yaw

159立體象對stereopair

160立體觀測stereoscopicobservation

161互補(bǔ)色立體觀察anaglyphicalstereoscopicviewing

162偏振光立體觀察vectographmethodofstereoscopicviewing

163立體視覺stereocopicvision

164正立體orthostereoscopy

165反立體pseudostereoscopy

166左右視差horizontalparallax，x－parallax

167上下視差verticalparallax，y－parallax

168同名象點correspondingimagepoints，homologousimagepoints

169標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置點Gruberpoint

170定向點orientationpoint

171內(nèi)部定向interiororientation

172外部定向exteriororientation

173相對走向relativeorientation

174絕對定向absoluteorientation

175相對定向元素elementsofrelativeorientation

176絕對定向元素elementsofabsoluteorientation

177幾何反轉(zhuǎn)原理principleofgeometricreverse(注：根據(jù)光路可逆性，建立所攝對象模型的原理)

178同名光線correspondingimagerays

179全能法測圖universalmethodofphotogrammetricmapping，yнивepcaльн-ыйметод

аэрофотограмметрическойсьёмки(俄)

180分工法測圖(又稱“微分法測圖”)differentialmethodofphotogrammetricmapping,

дифференцированныйметодаэрофотограмметрическойсьёмки（俄）

181綜合法測圖photoplanimetricmethodofphotogrammetricmapping，комбинированный

методаэрофотограмметрическойсьёмки（俄）

182糾正rectification

183像片糾正photorectification

184像片平面圖photoplan

185光學(xué)糾正opticalrectification

186光學(xué)機(jī)械糾正optical－mechanicalrectification

187圖解糾正graphicalrectification

188光學(xué)圖解糾正opticalgraphicalrectification

189仿射糾正affinerectification

190分帶糾正zonalrectification

191多級糾正multistagerectification

192糾正圖底basisforrectification

193光學(xué)條件opticalcondition(注：保證糾正儀上物、象平面光學(xué)共軛的條件)

194幾何條件geometriccondition(注：保證糾正儀上正確投影關(guān)系的條件)

195糾正元素elementofrectification

196合點控制vanishingpointcontrol

197交線條件(又稱“向甫魯條件”、“恰普斯基條件”)conditionofintersection，

Scheimpflugcondition,Czapskicondition

198透視旋轉(zhuǎn)定律(又稱“沙爾定律”)rotationaxiomoftheperspective，rotationaltheorem，Chaslestheorem

199像片鑲嵌photomosaic

200光學(xué)鑲嵌opticalmosaic

201鑲嵌索引圖indexmosaic

202調(diào)繪annotation

203像片判讀photointerpretation

204目視判讀visualinterpretation

205明顯地物點outstandingpoint．

206人工標(biāo)志【點】artificialtarget

207輻射三角測量radialtriangulation

208立體攝影測量stereophotogrammetry，twoimagephotogrammetry

209模擬法測圖analogphotogrammetricplotting

210變換光束測圖affineplotting

211光學(xué)投影opticalprojection

212機(jī)械投影mechanicalprojection

213光學(xué)機(jī)械投影optical-mechanlcalprojection

214像片主距principaldistanceofphoto

215攝影機(jī)主距principaldistanceofcamera

216投影器主距principaldistanceofprojector

217立體模型stereoscopicmodel

218幾何模型geometricmodel

219視模型perceivedmodel

220模型縮放scalingofmodel

221模型置平levelingofmodel

222模型連接bridgingofmodel

223空中三角測量aerotriangulation

224空中水準(zhǔn)測量aeroleveling

225空中導(dǎo)線測量aeropolygonometry

226模擬空中三角測量analogaerotriangulation

227阿貝比長原理Abbecomparatorprinciple

228波羅一科普原理Porro－Koppeprinciple

229空間后方交會Spaceresection

230空間前方交會spaceintersection

231攝影測量坐標(biāo)系photogrammetriccoordinatesystem

232象平面坐標(biāo)系photocoordinatesystem

233象空間坐標(biāo)系imagespacecoordinatesystem

234物空間坐標(biāo)系objectspacecoordinatesystem

235羅德里格斯矩陣Rodriguesmatrix

236構(gòu)象方程imagingequation

237共線方程collinearityequation

238共面方程coplanarityequation

239投影方程projectionequation

240加密點passpoint

241連接點tiepoint

242解析空中三角測量(俗稱“電算加密”)analyticalaerotriangulation

243航帶法空中三角測量stripaerialtriangulation

244獨立模型法空中三角測量independentmodelaerialtriangulation，aerotriangulationbyindependentmodel

245光束法空中三角測量bundleaerialtriangulation

246聯(lián)機(jī)空中三角測量on—lineaerophotogrammetrictriangulation

247區(qū)域網(wǎng)平差blockadjustment

248自檢校self－calibration

249聯(lián)合平差combinedadjustment

250數(shù)據(jù)探測法datasnooping

251粗差檢測grosserrordetection

252選權(quán)迭代法iterationmethodwithvariableweights

253解析糾正analyticalrectification

254解析定向analyticalorientation

255解析測圖analyticalmapping

256數(shù)控繪圖桌digitaltracingtable

257機(jī)助測圖computer－assistedmapping，computer－aidedmapping

258正射投影技術(shù)orthophototechnique

259微分糾正differentialrectification

260正射像片orthophoto

261立體正射像片orthophotostereo-mate

262正射影象圖orthophotoquad(注：不帶等高線影象圖)

263正射影象地圖orthophotomap(注：帶等高線影象圖)

264量化quantizing，quantization

265采樣sampling

266重采樣resampling

267采樣間隔samplinginterval

268數(shù)字測圖digitalmapping

269數(shù)字糾正digitalrectification

270數(shù)字鑲嵌digitalmosaic

271影象匹配imagematching

272影象相關(guān)imagecorrelation

273光學(xué)相關(guān)opticalcorrelation

274電子相關(guān)electroniccorrelation

275數(shù)字相關(guān)digitalcorrelation

276核線相關(guān)epipolarcorrelation

277最小二乘相關(guān)leastsquarescorrelation

278目標(biāo)區(qū)targetarea

279搜索區(qū)searchingarea

280鄰元法neighborhoodmethod

281數(shù)字高程模型digitalelevationmodel，DEM

282數(shù)字表面模型digitalsurfacemodel,DSM

283攝影測量內(nèi)插photogrammetricinterpolation

284多項式法polynomialmethod

285雙線性內(nèi)插bi－linearinterpolationmethod

286雙三次卷積bi－cubicconvolution

287樣條函數(shù)法splinesmethod

288有限元法finiteelementsmethod

289移動擬合法movingaveragemethod

290地面攝影測量terrestrialphotogrammetry

291正直攝影normalcasephotography

292等偏攝影parallel—avertedphotography

293交向攝影convergentphotography

294等傾攝影equallytiltedphotography

295全息攝影測量hologrammetry

296顯微攝影測量microphotogrammetry

297電子顯微攝影測量nanophotogrammetry

298雙介質(zhì)攝影測量two－mediumphotogrammetry

299近景攝影測量close－rangephotogrammetry

300超近攝影測量macrophotogrammetry(注：物距在0．l～0．0lm的攝影測量)

301直接線性變換directlineartransformation，DLT

302穆瓦條紋圖(曾用名“莫爾條紋圖”)moiretopography

303彈道攝影測量ballisticphotogrammetry

304工程攝影測量engineeringphotogrammetry

305工業(yè)攝影測量industrialphotogrammetry

306建筑攝影測量architecturalphotogrammetry

307考古攝影測量archaeologicalphotogrammetry

308生物醫(yī)學(xué)攝影測量biomedicalphotogrammetry

309X射線攝影測量X－rayphotogrammetry

310實時攝影測量real－timephotogrammetry

311計算機(jī)視覺computervision

312遙感remotesensing

313資源與環(huán)境遙感remotesensingofnaturalresourcesandenvironment

314主動式遙感activeremotesensing

315被動式遙感passiveremotesensing

316多譜段遙感multispectralremotesensing

317多時相遙感multitemporalremotesensing

318紅外遙感infraredremotesensing

319微波遙感microwaveremotesensing

320太陽輻射波譜solarradiationspectrum

321大氣窗atmosphericwindow

322大氣透過率atmospherictransmissivity

323大氣噪聲atmosphericnoise

324大氣傳輸特性characteristicofatmospherictransmission

325波譜特征曲線spectrumcharactercurve

326波譜響應(yīng)曲線spectrumresponsecurve

327波譜特征空間spectrumfeaturespace

328波譜集群spectrumcluster

329紅外波譜infraredspectrum

330反射波譜reflectancespectrum

331電磁波譜electro-magneticspectrum

332功率譜powerspectrum

333地物波譜特性objectspectrumcharacteristic

334熱輻射thermalradiation

335微波輻射microwaveradiation

336數(shù)據(jù)獲取dataacquisition

337數(shù)據(jù)傳輸datatransmission

338數(shù)據(jù)處理dataprocessing

339地面接收站groundreceivingstation

340數(shù)字磁帶digitaltape

341模擬磁帶analogtape

342計算機(jī)兼容磁帶computercompatibletape，CCT

343高密度數(shù)字磁帶highdensitydigitaltape，HDDT

344圖象復(fù)原imagerestoration

345模糊影象fuzzyimage

346衛(wèi)星像片圖satellitephotomap

347紅外圖象infraredimagery

348熱紅外圖象thermalinfraredimagery，thermalIRimagery

349微波圖象microwaveimagery

350成象雷達(dá)imagingradar

351熵編碼entropycoding

352冗余碼redundantcode

353冗余信息redundantinformation

354信息量contentsofinformation

355信息提取informationextraction

356月球軌道飛行器lunarorbiter

357空間實驗室Spacelab

358航天飛機(jī)spaceshuttle

359陸地衛(wèi)星Landsat

360海洋衛(wèi)星Seasat

361測圖衛(wèi)星Mapsat

362立體衛(wèi)星Stereosat

363禮炮號航天站Salyutspacestation，op6иTaльнаястанция“Caлют”（俄）

364聯(lián)盟號宇宙飛船Soyuzspacecraft,KOPa6ль“Coюз”（俄）

365SPOT衛(wèi)星SPOTsatellite，systemeprobatoired’observationdelaterse（法）

366地球資源衛(wèi)星earthresourcestechnologysatellite，ERTS

367環(huán)境探測衛(wèi)星environmentalsurveysatellite

368地球同步衛(wèi)星geo－synchronoussatellite

369太陽同步衛(wèi)星sun－synchronoussatellite

370衛(wèi)星姿態(tài)satelliteattitude

371遙感平臺remotesensingplatform

372主動式傳感器activesensor

373被動式傳感器passivesensor

374推掃式傳感器push－broomsensor

375靜態(tài)傳感器staticsensor

376動態(tài)傳感器dynamicsensor

377光學(xué)傳感器opticalsensor

378微波傳感器microwaveremotesensor

379光電傳感器photoelectricsensor

380輻射傳感器radiationsensor

381星載傳感器satellite－bornesensor

382機(jī)載傳感器airbornesensor

383姿態(tài)測量傳感器attitude－measuringsensor

384探測器detector

385攝譜儀spectrograph

386航空攝譜儀aerialspectrograph

387波譜測定儀spectrometer

388地面攝譜儀terrestrialspectrograPh

389測距雷達(dá)range－onlyradar

390微波輻射計microwaveradiometer

391紅外輻射計infraredradiometer

392側(cè)視雷達(dá)side－lookingradar,SLR

393真實孔徑雷達(dá)real－apertureradar

394合成孔徑雷達(dá)syntheticapertureradar，SAR

395專題測圖傳感器thematicmapper，TM

396紅外掃描儀infraredscanner

397多譜段掃描儀multispectralscanner．MSS

398數(shù)字圖象處理digitalimageprocessing

399光學(xué)圖象處理opticalimageprocessing

400實時處理real－timeprocessing

401地面實況groundtruth

402幾何校正geometriccorrection

403輻射校正radiometriccorrection

404數(shù)字濾波digitalfiltering

405圖象幾何配準(zhǔn)geometricregistrationofimagery

406圖象幾何糾正geometricrectificationofimagery

407圖象鑲嵌imagemosaic

408圖象數(shù)字化imagedigitisation

409彩色合成儀additivecolirviewer

410假彩色合成falsecolorcomposite

411直接法糾正directschemeofdigitalrectification

412間接法糾正indirectschemeofdigitalrectification

413圖象識別imagerecognition

414圖象編碼imagecoding

415彩色編碼colorcoding

416多時相分析multitemporalanalysis

417彩色坐標(biāo)系colorcoordinatesystem

418圖象分割imagesegmentation

419圖象復(fù)合imageoverlaying

420圖象描述imagedescription

421二值圖象binaryimage

422直方圖均衡histogramequalization

423直方圖規(guī)格化histogramspecification

424圖象變換imagetransformation

425彩色變換colortransformation

426偽彩色pseudo－color

427假彩色falsecolor

428主分量變換principalcomponenttransformation

429阿達(dá)馬變換Hadamardtransformation

430沃爾什變換Walshtransformation

431比值變換ratiotransformation

432生物量指標(biāo)變換biomassindextransformation

433穗帽變換tesseledcaptransformation

434參照數(shù)據(jù)referencedata

435圖象增強(qiáng)imageenhancement

436邊緣增強(qiáng)edgeenhancement

437邊緣檢測edgedetection

438反差增強(qiáng)contrastenhancement

439紋理增強(qiáng)textureenhancement

440比例增強(qiáng)ratioenhancement

441紋理分析textureanalysis

442彩色增強(qiáng)colorenhancement

443模式識別patternrecognition

444特征feature

445特征提取featureextraction

446特征選擇featureselection

447特征編碼featurecoding

448距離判決函數(shù)distancedecisionfunction

449概率判決函數(shù)probabilitydecisionfunction

450模式分析patternanalysis

451分類器classifier

452監(jiān)督分類supervisedclassification

453非監(jiān)督分類unsupervisedclassification

454盒式分類法boxclassifiermethod

455模糊分類法fuzzyclassifiermethod

456最大似然分類maximumlikelihoodclassification

457最小距離分類minimumdistanceclassification

458貝葉斯分類Bayesianclassification

459機(jī)助分類computer－assistedclassification

460圖象分析imageanalysisInteractivelyModelingwithPhotogrammetryWedescribeaninteractivesystemtoreconstruct3Dgeometryandextracttexturesfromasetofphotographstakenwitharbitrarycameraparameters.Thebasicideaistolettheuserdraw2Dgeometryontheimagesandsetconstraintsusingthesedrawings.Becausetheinputcomesdirectlyfromtheuser,hecanmoreeasilyresolvemostoftheambiguitiesanddifficultiestraditionalcomputervisionalgorithmsmustdealwith.Asetofgeometricallinearconstraintsformulatedasaweightedleast-squaresproblemisefficientlysolvedforthecameraparameters,andthenforthe3Dgeometry.Iterationsbetweenthesetwostepsleadtoimprovementsonbothresults.Onceasatisfying3Dmodelisreconstructed,itscolortexturesareextractedbysamplingtheprojectedtexelsinthecorrespondingimages.Allthetexturesassociatedwithapolygonarethenfittedtooneanother,andthecorrespondingcolorsarecombinedaccordingtoasetofcriteriainordertoformauniquetexture.Thesystemproduces3Dmodelsandenvironmentsmoresuitableforrealisticimagesynthesisandcomputeraugmentedreality.Realismincomputergraphicshasgreatlyevolvedoverthepastdecade.Howeververyfewsyntheticimagessimulatingrealenvironmentscanfoolanobserver.Amajordifficultylieswiththe3Dmodels;creatingrealisticmodelsisanexpensiveandtediousprocess.Unfortunatelythegrowingneedforthislevelofaccuracyisessentialforrealisticimagesynthesis,moviespecialeffects,andcomputeraugmentedreality.Oneattractivedirectionistoextractthesemodelsfromrealphotographs.Althoughtwodecadesofcomputervisionresearchhasledtoimportantfundamentalresults,afullyautomatedandreliablereconstructionalgorithmingeneralsituationshasnotyetbeenpresented,atleastfor3Dmodelssatisfyingcomputergraphicsgeneralrequirements.Misinformationincomputervisionalgorithmsresultingfromfalsecorrespondences,missededgedetections,noise,etc.cancreateseveredifficultiesintheextracted3Dmodels.Webaseourpremiseonthefactthattheuserknowswhathewantstomodel,andwithinwhichaccuracy.Hecandecidewhatmustbemodeledbygeometry,andwhatcouldbesimulatedbyasimplergeometrywithatextureappliedonit.Toprovidethisfunctionality,wedevelopedafullyinteractivereconstructionsystem.Gettinganaccurate3Dmodelrequiresthesolutionofseveralproblems,whichareallinterrelated.Wemustfirstcomputecorrectcameraparameters,andthenusethecamerasandconstraintstoreconstructthe3Dgeometry.Afterdiscussingsomerelatedwork,weoutlineourgeometryreconstructionsystem.Asetofcorrespondencesandincidencesresultinsimpleandefficientlinearconstraints.Althoughtheseconstraintsarenotnew,theimprovementsobtainedinaccuracyandspeeddemonstratetheimportanceofconsideringallofthemtogether.Userinterventionateverystepofthisprocess,resultsinmoresatisfyinggeneralreconstructed3Dmodels.Simple3Dgeometrywillbeeffectiveonlywithgoodqualitytextures.WefocusinSection3onamorecomplete,view-independent,treatmentoftextures.Texturesareextractedforeach3Dgeometryfromallimagesitprojectsto.Thebesttexels(2Dtextureelements)arethencombinedintoasingletextureaccordingtovariouscriteriaincludingvisibility,projectedareas,colordifferences,andimagequality.Bysolvingaccuratelyeachproblem,wewillbetterunderstandtherobustness,stability,andprecisionofourtechniques.Itshouldbecomeeasierlaterontoextendourinteractionswithmoreautomaticcomputervisionandimageprocessingtechniquesinordertoalleviatesomeofthemorecumbersomeandtedioustasks,whilekeepinguserinterventionwhererequired.Theresultsofoursystemshouldhelpuscreatemoreprecisetexturedsyntheticmodelsfromreal3Dobjectsinlesstimethancurrent3Dmodelers,andmorerobustlythanfullyautomatedgeometryextractionalgorithms.Twentyyearsofactiveresearchon3Dreconstructionfrom2Dimagesincomputervisionandroboticshaveleftaconsiderablelegacyofimportantresults.Thefirstproblemtoaddressconcernscameracalibration,i.e.computingcameraparameters.Thisisadifficultandunstableprocessoftenimprovedbytheuseofspecifictargets.Byputtingincorrespondencepointsorlinesbetweenimages,itbecomespossibletocalibratecameras.Similarlywithknowncameraparameters,onecanreconstructa3Dsceneuptoascalefactor.Intheseclassicalapproaches,segmentationsandcorrespondencesareautomaticallydetermined.OnetypicalexampleoftheresultsobtainedbytheseapproacheswasrecentlypresentedbySatoetal..AfewrecentprojectssuchasREALISE,Fac?ade,PhotoModelerandAIDAproposetointegratemoreuserinterventionintothereconstructionprocess.Theyarederivedfromprojectivegeometry,andareappliedtothereconstructionofman-madescenesfromasetofphotographsandcorrespondences.REALISEintegratesuserinterventionearlyinthecorrespondenceprocess,lettingtheuserspecifythefirstcorrespondences,andthenreturningtoamoreclassicalapproachtoidentifyautomaticallymostoftheothercorrespondences.Themorestableinitialsolutiongreatlyhelpstoreducetheerrorsofsubsequentiterations.Neverthelessthesameerrorsoffullyautomaticsystemscanstilloccur,andtheusermustthendetectandcorrecttheoriginoftheerrors,whichisnotasimpletaskasthenumberofautomaticcorrespondencesincreases.Fac?adedevelopsaseriesofparameterizedblockprimitives.Eachblockencodesefficientlyandhierarchicallyseveralconstraintsfrequentlypresentinarchitecturaldesign.Theusermustfirstplacetheblockswitha3Dmodeler,andthensetcorrespondencesbetweentheimagesandtheseblocks.Non-linearoptimizationofanobjectivefunctionisthenusedtosolveforalltheseconstraints.Thesystemhasproventobequiteefficientandprovidesprecise3Dmodelswithlittleeffort.Howeveritrequirestheusertobuildwiththeblocksthemodelhewantstoreconstruct.Webelievethismightbemoredifficultwhengeneral3Dmodelscannotbeaseasilycreatedwiththeseblocks.PhotoModelerisacommercialsoftwareforperformingphotogrammetricmeasurementsonmodelsbuiltfromphotographs.Oncethecameraiscalibrated,theuserhastoindicatefeaturesandcorrespondencesontheimages,andthesystemcomputesthe3Dscene.Themodelsobtainedappearquitegood,althoughitseemstobealengthyprocess(theyreportedaweekforamodelof2003Dpoints)whichusesimagesofveryhighresolution(around15MBeach).Wealsonoticedmanylongthintrianglesandgapsinsomeoftheirmodels.Thesystemcanapplytexturescomingfromthephotographsbutdoesnotseemtoperformanyparticulartreatmentsincetheshadows,highlights,etc.arestillpresent.Nodetailsareprovidedonthealgorithmsused.TheAIDAsystemisafullyautomaticreconstructionsystemthatcombinessurfacereconstructiontechniqueswithobjectrecognitionforthegenerationof3Dmodelsforcomputergraphicsapplications.Thesystempossessesaknowledgedatabaseofconstraints,andselectstheconstraintstoapplytothesurfaceunderreconstructionafterperformingasceneinterpretationphase.Webelieveitmightbesafer,lesscumbersome,andmoregeneraltolettheuserchoosewhichconstraintshewantstoapplytoits3Dprimitivesratherthanlettingthesystempicksomeconstraintsfromaknowledgedatabasecreatedspecificallyforthetypeofscenetoreconstruct.Forthesereasons,weintroduceasystemessentiallybasedonuserinteraction.Theuserisresponsiblefor(almost)everything,butalsohasthecontrolon(almost)everything.Thisshouldprovideacomprehensivetooltoimproveonthemodelingfromreal3Dobjectsandonthecomputergraphicsqualityofthese3Dmodels,whileofferingtheopportunitytofocusonthedetailsimportanttothedesigner.SystemOverview.Wehavedevelopedaninteractivereconstructionsystemfromimages.Theimagesdefinethecanvasonwhichallinteractionisbased.Theycancomefromanytypeofcameras(evenavirtualsyntheticcamera)withanysettingsandposition.Theuserdrawspoints,lines,andpolygonsontheimageswhichformourbasic2Dprimitives.Theuserinteractivelyspecifiescorrespondencesbetweenthe2Dprimitivesondifferentimages.Hecanalsoassignotherconstraintsbetweenreconstructed3Dprimitivessimplybyclickingononeoftheirrespective2Dprimitives.Theseadditionalconstraintsincludeparallelism,perpendicularity,planarity,andco-planarity.Atanytime,theusercanaskthesystemtoreconstructallcomputablecamerasand3Dprimitives.Thereconstructed3Dprimitivescanbereprojectedontheimagestoestimatethequalityofeachrecoveredcameraandthe3Dprimitives.Theuserthenhasthechoicetoiterateafewtimestoimproveonthemathematicalsolution,ortoaddnew2Dprimitives,correspondences,andconstraintstorefinethe3Dmodels.Thisprocess,illustratedinFig.1,demonstratestheflexibilityandpowerofourtechnique.The3Dmodelisreconstructedincrementally,refinedwhereandwhennecessary.Eacherrorfromtheusercanalsobeimmediatelydetectedusingreprojection.ContrarilytoDebevecetal.,theuserdoesnotcreateasyntheticmodelofthegeometryhewantstorecover,althoughthereconstructed3Dmodelcanaseasilybeusedtoestablishnewconstraintsbetween2Dandreconstructed3Dprimitives.Eachimagethuscontainsasetof2Dprimitivesdrawnonit,andacameracomputedwhenthesetofresolvedconstraintsissufficient.Tobootstrapthereconstructionprocess,theuserassignsasufficientnumberof3Dcoordinatesto3Dprimitivesviaoneoftheircorresponding2Dprimitives.Forinstance,six3Dpointsinoneimageallowthecomputationofthecorrespondingcamera.Oncetwocamerasarecomputed,all3Dgeometrythatcanbecomputedbyresolvingtheconstraintsisreconstructed.Withtheassignedandthenewlycomputed3Dvalues,theconstraintsareresolvedagaintoimprovethereconstructedcameras.Thisprocessiteratesuntilnomoreconstraintscanberesolved,andthe3Dgeometryandcamerasarecomputedtoasatisfactoryprecision.Typically,aconvergenceiterationsolvingtheequationsystemsforcomputingallthecamerasand3Dpositionstakesbetween0.05and2seconds,1dependingonthecomplexityofthescene(50to2003Dpoints)andtheconstraintsused.Allourconstraintsareexpressedaslinearequations,typicallyforminganoverdeterminedsetofequations.Aleast-squaressolutiontothissystemiscomputedbysingularvaluedecomposition.Weusethissolutionfortheunknowncameraparameters,andtheunknown3Dcoordinatesofpointsandlines.Asanexactcorrespondenceishardlyachievablebydrawing2Dpointsontheimageplane,wecomputethebestcameraparametersintheleast-squaressense.Hartleydemonstratesimpleconditionsunderwhichlinearsystemsofequationsusedtodeterminethecameraparametersareaspreciseastheirnon-linearcounterparts.Moreoverthistechniqueissimpletoimplement,efficient,general,alwaysprovidesasolution,andweobservedthatitismorerobustthanthenon-linearsystems.Additional3DConstraints.Mostman-madescenesexhibitsomeformofplanarity,parallelism,perpendicularity,symmetry,etc.Usingcorrespondencesonly,reconstructedgeometryoftendoesnotrespecttheseproperties,whichcanleadtoobjectionableartifactsinthereconstructed3Dmodels.Itisthereforeveryimportanttointegratethistypeofconstraintinareconstructionsystem.Theyareunfortunatelydifficulttodetectautomatically,asperspectiveprojectiondoesnotpreservethemintheimage.Theusercanhoweververyeasilyindicateeachsuchconstraintdirectlyontotheimag