上海市徐匯區(qū)2018屆高三英語(yǔ)二模卷

PAGE徐匯區(qū)高三英語(yǔ)本卷共11頁(yè)第15頁(yè)2017學(xué)年第二學(xué)期徐匯區(qū)學(xué)習(xí)能力診斷卷高三英語(yǔ)試卷（滿分140分，考試時(shí)間120分鐘）2018.4I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1. A.Worriedandfrightened. B.Relaxedandhappy.C.Quiteembarrassed. D.Deeplyashamed.2. A.Billhasneverusedacalculator. B.Billcanworkbetterwithoutacalculator.C.Billisworkingwithacalculator. D.Billneedsacalculatorforthiswork.3. A.Tocuthisjeansshort. B.Togoonadiet.C.Towearfittedclothes. D.Tobuyapairofjeans.4. A.Havinganinterview. B.Fillingoutaform.C.Talkingwithafriend. D.Askingforinformation.5. A.Putherreportonhisdesk. B.Readsomepapersherecommended.C.Mailherreporttothepublisher. D.Improvesomepartsofherpaper.6. A.Makesomecoffee. B.Meetthewomanatthelibrary.C.Continuetoread. D.Gooutwithsomefriends.7. A.

The

man

should

buy

a

different

meal

ticket

every

month.

B.Buying

the

meal

ticket

won’t

save

the

man

anymoney.

C.

Itisbetterforthemantopayforeachmealseparately.D.

The

price

of

a

meal

mayvaryfrom

month

to

month.

8. A.She’supsetthatshemissedthetelevisionprogram.B.Shedoesn’tthinkthetelevisionprogramwasfunny.C.Shedoesn’tliketalkingabouttelevisionprograms.D.Shewatchedthetelevisionprogramatafriend’shouse.9. A.Hedoubtsthewoman’swords. B.Hehasn’treadthenovelyet.C.Heenjoyedreadingthenovelalot. D.Heisnotinterestedinthenovelatall.10. A.Thetalkshaven’tstartedyet. B.Theyhavecometoageneralagreement. C.Thetalkshaven’tachievedmuch. D.Thetalksbrokedownandwentnofurther.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11. A.Theylearnsinginganddancing. B.Theyattendoutdoormusicfestivals.C.Theyworkonthefarmforcharity. D.Theyvolunteertoworkforothers.12. A.Onthebeach. B.Inapark. C.Onafarm. D.Inastadium.13. A.Itisrunonaprofit-makingbasis. B.Ithasachievedgrowingsuccess.C.Fanscanhavefreelunchthere. D.Onlysuperstarsareinvitedtoperform.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14. A.Thenumberofrefugeesisincreasingsharply.

B.Mostrefugeescannotgetnecessaryservices.

C.Manyrefugeechildrencannotreceiveeducation.

D.Morechildrencannotaffordtogotouniversity.15. A.Nohostnationswanttochangeeducationsystems.

B.Itisimpossibletofindsomanyextrateachers.

C.Parentscan’taffordtosendtheirkidstoschool.

D.Therefugeepopulationgrowsbutthere’snotenoughmoney.16. A.Thenecessityofeducation.

B.Theprohibitionofchildlabor.C.Thevictimsofarmedconflicts. D.Thelivingconditionsofthepoor.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17. A.Ithasstartedaweek-longpromotioncampaign.B.Ithasjustlauncheditsannualanniversarysales.C.Itoffersregularweekendsalesalltheyearround.D.Itspecializesinthesaleofmen’ssuits.18. A.Pricereductionsforitsfrequentcustomers.B.Giftcardsforcustomerswithanypurchases.C.Freedeliveryofpurchasesforseniorcustomers.D.Priceadjustmentswithinsevendaysofpurchase.19. A.Mailagiftcardtoher. B.Allowhertobuyoncredit.C.Creditittoheraccount. D.Givehercashdirectly.20. A.Ithasalreadybeensoldout. B.Itwillbesenttothewomanbymail.C.Itisnotavailableforthemoment. D.Itisoneoftheitemsonsale.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.TravelingFrogStimulatesReflectionAfreemobilegameaboutatravelingfroghasbecomeahitinChina,(21)________beingavailableonlyinJapanese.Called“Tabikaeru:TravelFrog”,themaincharacterofthegameisafrogthatgoesonadventuresaroundJapan.Playerscollectclovers(四葉草)thatgrowinthefrog’sgarden(22)________________theycanusethemtobuysuppliesforthefrog’sjourneys.Inturn,thefrogsendsplayerssouvenirsandsnapshotsfromitstravels.Userscannotcontrolwhenthefrogchoosestogoonitsadventures.Whilenewsofthegame’sappealamongmobilephoneusersonthemainlandwasfirstreportedonby\o"/english/2018-01/23/c_136918299.htm"localmediaoutletslastweek,itspopularityhasn’tdecreasedinanywaysince:“TravelFrog”onMondaywasstillrankedfirstonalistofthemost(23)__________(download)gamesfromApple’sappstoreinChina.Itisbeingwidelydiscussedonsocialmedia,(24)__________userspostphotosoftheirfrogs’adventures.BehindthecrazeisJapanesegamedeveloperHit-Point,whichwaspreviouslybest-knownforcreatingthepopularcat-collectinggame“NekoAtsume”.Eventhough(25)__________isdifficulttopinpointwhathasdriveninterestamongmainlandusersin“TravelFrog”,localmediaoutletsreportedthatthegame’sslownaturewaspartofitscharm.Thegamewaspopularasit“tappedthetrendamongyoungergenerationsinChinatosearchout‘Zen-like’activities”,ChinaDaily\o"/a/201801/25/WS5a691bd7a3106e7dcc136679.html"said,(26)_________(add)thatthoseusersweretakenwithits“Buddha-stylegameplay”.Butnoteveryoneisthrilledabout“TravelFrog”.InapostonsocialmediaplatformWeibolastweek,thestate-runPeople’sDailysuggestedthatpeople(27)__________aimtoenrichthemselvesand“avoidbeingalonelyfrog-raisingyouth”.Asanindicationofthepopularityofthe“TravelFrog”,ApplehasalreadyhadtoremovefromitsstoreanappthatappearedtobetheChineseversionoftheoriginal,theSouthChinaMorningPost\o"/news/china/society/article/2130662/chinese-imitation-hit-japanese-frog-game-has-emerged-then"reported.Thatversionofthegame,which(28)__________(create)byadevelopercalledSongYang,chargedusers30yuan($4.74)todownloadthegame.OnMonday,anotherfree-to-downloadappavailableontheappstoreclaimeditofferedstrategiesandguidesinChinesethatplayerscouldadopt(29)___________(improve)gameplay.WhileHit-Pointhasnotrespondedtoinquiriesabout(30)_________itintendstodevelopversionsofthegameinotherlanguagesornot,thecompanydidputoutanEnglishupdatefor“NekoAtsume”in2015.SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.alarmingB.propertiesC.revealedD.invasiveE.rescueF.instrumentalG.householdsH.documentI.concernedJ.amateurK.initiativesBeforesciencebecameprofessionalizedinthe19thcentury,__(31)__naturalistswerecollectinginformationandhelpingusunderstandthenaturalworld.A2009studyfoundthatnearly50%ofUK__(32)__feedwildbirds.TheNationalTrusthasmorethan5millionmembers,and60,000activevolunteershelpingtoprotectthecountrysideaswellashistoric__(33)__.Now,withourenvironmentarguablyundergreaterthreatthaneverandspeciesdecliningata(n)__(34)__rate,volunteersareonceagainattheforefrontofeffortstolimitthedamage.Volunteersandenthusiastscanbepowerfuldriversforbigchanges.OntheIsleofMan,morethan8,000people(nearly10%ofthepopulation)areinvolvedinregularweekendbeachcleans.Atonerecentevent,123volunteersturnedupandremoved183bagsoflitterinjustacoupleofhours.Thanksto__(35)__suchasthis,theislandsharesUnescobiospherereservestatuswiththeGalápagos,YellowstoneintheUS,UluruinAustralia,andhundredsofothersites.Recreationaldiversaremakingarealdifferenceunderwatertoo.Theymonitorthespreadof__(36)__species,andrecordhownativespeciesrespond.Diversalso__(37)__levelsofmarinelitterandotherhumanimpacts.Volunteerdivershaveplayedanimportantroleincollectinginformationaboutmarineconservationzones.Volunteershavealsomadeavitalcontributiontotheconservationofbaskingsharks.TheworkofacitizenscienceBaskingSharkProjectinthe1980sand90swas__(38)__ingettingthesesharksontheprotectedspecieslistintheUK,whilesatellitetagging__(39)__thefirstrecordedtransatlanticcrossingbyabaskingshark.Volunteersandenthusiastscanbepowerfuldriversforbigchanges.Noonecanknowbetter,orcaremoreabout,ourmostspecialplacesthanthepeoplewholiveinthemandgiveuptheirfreetimetolookafterthem.Asagroupofdiversand__(40)__residentswholivedontheshoresofthebay,theytooktheircampaignontonationalandinternationalstagesandcontinuetoinspirepeoplewhomightotherwisefeelpowerlesswhenfacedwiththreatstotheplacesthatmattertothem.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Deliberatepracticereferstoaspecialtypeofpracticethatispurposefulandsystematic.__(41)__regularpracticemightincludemindlessrepetitions,deliberatepracticerequiresfocusedattentionandisconductedwiththespecificgoalofimproving__(42)__.Thegreatest__(43)__ofdeliberatepracticeistoremainfocused.Inthebeginning,\o"showingupandputtinginyourreps"showingupisthemostimportantthing.Butafterawhilewebegintocarelessly__(44)__smallerrorsandmissdailyopportunitiesforimprovement.Thisisbecausethenaturaltendencyofthehumanbrainisto\o"transformrepeatedbehaviorsintoautomatichabits"__(45)__repeatedbehaviorsintoautomatichabits.__(46)__,whenyoufirstlearnedtotieyourshoesyouhadtothinkcarefullyabouteachstepoftheprocess.Today,aftermanyrepetitions,yourbraincanperformthissequence__(47)__.Themorewerepeatataskthemoremindlessitbecomes.Mindlessactivityisthe__(48)__ofdeliberatepractice.Thedangerofpracticingthesamethingagainandagainisthatprogressbecomes__(49)__.Toooften,wethinkwearegettingbettersimplybecausewearegainingexperience.In__(50)__,wearemerelyreinforcing(加強(qiáng))ourcurrenthabits—notimprovingthem.Claimingthatimprovementrequiresattentionandeffortsoundslogicalenough.Butwhatdoesdeliberatepracticeactuallylooklikeintherealworld?Thefirsteffectivefeedbacksystemis__(51)__.Thisholdstrueforthenumberofpagesweread,thenumberofpushupswedo,thenumberofsalescallswemake,andanyothertaskthatisimportanttous.Itisonlythroughmeasurementthatwehaveany__(52)__ofwhetherwearegettingbetterorworse.Thesecondeffectivefeedbacksystemiscoaching.Oneconsistentfindingacrossdisciplinesisthatcoachesareoftenessentialfor__(53)__deliberatepractice.Inmanycases,itisnearlyimpossibletobothperformataskandmeasureyourprogressatthesametime.Goodcoachescantrackyourprogress,findsmallwaystoimprove,andholdyou__(54)__todeliveringyourbestefforteachday.Deliberatepracticeisnotacomfortableactivity.Itrequiressustainedeffortandconcentration,butifyoucanmanagetomaintainyourfocusand__(55)__,thenthepromiseofdeliberatepracticeisquitetempting:togetthemostoutofwhatyou’vegot.41.A.Since B.Whether C.While D.As42.A.awareness B.performance C.enjoyment D.intelligence43.A.equivalent B.ambition C.challenge D.appeal44.A.overlook B.insert C.detect D.implement45.A.transport B.translate C.transplant D.transform46.A.Forexample B.Onthecontrary C.Asaresult D.Ontheotherhand47.A.carelessly B.accurately C.instantly D.automatically48.A.outcome B.enemy C.source D.substitute49.A.distracted B.imposed C.assumed D.noted50.A.reality B.despair C.contrast D.return51.A.encouragement B.compliment C.measurement D.management52.A.motivation B.proof C.trouble D.concern53.A.resisting B.eliminating C.defining D.sustaining54.A.accountable B.opposed C.addicted D.parallel55.A.existence B.commitment C.dignity D.perspectiveSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Haveyoueverhadtheexperienceoftalkingtosomeoneandyouthinktheyarelying?Well,youarenotalone.We’veallhadthatfeeling.Butdidyouknowthatthereareseveralthingsyoucanlookfortoseeifyouarebeingliedto?Sometimesyoucantellifapersonislyingbyobservingwhattheydowiththeirbody.Whenpeoplearelyingtheytendnottomovetheirarms,handsorlegsveryfarfromtheirbody.Theydon’twanttotakeupverymuchspacebecausetheydon’twanttobenoticed.Sometimesapersonwhoislyingwillnotlookyouintheeyes.Othertimespeoplewholietrytolookatyouinastrongwaybecausetheywanttoconvinceyoutheyaretellingthetruth.Liarsalsousedeflection.Forexample,ifyouaskaliarthequestion“DidyoustealFatima’sbag?”,theymayanswerwithsomethinglike“Fatimaismyfriend.WhywouldIdothat?”Inthissituationthepersonistellingthetruth,buttheyarealsonotansweringthequestion.Theyaretryingtodeflectyourattention.Liarsmayalsogivetoomanydetails.Theymaytrytoover-explainthings.Theydothisbecausetheywanttoconvinceyouofwhattheyaresaying.Oftenwhenapersonislying,theydonotwanttocontinuetalkingabouttheirlie.Ifyouthinksomeoneislying,quicklychangethesubject.Ifthepersonislying,theywillappearmorecomfortablebecausetheyarenottalkingabouttheirlieanylonger.Alittlelater,changethesubjectbacktowhatyouweretalkingaboutbefore.Ifthepersonseemsuncomfortableagain,theymaybelying.It’sveryhardforaliartoavoidfillingsilencecreatedbyyou.Heorshewantsyoutobelievetheliesbeingwoven;silencegivesnofeedbackonwhetherornotyou’veboughtthestory.Ifyou’reagoodlistener,you’llalreadybeavoidinginterruptions,whichinitselfisagreattechniquetoletthestoryunfold.Justbecauseapersonisshowingthesebehaviors,itdoesnotmeantheyarelying.Theymightbeshyornervous.But,ifyouthinksomeoneislying,youmightwanttousesomeofthesetechniques.Hopefully,youwon’tneedtoveryoften.56. Bysaying“Liarsalsousedeflection”,thewritermeansthatliarsmay__________.A.tellgreatstories B.changetoneofvoiceC.askaquestioninreply D.avoiddirectanswers57. Accordingtothepassage,apersoncouldbelyingifheorshe____________.A.offersmoreinformationthannecessary B.appearstobeshyornervousC.

changesthesubjectoftheconversation D.speaksveryfastandvaguely58. Whichofthefollowingcanbelearnedfromthepassage?A.Liarsalwaystrytoavoiddirecteyecontactwhentheytelllies.B.Wecanmakepeopleliebychangingthesubjectinaconversation.C.Liarsareoftenexpansiveinhandandarmmovementswhiletalking.D.Wemakeliarsuncomfortablebygivingnofeedbackinaconversation.59. Thepassagemainlytalksabout__________.A.whodeceivesus B.whypeopletellliesC.howtodetectlies D.whattodowithliars(B)MoreOn:gotogregIsomittingjobsfromaresumelying?HowtohandlestressatworkHowcanmenandwomenworkbettertogether?Howwillcancertreatmentaffectmyson’sresume?Whattodoifyoudranktoomuchatthecompanyholiday

partyLetter1January28,2018|3:31pmIworkforane-commerceWebsite.Ifoneofourmerchandisershasaquestionorwantstomakeacorrection,theye-mailtheentiredepartment.Inmyopinion,thisisrudeandunnecessary.Itseemstomethatmasse-mailisappropriateforgoodorneutralnews,ratherthanmakingacorrection.Doyouagree?Moreover,ifyouweretherecipientofthecorrection,howwouldyourespond?Theonlypeoplewhoshouldbeincludedinane-mailarethosewhoneedtoknoworrespond.Includingeveryoneisrudeandunprofessionalaswellasannoyingtorecipients.It’snotlikewedon’thaveenoughinourinboxalready.Idon’tagreethate-mailisonlyforgoodorneutralnews,however.Sometimesyouneedtoalertpeopleorcreatearecordofbadnews.Butnooneshouldusee-mailtoblameotherpeople.Ifyou’vegotaproblemwithsomeone,pickupthephoneortakeitoutside(foracoffee,notafistfight…geez).Asforhowtorespond,e-mailisusuallyineffectiveforresolvingconflict.Haveaconversationwiththesenderandexplainwhyhisorherapproachisn’tthebestandwhatyourecommend.Letter2January14,2018|9:24pmIt’sthestartofanewyearandIbelieveit’stimeforachange.What’sthebestwaytoexplaintoaprospectiveemployerthatyouareinneedofsomethingnewwithoutseemingflightyandwithoutcomplainingaboutyourcurrentemployer?Thenewyearisasgoodatimeasanytotakestock,butnottheonlyreasonformakingachange.Atleast,that’snotwhatyoucommunicatetoaprospectiveemployer.Yourreasonforlookingforanewjobislessimportanttoyournewemployerthanwhyyouwanttoworkthere.Needingachangemightbethecatalyst(催化劑),butthejobsearchislikedating,andyouwouldn’tasksomeoneoutandexplainyou’rejustboredinyourcurrentrelationship,right?AtleastIhopenot,otherwiseyou’relikelytobeaslonelyasBarryManilowsoundswhenhesings“It’sJustAnotherNewYear’sEve”.60. Whatisdiscussedinthefirstletter?A.Howtoaskquestionsinapoliteway. B.Howtorespondtoafalsecharge.C.Howtomakeacorrectionatwork. D.Howtohandlerudemassemailsatwork.61. AccordingtoGreg,expressingyourdissatisfactionwithyourpresentjobinaninterviewwouldbethesameas__________.A.talkingaboutyourfamilyissuesinpublicB.complainingaboutyourpriorpartneronafirstdateC.demonstratingyourqualificationstoyournewbossD.braggingaboutyourexperiencetoyourpartner62. Itcanbeinferredthat“gotogreg”mainlyoffersadviceonpeople’s__________.A.careerchoices B.socialrelationshipsC.workingproblems D.healthproblems(C)EarlierthisyearaseriesofpapersinTheLancetreportedthat85percentofthe$265billionspenteachyearonmedicalresearchiswastedbecausetoooftenabsolutelynothinghappensafterinitialresultsofastudyarepublished.Nofollow-upinvestigationstoreplicate(復(fù)制)orexpandonadiscovery.Nooneusesthefindingstobuildnewtechnologies.Theproblemisnotjustwhathappensafterpublication—scientistsoftenhavetroublechoosingtherightquestionsandproperlydesigningstudiestoanswerthem.Toomanystudiestesttoofewsubjectstoarriveatfirmconclusions.Researcherspublishreportsonhundredsoftreatmentsfordiseasesthatworkinanimalmodelsbutnotinhumans.Drugcompaniesfindthemselvesunabletoreproducepromisingdrugtargetspublishedbythebestacademicinstitutions.Thegrowingrecognitionthatsomethinghasgonewronginthelaboratoryhasledtocallsfor,asonemightguess,moreresearchonresearch—attemptstofindrulestoensurethatpeer-reviewedstudiesare,infact,valid.Itwilltakeaconcertedeffortbyscientistsandotherstakeholderstofixthisproblem.Wecandosobyexploringwaystomakescientificinvestigationmorereliableandefficient.Thesemayincludecollaborativeteamscience,studyregistration,strongerstudydesignsandstatisticaltools,andbetterpeerreview,alongwithmakingscientificdatawidelyavailablesothatotherscanreplicateexperiments,thereforebuildingtrustintheconclusionsofthosestudies.Reproducingotherscientists’analysesorreplicatingtheirresultshastooofteninthepastbeenlookeddownonwithakindof“me-too”derision(嘲笑)thatwouldwasteresources—butoftentheymayhelpavoidfalseleadsthatwouldhavebeenevenmorewasteful.Perhapsthebiggestobstacletoreplicationistheinaccessibilityofdataandresultsnecessarytoreruntheanalysesthatwentintotheoriginalexperiments.Searchingforsuchinformationcanbeextremelydifficult.Investigatorsdie,moveandchangejobs;computerscrash;onlinelinksmalfunction.Dataaresometimeslost—even,asoneresearcherclaimedwhenconfrontedaboutspurious(偽造的)results,eatenbytermites(白蟻).Therehasdefinitelybeensomerecentprogress.Anincreasingnumberofjournals,includingNatureandScience,haveadoptedmeasuressuchaschecklistsforstudydesignandreportingwhileimprovingstatisticalreviewandencouragingaccesstodata.Severalfundingagencies,meanwhile,haveaskedthatresearchersoutlinetheirplansforsharingdatabeforetheycanreceiveagovernmentgrant.Butitwilltakemuchmoretoachievealastingculturechange.Investigatorsshouldberewardedforperforminggoodscienceratherthanjustgettingstatisticallysignificant(“positive”)butnonreplicableresults.Revisingthepresentincentive(激勵(lì))structuremayrequirechangesonthepartofjournals,funders,universitiesandotherresearchinstitutions.63. WhatistheproblemreportedinthosepapersinTheLancet?A.Greatachievementsinmedicalresearchfailedtogetpublished.B.Moneywaswastedonfollow-upinvestigationsinmedicalresearch.C.Toomanynewresearchfindingsarenotputintouseafterpublication.D.Fewscientistsaredevotedtobuildingnewtechnologiesformankind.64. Whichofthefollowingsituationismostsimilartotheproblemdescribedinparagraph2?A.Ahighschooldecidestocutitsartprogramsduetothelackoffund.B.Apatientgetssickerbecausehedoesnotfollowthedoctor’sadvice.C.Amarketingfirmtestsawebsitewithparticipantsthatarenottargetpopulation.D.Adrugcompanyfailstoproducethenewdrugduetonoaccesstothelatestdata.65. Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Measuresaretakentoensurepublicationoftestedresultsonly.B.Scientificexperimentsmustbereplicabletobeconsideredvalid.C.Experimentreplicationisunoriginalandnotworthwhile. D.Rewardsshouldbegivenonlytothosenonreplicablefindings.66. Thepurposeofthisarticleisto___________.A.arguethatscientificresearchlacksefficiencyB.explaintheresultofarecentscientificstudyC.introducesomerecentprogressinmedicalresearchD.highlightthepossibleproblemsofresearchstudiesSectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Researchshowsthatco-ruminationisadouble-edgedsword.Inthatway,aproblemsharedcanreallybeaproblemhalved.Girlsaremorelikelythanboystoco-ruminatewiththeirclosefriends.Indeed,havingclosefriendstotrustmayprotectyouagainstpoormentalhealth.Thishumantendencytoworkthingsoutinone’smind,iscommon.Howyouco-ruminatematterstoo.Peoplediscusstheirproblemswithfriendsinthehopethatthey’llgainsomeinsightintohowtosolvethem.Andeveniftheydon’tfindawaytosolvetheirproblems,itfeelsgoodtoletoffsomesteam.(67)_______________

Howproblemsarediscussed,though,canbethedifferencebetweenhalvingaproblemordoublingit.Thetermpsychologistsusefornegativeproblemsharingis“co-rumination”.Co-ruminationisthemutualencouragementtodiscussproblemsrepeatedlygoingoverthesameproblems,anticipatingfutureproblemsandfocusingonnegativefeelings.(68)________________Inastudyinvolvingchildrenagedsevento15yearsofage,researchersfoundthatco-ruminationinbothboysandgirlsisassociatedwith“high-quality”andclosefriendships.However,ingirls,itwasalsoassociatedwithanxietyanddepression(thesameassociationwasnotfoundwiththeboys).Andstudiessuggestthatco-ruminationisn’tjustaproblemforgirls.Co-ruminationwithworkcolleaguescanincreasetheriskofstressandburnout,onestudysuggests.(69)________________Inagroupofadults,theeffectsofco-ruminationwascomparedbetweenface-to-facecontact,telephonecontact,textingandsocialmedia.Thepositiveeffectsofco-ruminationwerefoundinface-to-facecontact,telephonecontactandtexting,butnotinsocialmedia.Thenegativeaspectsofco-rumination(anxiety)wasfoundinface-to-facecommunicationandtelephonecontact,butnottextingorsocialmedia.Verbal