2021年大學專四閱讀理解練習

Passage1

Reebokexecutivesdonotliketoheartheirstylishathleticshoescalled"footwearforyuppies(雅皮士·少壯高薪職業(yè)人士)".TheycontendthatReebokshoesappealtodiversemarketsegments，especiallynowthatthecompanyoffersbasketballandchildren'sshoesfortheunder-18setandwalkingshoesforoldercustomersnotinterestedinaerobics(健身操)orrunning.Theexecutivesalsopointoutthatthroughrecentacquisitionstheyhaveaddedhikingboots，dressandcasualshoes，andhigh-performanceathleticfootweartotheirproductlines，allofwhichshouldattractnewandvariedgroupsofcustomers.

Still，despiteitsemphasisonnewmarkets，Reebokplansfewchangesintheupmarket(高檔消費人群)retailingnetworkthathelpedpushsalesto$1billionannually，aheadofallothersportsshoemarketers.Reebokshoes，whicharepricedfrom$27to$85，willcontinuetobesoldonlyinbetterspecialty，sportinggoods，anddepartmentstores，inaccordancewiththecompany'sviewthatconsumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution.

Inthepastfewyears，theMassachusetts-basedcompanyhasimposedlimitsonthenumberofitsdistributors(andthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores)，partlyoutofnecessity.AttimestheunexpecteddemandforReebok'sexceededsupply，andthecompanycouldbarelykeepupwithordersfromthedealersitalreadyhad.Thesefulfillmentproblemsseemtobeundercontrolnow，butthecompanyisstillselectiveaboutitsdistributors.Atpresent，ReebokshoesareavailableinaboutfivethousandretailstoresintheUnitedStates.

Reebokhasalreadyanticipatedthatwalkingshoeswillbethenextfitness-relatedcraze，replacingaerobicsshoesthesamewayitsbrightlycolored，softleatherexercisefootwearreplacedconventionalrunningshoes.Throughproductdiversificationandcarefulmarketresearch，ReebokhopestoavoidthedistributionproblemsNikecameacrossseveralyearsago，whenNikemisjudgedthestrengthoftheaerobicsshoecrazeandwasforcedtounloadhugeinventoriesofrunningshoesthroughdiscountstores.Yuky1.

Reebok'sviewthat"consumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution"(Line5，Par

2)impliesthat______.A.thequalityofabrandismeasuredbytheservicequalityofthestoresellingitB.thequalityofaproductdeterminesthequalityofitsdistributorsC.thepopularityofabrandisdeterminedbythestoresthatsellitD.consumersbelievethatfirst-rateproductsareonlysoldbyhigh-qualitystores2.

WhatlessonhasReeboklearnedfromNike'sdistributionproblems?A

Acompanyshouldnotsellitshighqualityshoesindiscountstores.B

Acompanyshouldnotlimititsdistributionnetwork.C

Acompanyshoulddofollow-upsurveysofitsproducts.D

Acompanyshouldcorrectlyevaluatetheimpactofanewcrazeonthemarket.3.

AlthoughtheReebokCompanyhassolvedtheproblemoffulfillingitsorders，it______.A

doesnotwanttofurtherexpanditsretailingnetworkB

stilllimitsthenumberofshoessuppliedtostoresC

isstillparticularaboutwhosellsitsproductsD

Stillcarefullychoosesthemanufacturersofitsproducts4.

Reebokoncehadtolimitthenumberofitsdistributorsbecause______.A

itssupplyofproductsfellshortofdemandB

toomanydistributorswouldcutintoitsprofitsC

thereductionofdistributorscouldincreaseitsshareofthemarketD

itwantedtoenhanceconsumerconfidenceinitsproducts5.

OnereasonwhyReebok'smanagerialpersonneldon'tliketheirshoestobecalled"footwearforyuppies"isthat______.A

theybelievethattheirshoesarepopularwithpeopleofdifferentagegroupsB

newproductionlineshavebeenaddedtoproduceinexpensiveshoesC

"yuppies"usuallyevokesanegativeimageD

thetermmakespeoplethinkofprohibitivepricesPassage1DDCAA1.答案:D句意理解及要點暗示題。題干引號中那某些在第二段，答案固然應在第二段，而該段重要論及高檔消費群體零售網(wǎng)——只在精品專賣屋、體育用品專賣店及大百貨商場銷售。

2.答案:D細節(jié)推論題。由Nike(耐克)一詞擬定答案位置在最后一段，市場預測與決策。Nike公司正是由于當時錯誤地判斷了健身鞋流行強度而導致了老產(chǎn)品(runningshoes)積壓而不得不打折銷售，這是市場預測不精確所導致。

3.答案:C細節(jié)理解定位題。題干中“although”與短文第三段倒數(shù)第二句之“but”相呼應，答案則應為該句復述，故C為對的答案。

4.答案:A要點歸納題。依照題干中“l(fā)imitthenumberofdistributions”擬定答案。第三段論及雖然產(chǎn)品供不應求時，也要對批發(fā)商有所選取，而過去一段時間對批發(fā)商數(shù)量限制重要是“outofnecessity”(迫不得已)，由于需求量出乎意料地超過了供應能力。5.答案:A要點推論題。題干中“managerialpersonnel”即為第一段executives，因而可知本題答案在第一段且為該段之主題：目的市場很大，高層領導們固然不但愿自己產(chǎn)品僅供應某些雅皮士。再由下文“children'sshoesfortheunder-18setandwalkingforoldercustomers”更可知其目的消費是多層次。容易錯選選項B側(cè)重公司生產(chǎn)方略，故不當。Passage2

Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7～8hours'sleepalternatingwithsome16～17hours'wakefulnessandthat，broadlyspeaking，thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.

Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Theease，forexample，withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness，Sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately，itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek：apersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek，8a.m.to4p.m.thenext，and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother，sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.

Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1957，Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts，butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork.

Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy，butmeanwhilesomethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormalday-timeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight；whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwillonlyadjustgraduallybacktomatchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels，broadlyspeaking，theadaptationofthebodyasawhole，particularlyintermsofperformance.Therefore，bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine，andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar，however，suchaformofselectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice.Yuky1.

Whyisthequestionof"howeasilypeoplecangetusedtoworkingatnight"nomereacademicone?A

Becausefewpeopleliketoreversethecycleofsleepandwakefulness.B

Becausesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.C

Becausepeoplearerequiredtoworkatnightinsomefieldsofindustry.D

Becauseshiftworkinindustryrequirespeopletochangetheirsleepinghabits.2.

Themainproblemoftheround-the-clockworkingsystemliesinA

theinconveniencesbroughtabouttotheworkersbytheintroductionofautomation.B

thedisturbanceofthedallycycleofworkerswhohavetochangeshiftstoofrequently.C

thefactthatpeopleworkingatnightareoftenlesseffective.D

thefactthatitisdifficulttofindanumberofgoodnightworkers.3.

ItispossibletofindoutifapersonhasadaptedtothechangesofroutinebymeasuringhisbodytemperaturebecauseA

bodytemperaturechangeswhenthecycleofsleepandwakefulnessalternates.B

bodytemperaturechangeswhenhechangestonightshiftorback.C

thetemperaturereverseswhentheroutineischanged.D

peoplehavehighertemperatureswhentheyareworkingefficiently.4.

WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A

Bodytemperaturemayserveasanindicationofaworker'sperformance.B

Theselectionofanumberofpermanentnightshiftworkershasprovedtobethebestsolutiontoproblemsoftheround-the-clockworkingsystem.C

Takingbodytemperatureatregularintervalscanshowhowapersonadaptstothechangesofroutine.D

Disturbedsleepoccurslessfrequentlyamongthoseonpermanentnightordayshifts.5.

ItisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatalowbodytemperatureindicatesthatapersonA

hasjustbeenawakefromsleep.B

cannotworknightshifts.C

shouldgotosleepatonce.D

islessproductive.Passage2CBABD1.答案:C[設題處]舉例處設題[解析]文章第二段第一、二句提到，在某些自動化規(guī)定機器全天運轉(zhuǎn)公司中，人們要實行輪班，她們從白天工作轉(zhuǎn)入夜晚工作難易限度越來越成為人們關注問題，由此可知答案為[C]。[A]和[D]在文中并未提到，而[B]雖然提到了，但并不能作為為什么“人們要適應晚上工作難易限度不但僅是學術問題”因素。2.答案:B[設題處]事實處設題[解析]定位于文章第二段最后一句“經(jīng)常調(diào)節(jié)輪班方式意味著，一種人剛剛適應一種上班時間，卻又不得不改換另一種，以至于她既無法有效地工作，也無法有效地睡覺”，由此可知答案為[B]。3.答案:A[設題處]因果處設題[解析]末段第三句提到，在白天正常工作人醒著時體溫高，夜間體溫低。當她們改成夜班制時，體溫模式只會逐漸調(diào)節(jié)以便適應新工作方式；普通來講，調(diào)節(jié)速度與整個身體——在工作體現(xiàn)方面——調(diào)節(jié)同步，由此可知答案為[A]，而排除[B]和[C](是由于當工作時間變化時，體溫只會慢慢調(diào)節(jié)，以適應新工作方式，而不能隨意調(diào)來調(diào)去)。雖然文中提到了工作時體溫高，但并沒有說高效率工作時體溫更高，因而排除[D]。4.答案:B[設題處]事實處設題[解析]依照末段第三句和倒數(shù)第二句可排除[A]；而由末段倒數(shù)第二句可知[C]錯誤；此外，依照第三段第三句可排除[D]。第三段首句和末段首句中都浮現(xiàn)了appearstobe(看起來，似乎)，由此可知文中提到挑選諸多長期上夜班工人是最佳解決辦法時，并不是完全必定，故有答案為[B]。5.答案:D[設題處]事實處設題[解析]最后一段第三句已提到，在白天正常工作人醒著時體溫高，夜間體溫低。其隱含義就是：人體溫低時工作效率是很低，由此可知答案為[D]。Passage3InJapan，wherecareeropportunitiesforwomenarefew，wheredivorcecanmeanalifeofhardship，andwheremostfemalenamesarestillformedusingawordforchild，awoman'sindependencehasalwayscomeatasteepprice.

Notionsofwomen'sliberationhavenevertakenrootamongJapanesewomen.Butwithscantopenconflict，thepushforseparateburialsisquietlybecomingoneofthecountry'sfastestgrowingsocialtrends.InarecentsurveybytheTBStelevisionnetwork，20percentofthewomenwhorespondedsaidtheyhopedtobeburiedseparatelyfromtheirhusbands.

ThefuneraryrevoltcomesaswomenhereannoyatJapan'sslowpaceinprovidinggreaterequalitybetweenthesexes.Thelaw，forexample，stillmakesitalmostimpossibleforawomantousehermaidennameaftermarriage.DivorceratesarelowbyWesternstandards，meanwhile，becauseachievingfinancialindependence，orevenobtainingacreditcardinone'sownname，areinsurmountablehurdlesformanydivorcedwomen.Untilrecently，societyenforcedrestrictionsonwomenevenindeath.UnderJapan'scomplexburialcustoms，divorcedorunmarriedwomenweretraditionallyunwelcomeinmostgraveyards，whereplotsarestillpasseddownthroughthehusband'sfamilyanddescendantsmustprovidemaintenanceforburialsitesorlosethem.

"Thewomanwhowantedtobeburiedalonecouldn'tfindagraveyarduntilabout10yearsago,"saidHaruyoInoue，asociologistofdeathandburialatJapanUniversity.Shesaidthatgraveyardsthatdidnotrequiredescendants，inordertoaccommodatewomen，beganappearingaround1990.Today，shesaid，thattherearecloseto400ofthesecemeteriesinJapan.ThatisjustonesignofstirringamongJapanesewomen，whoarealsopressingforthefirsttimetochangethelawtobeabletousetheirmaidennamesaftermarriage.

Althoughcreditgoesbeyondanyindividual，manywomenciteJunkoMastubara，apopularwriteronwomen'sissues，withignitingthetrendtoseparatesexburials.Startingthreeyearsago，Ms.Matsubarahasbuiltanassociationofnearly600women--somedivorced，someunhappilymarried，andsomedeterminedlysinglewhoplantoshareacommonplotcurbedoutofanordinarycemeteryinthewesternsuburbofChofu.Yuky1.

Accordingtothepassage，thesexinequalitiesthatJapanesewomenendureincludeEXCEPT______.A

theyareforbiddentodivorceB

theyarerestrictedfrombeingburiedseparatelyfromtheirhusbandsC

thelawmakesitalmostimpossibleforawomantousehermaidennameaftermarriageD

theyhesitatetotakepartinwomen'sliberationmovements2.Inthisarticle，theauthorismainlyconcernedwith______.A

Japanesewomen'sendeavorstowinsexequalityBsocialandgovernmentalobligationineliminatingsexinequalityC

howJapaneselawspreventJapanesewomenfrombeingburiedaloneDhowtochangeJapan'scomplexburialcustoms3.

FromthefactthatdivorcecanmeanalifeofhardshipforJapanesewomen，wecaninferthat______.A

manyJapanesewomenhaveabadrelationshipwiththeirhusbandsB

manyJapanesewomenlivetogetherwiththeirhusbandinperfectharmonyC

manyJapanesewomenhavealowsocialstatusD

it'sanout-datedcustomforJapanesewomentobehousewives4.

Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthefuneralrevoltinJapanisNOTtrue?A

ItcomesastheresultofJapanesewomen'sdissatisfactionwithJapan'sslowpaceinprovidinggreatersexequality.B

MoreandmoreJapanesewomenchoosetheformofdivorcetowinthevictoryoffuneralrevolt.C

Japan'scomplexburialcustomsmakeitmoredifficultforJapanesewomentobeburiedseparately.D

MoreandmoreJapanesewomenprefertobeburiedseparatelyfromtheirhusbands.5.

Themeaningoftheword"ignite"inthelastparagraphis"______".A

tocausetodieB

toarousethepassionofC

tomakeangryD

tomakegloomPassage3AACBB1.[A]細節(jié)理解題。文章開頭講到接受電視臺調(diào)查婦女中有20%表達但愿能與丈夫分開埋葬(20percentofthewomenwhorespondedsaidtheyhopedtobeburiedseparatelyfromtheirhusbands)，還提到日本墳場是由丈夫家族傳下來，子孫們必要維護好葬址，否則就會喪失墳場(whereplotsarestillpasseddownthroughthehusband'sfamilyanddescendantsmustprovidemaintenanceforburialsitesorlosethem)，因此B對的；C法律禁止婦女婚后使用娘家姓是文章原句(Thelaw，forexample，stillmakesitalmostimpossibleforawomantousehermaidennameaftermarriage)；文章一開頭就提到，婦女解放觀念從未在日本婦女中扎根(Notionsofwomen'sliberationhavenevertakenrootamongJapanesewomen)，因此D對的，只有A不符合文意。2.[A]主旨概括題。作者在這篇文章里重要討論是日本婦女通過以爭取死后單獨埋葬為重點，為爭取自己性別平等地位所做努力，并沒有提及日本社會和政府對于消滅性別不平等義務。3.[C]推理題。從離婚對婦女來說意味著艱辛生活這一事實，可以推理出什么?聯(lián)系這句話上下文：在日本，婦女就業(yè)機會很少，離婚對婦女來說意味著艱辛生活，大多數(shù)婦女名字是用孩子一種字來取，婦女獨立總是以極高代價獲得。因而可以推測出這一事實闡明是日本婦女社會地位很低。4.[B]推理判斷題。文章提到了葬禮反抗開始是由于婦女們對日本在提供更多性別平等方面緩慢步伐感到不滿(ThefuneraryrevoltcomesaswomenhereannoyatJapan'sslowpaceinprovidinggreaterequalitybetweenthesexes)；并說到在日本復雜葬禮習俗下，離婚或是未結(jié)婚婦女老式上在大多數(shù)墳場是不受歡迎(UnderJapan'scomplexburialcustoms，divorcedorunmarriedwomenweretraditionallyunwelcomeinmostgraveyards)；還說到單獨埋葬已經(jīng)悄然成為日本發(fā)展最快社會潮流(thepushforseparateburialsisquietlybecomingoneofthecountry'sfastestgrowingsocialtrends)，但文章沒有提到婦女們把離婚作為爭取勝利手段。5.[B]詞匯猜測題。問“ignite”在文章中意思。文章說：諸多婦女舉JunkoMastubara這位婦女問題知名作家為例，她“ignite”按性別單獨埋葬趨勢。接著又講到她于三年前建立了一種有大概600名婦女構(gòu)成社團，籌劃在Chofu西郊一塊普通墳場旁共同爭取一塊墳場，因此“ignite”是“點燃，激起”意思。Passage4

Oftencalledtheintellectualleaderoftheanimal-rightsmovement，Regan"istheforemostphilosopherinthiscountryinthefieldofthemoralstatusofnon-rationalanimals"，saysBobBryan，formerchairmanoftheN.C.StatePhilosophyandReligionDepartment.ReganhaslecturedfromStockholmtoMelbourneabouttheimportanceofrecognizinganimalsaspartoftheevolvingfieldofethics.Hisbooks，TheCaseforAnimalRightsandInDefenseofAnimalRights，arewidelyacknowledgedashavingcementedtherootsofthemodemanimal-rightsmovementinacademia.

Tobesure，vegetarianismdatesbacktoPlatoandPlutarch.AndinAmerica，thefirstcrueltybustshappenedinthelate19thcenturyinNewYork.Butsocietyviewedanimalslargelyasproperties，untilReganandahandfulofotherphilosopherspushedanimal-rightsissuesintotheacademicmainstream.Indeed，thisacademicfocushasdramaticallyalteredhowAmericansapproachtheethicsofhusbandry，someobserverssay.Once-radicalideashavebeenfirmlywovenintosociety.

Reganenvisionsatypeof"billofrights"foranimals，includingtheabandonmentofpetownership，eliminationofameat-baseddiet，andnewstandardsforbiomedicalresearchonanimals.Essentially，hewantstoestablishanewkindofsolidaritywithanimals，andstopanimalhusbandryaltogether."Inadditiontothevisibleachievementsandchanges，there'sbeenwhatImightcallaninvisiblerevolutiontakingplace，andthatrevolutionistheseriousnesswithwhichtheissueofanimalrightsistakenintheacademyandinhighereducation,"Regansays.

ButwithReganplanningtoretireinDecember，agrowingnumberoffarmers，doctors，andothersarequestioningthesustainabilityofhisideas.Increasingly，Americanswhofeeltheirrightshavebecomesecondarytoanimals'rightsarespeakingoutagainstawaveofarsonattacksonfarmersandpiesthrowninthefacesofresearchers.Radicalgroups，withsometimes-violenttactics，havebeenaccusedofscaringfarmersawayfromspeakingupfortraditionalagrarianvalues.Indeed，tensionsareonlyrisingbetweenanimal-rightsactivistsandgroupsthathavetraditionallyusedthelandwithaneyetowardanimals'overallwelfare，nottheir"right"tobehappyortolivelonglives.

ThecontroversyaroundReganisheightenedbythefactthathe'snopacifist.Hesayshebelievesit'sOKtobreakthelawforagreaterpurpose.Hecallsitthe"greater-evildoctrine"，theideathatthere'smoralhierarchytocrime."Ithinkthatyoucanwinincourt，andthat'swhatItellpeople,"Regansays."Idon'tbelievethatyoushouldrunandhide."Theshiftinthelevelofrespecthasbeen"seismic"，hesays."Contrarytowhatalotofpeoplethink，therereallyhasbeenarecognitionthattherearesomethingsthathumanbeingsshouldnotbepermittedtodotoanimals.Wherethehumanhearthasgrownisintherecognitionofwhatistobeprohibited."Yuky1.Reganiscalledtheintellectualleaderoftheanimal-rightsmovementbecauseA

heisaphilosopherinthefieldofanimal-rightsprotection.B

hehelpstomakeanimal-rightsmovementanacademicsubject.C

hehaswrittenmanybooksonhowtoprotectanimalrights.D

heprovesthatanimalsocietieshavetheirmoralstandardsashumansocietiesdo.2.

AllofthefollowingarementionedasRegan'sconceptsofanimalrightsmovementEXCEPTA

animalshavesomebasicrightslikepeople.B

peopleshouldreassesstheirrelationshiptoanimals.C

animalsshouldnotbetakentobepropertiestopeople.D

thewaymoralityistaughtintheacademiccircleshouldbechanged.3.

Whatisthe"invisiblerevolution"mentionedinthethirdparagraph?A

Academiabeginstotakeanimal-rightsmovementseriouslyB

Violenceshouldsometimesbeusedtoprotectanimalrights.C

Anattempthasbeenmadetostopanimalhusbandryaltogether.D

Thebillofrightsforanimalshasbeenwrittenintothelaw.4.

WelearnfromthepassagethatReganA

isaprofessorattheUniversityofMelbourne.B

consentstotheemploymentofviolenceinanimalprotection.C

isavegetarianwhoisfairlyfamiliarwithPlato'sphilosophy.D

isthefirstmanwhoisfullyconvincedthatanimalshaverights.5.

ReganobviouslybelievesthattheprospectofanimalrightsmovementisA

gloomy.B

bright.C

uncertain.D

doomed.Passage4BDABB1答案:B[設題處]因果處設題[解析]文中第一段提到，Regan經(jīng)常被稱作動物保護運動知識領袖，依照Bryan說法，在為非理性動物確立道德地位方面，Regan是20世紀哲學先驅(qū)。她處處游說，闡述將動物保護作為一種新興道德領域。她書被廣泛以為給當代動物保護運動奠定了學術基本，由此可知答案為[B]。2.答案:D[設題處]觀點處設題[解析]依照文章第三段第一句“在Regan看來，應當制定一種動物“權利法案”，涉及放棄養(yǎng)寵物做法、取消以肉類為主用餐方式、為使用動物進行生物醫(yī)學研究確立新原則”，因此排除[A]和[C]；由第三段第二句“從主線上說，Regan規(guī)定與動物確立一種新牢固關系，徹底停止畜牧業(yè)”可知[B]錯誤，故答案為[D]。3.答案:A[設題處]引言處設題[解析]定位于文章第三段最后一句“她說，除了看得見成就和變化外，一場革命正在發(fā)生，我稱之為看不見革命，即學術界和高等教誨界對待動物權利問題非常認真”，由此可知答案為[A]。4.答案:B[設題處]事實處設題[解析]最后一段前兩句提到，環(huán)繞Regan爭議由于下列一種事實而變得更激烈：她不是一種和平運動者，她以為為了實現(xiàn)更大目(指動物保護)犯法也沒關系，由此可知答案為[B]。依照第一段第一、二句可排除[A]；又由第二段第一、二句可排除[C]；此外，依照第一段可知[D]錯誤。5.答案:B[設題處]觀點處設題[解析]定位于最后一段后半某些，在Regan看來，(人們對于動物)尊重限度已發(fā)生了主線變化，與諸多人看法不同，人們已經(jīng)真正結(jié)識到：她們對動物已經(jīng)不能為所欲為了，人們思想變化體當前她們懂得哪些事不能做，由此可知答案為[B]。Passage5Foralongtime，researchershavetriedtonaildownjustwhatshapesus--orwhat，atleast，shapesusmost.Andovertheyears，they'vehadalotofexclamationmoments.Firstitwasourparents，particularlyourmothers.Thenitwasourgenes.Nextitwasourpeers，whoshowuplastbutholdgreatsway.Andallthoseideasweregoodones--butonlyasfarastheywent.Somewhere，therewasasortoftemperamentaldarkmatterexertinganinvisiblegravitationalpullofitsown.Moreandmore，scientistsareconcludingthatthisunexplainedforceisoursiblings.Fromthetimeweareborn，ourbrothersandsistersareourcollaboratorsandco-conspirators，ourrolemodelsandcautionarytales.Theyareourscolds，protectors，goads，tormentors，playmates，counselors，sourcesofenvy，objectsofpride.Theyteachushowtoresolveconflictsandhownotto；howtoconductfriendshipsandwhentowalkawayfromthem.Sistersteachbrothersaboutthemysteriesofgirls；brothersteachsistersaboutthepuzzleofboys.Ourspousesarrivecomparativelylateinourlives；ourparentseventuallyleaveus.Oursiblingsmaybetheonlypeoplewe'lleverknowwhotrulyqualifyaspartnersforlife.

"Siblings,"saysfamilysociologistKatherineConger，"arewithusforthewholejourney."Withinthescientificcommunity，siblingshavenotbeenwhollyignored，butresearchhasbeenlimitedmostlytodiscussionsofbirthorder．Oldersibsweresaidtobestrivers；youngeronesrebels；middlekidsthelostsouls．Thestereotypeswerebroad，ifnotentirelyuntrue，andtherethediscussionmostlyended．Butallthat’schangin9．AtresearchcentersintheU．S．，Canada，Europeandelsewhere，investigatorsarelaunchingawealthofnewstudiesintothesiblingdynamic，lookingatwaysbrothersandsisterssteeroneanotherint0—orawayfrom--riskybehaviorhowtheyformaprotectivebuffer(減震器)againstfamilyupheaval；howtheyeducateoneanotherabouttheoppositesex；howallsiblingscompeteforfamilyrecognitionandcometoterms--orblows--oversuchimpossiblychargedissuesasparentalfavoritism．Fromthatresearch，scientistsaregainingintriguinginsightsintothepeoplewebecomeasadults．Doesthemanagerwhorunsaharmoniousofficecallonthepeacemakingskillslearnedinthefamilyplayroom?DoesthestudentstrugglingwithaprofessorwhoplaysfavoritessummonupthecopingskillsacquiredfromdealingwithasisterwhowasDaddy’sgirl?Dohusbandsandwivesbenefitfromtheinter—gendernegotiationstheywagedwhentheirmostimportantpartnersweretheirsistersandbrothers?Allthatisunderinvestigation．“Siblingshavejustbeenofftheradarscreenuntilnow，”saysConger．Buttodayseriousworkisrevealingexactlyhowourbrothersandsistersinfluenceus．Yuky1．Thebeginningofthepassageindicatesthat

A．researchershavefoundoutwhatshapesus．

B．ourpeeristhelastfactorinfluencingus．

C．whatresearchersfoundcontributesinalimitedway．

D．whatresearchersfoundisgoodandtrustworthy．2．Inthethirdparagraph，theauthortriestodemonstratethatoursiblings

A．offerusmuchusefulinformation．

B．havegreatinfluencesonus．

C．a(chǎn)retheoneswholoveuscompletely．

D．a(chǎn)ccompanyusthroughoutourlife．3．Inscientificcommunity，previousresearchonsiblings

A．mostlyfocusedonthesiblingorder．

B．studiedthecharacteristicsofthekids．

C．studiedthematterinabroadsense．

D．wasn’tbelievableandthediscussionended．4．WhichofthefollowingisNOTsiblingdynamic?

A．Abrothercautionshissisteragainstgettingintotrouble．

B．Sistershavequarrelswitheachother．

C．Siblingscompeteforparentalfavoritism．

D．Olderkidsinafamilytryhardtoachieve．5．Fromthelastparagraph，wecanconcludethat

A．managerslearnedmanagementskillsfromthefamilyplayroom．

B．spouseslearnednegotiationskillsfromtheirsiblings．

C．studiesonsiblingsareundertheway。

D．studiesonsiblingsneedthoroughinvestigation．Passage5CBADC1．[C]細節(jié)判斷題。第1段指出了研究人員研究什么塑造咱們，并獲得了某些成果，最后一句“但這僅僅是就當前研究而言”表白當前研究局限性，C表達了這個含義。由第1段可知，研究者還在摸索究竟是什么塑造了咱們，故A錯誤；該段倒數(shù)第2句提到雖然咱們同齡人浮現(xiàn)得最晚，但是影響卻最深刻，故B也錯了；trustworthy在文中沒有根據(jù)，故排除D。2．[B]段落大意題。第3段講到了兄弟姐妹在咱們生活中扮演各種角色對咱們生命影響，故選B；A“提供應咱們有用信息”屬段落細節(jié)，不是作者在第3段想要闡明問題；C“完完全全愛咱們?nèi)恕边^于絕對且在文中找不到相應信息點；D“隨著咱們畢生”只是影響咱們一種方面，故D也可排除。3．[A]細節(jié)判斷題。依照scientificcommunity定位到第4段首句。由該句but轉(zhuǎn)折處可知答案應為A。第2句提到年長、年小、中間孩子共有定式，并沒有對她們個性特性進行研究，故B排除；最后一句說這種定式很普遍，但并不意味著從廣義上來研究兄弟姐妹對咱們影響，故C排除；D在文中沒有根據(jù)。4．[D]細節(jié)判斷題。依照siblingdynamic定位到第5段。本題可用排除法。A、B相應steerawayfromriskybehavior；C在該段提及，也屬siblingdynamic。D在第4段有提到，但不屬于siblingdynamic。5．[C]細節(jié)推斷題。末段倒數(shù)第3旬提到Allthatisunderinvestigation，C與此同義，為對的答案。A、B只是該段中個別例證；最后一句提到要進一步研究兄弟姐妹是如何影響咱們，D項表述與原文有出入。Passage6

Bythe1980s，accordingtointernationalbutadmittedlyinconsistentdefinitionsofliteracy，aboutsevenoutoftenadultsintheworldwereconsideredliterate.Theincreaseinliteracyfromancienttimestothepresenthasnotbeenastoryofunbrokenprogress.Theabilityofpeoplewithinagivensocietytoreadandwritehasbeeninfluencedbyanumberoffactors，includingeconomicwell-being，theavailabilityofmaterialtoread，theamountofeducationavailable，andthebasicmatteroftheusefulnessofreading.

Ofthesefactors，usefulnesshasprobablybeenthemostdecisive.Inancientsocieties，aspeoplesettledintostablepatternsofagricultureandtrade，itbecameusefulforsomeofthemtoreadandwriteinordertokeeprecords，totransactbusiness，andtomeasureamountsofland，animals，goods，materials，andproduce.Sincealleconomicaspectsofasocietywerecloselytiedtotheoperationsofgovernment，literarybecameusefulandevennecessaryforthekeepingofrecordsbyofficials.TheresponsibilitiesofcitizenshipledtoafairlyhighlevelofliteracyinancientGreeceandRome，butinadditiontothat，therealsogrewanappreciationofgoodliterature，poetry，drama，history，andphilosophy.

DuringtheearlyMiddleAges，withthegeneralbreakdownofsocietyinEuropeandthedecreaseofcommerce，literarybecamelargelyconfinedtothechurch.ButinthelateMiddleAges，intheperiodoftheRenaissance，thegreatexpansionofcommerceandbankingledtoarevivalinliteracyforthesamereasonthathadcausedittoincreaseintheancientworldusefulness.

Withtheinventionoftheprintingpressandinexpensivepaperlateinthe15thcenturytherewasforthefirsttimeagreatavailabilityofreadingmaterialforamuchgreaternumberofpeople.Religiousreformerswereamongthefirsttoutilizethesituation，quicklygettingtranslationsoftheBibleandeducationaltractsandbookletsintothehandsofmanypeople.

Thebroadenedreligiousenlighte