專題07 動詞時態(tài) - 語態(tài)（講練）（原卷版）-2024中考英語二輪復習

1/1專題07動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)復習動詞時態(tài)復習，使學生掌握初中所學的七大時態(tài)的用法，構成。以及在實際語境中，書面表達中的運用?？碱}主要在單項選擇，語法選擇，語法填空，選詞填空中出現。當然書面表達中準確運用時態(tài)也會影響學生得分。動詞的時態(tài)歷來是中考題中考查的重頭戲之一。測試重點放在根據特定語言環(huán)境區(qū)別使用一般現在時，一般過去時和現在完成時；一般現在時(過去時)與現在(過去)進行時；特定的時間狀語中時態(tài)的使用；結合所獲得的語言知識確定正確時態(tài)的能力等。綜上所述，動詞的時態(tài)在中考測試中的地位非常重要。因而考生在復習備考中必須對本專題引起足夠的重視。1.（2023·武漢）Jessica________everynightbeforeherChinesetestandgotgoodresults.A.studies B.studied C.hasstudied D.willstudy【答案】B【解析】句意：杰西卡在語文考試前每天晚上都學習，并取得了好成績?？疾閯釉~時態(tài)。根據（語言環(huán)境）and以及got可知，空處與got是并列關系，所以空處填動詞過去式，故選B。2.（2023·武漢）—WhowilltalkaboutthedevelopmentofAmericancountrymusicnextweek?—IsuggestBrad.He________inNashville,thehomeofcountrymusic,sincehewasachild.A.lives B.lived C.haslived D.willlive【答案】C【解析】句意：——下周是誰將會談論關于美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂的發(fā)展？——我建議布拉德。他從小住在鄉(xiāng)村音樂之都——納什維爾?？疾楝F在完成時。根據“sincehewasachild.”可知，這里應用現在完成時。故選C。3.（2023·安徽）—Jim,I’vegotaproblemwithmycar.Couldyouhelpme?—Sorry,notrightnow.I________ashortvideo.A.make B.havemade C.ammaking D.wasmaking【答案】C【解析】句意：——Jim，我的車出問題了。你能幫我嗎？——對不起，現在不行。我正在做一個短視頻?？疾閯釉~時態(tài)。根據“Sorry,notrightnow.I…ashortvideo”可知，現在正在制作短視頻，用現在進行時表示正在進行的動作，故選C。4.（2023·河北）I________iceskatingthisSunday.Doyouwanttocome?A.go B.went C.wasgoing D.willgo【答案】D【解析】句意：這個星期天我要去滑冰。你想來嗎？考查時態(tài)。根據“Doyouwanttocome”可知動作還未發(fā)生，用一般將來時willdo。故選D。5.（2023·天津）Whilewe________anEnglishsong,somevisitorscametoourclass.A.sing B.willsing C.weresinging D.aresinging【答案】C【解析】句意：當我們正在唱一首英文歌時，一些來訪者來到我們班?？疾閯釉~時態(tài)。根據“While”以及“somevisitorscametoourclass”可知此句是含有while的過去進行時：was/weredoing，故選C。一、一般現在定義(常涉及現在)表示現在經常反復發(fā)生的或習慣性的動作或狀態(tài);還可用來描述真理謂語構成am/is/are；do/does時間狀語always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,hardly,never，everyyear，onceaday，twiceaweek，threetimesamonth，onSundays等舉例Jacobis/isn’tasailor.雅各布是/不是一個海員。Shesings/doesn’tsingwell.她唱得好/不好。二、一般過去時定義(常涉及過去)表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)；也表示過去經?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作謂語構成was/were；did；could；would…時間狀語yesterday，lastnight，in1990，twodaysago,often，always等舉例Mikewas/wasn’tsilent.邁克是/不是不愛說話。三、現在進行時定義(常涉及現在某一時刻)表示(說話瞬間)正在進行或發(fā)生的動作；也可表示現階段一直或反復進行的動作謂語構成is/am/aredoing時間狀語now，atthemoment，look，listen，thesedays，atpresent，fromtwotofive等舉例Iam/amnotstandingontheGrandCanyonnow.我正/沒有站在大峽谷上。Look!Heisplayingfootball.看！他正在踢足球。四、過去進行時定義(常涉及過去某一時刻)表示過去某個時間點或過去某時間段正在進行的動作謂語構成was/weredoing時間狀語atninelastnight，atthattime＝then，atthistimeyesterday，thismorning，thewholemorning，alldayyesterday，when/while引導的時間狀語從句等舉例Iwas/wasnotlookingatVictoriaFallsatthistimeyesterday.昨天這個時候我正/沒有看到維多利亞瀑布。Hebrokehisarmwhen/whilehewasridingthemotorbike.他騎摩托車的時候折斷了胳膊。五、現在完成時定義(涉及過去、現在、有可能到將來)表示始于過去、持續(xù)至今的動作或狀態(tài)，并可能繼續(xù)下去；也可以表示過去發(fā)生或已完成的某個動作對現在產生的影響或結果謂語構成have/hasdone時間狀語for(＋時段)，since(＋表過去的時間點)，already，yet，just，before，recently，still，lately，theseyears，just，uptonow，sofar，in/over/duringthelast/pastfewmonths等舉例Shehas/hasn’tlivedhereforfiveyears.她住/沒住這兒五年了。Haveyouseenityet?你還沒看見嗎？—Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithme?你愿意和我們一起共進晚餐嗎？—Thanks,butI’vehaditalready.謝謝，我已經吃過晚飯了。Angelhasbeendeadfor2days.安杰爾死了兩天了。六、一般將來時定義(涉及將來)表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準備做某事謂語構成will/shalldo；is/am/aregoingtodo；am/is/aredoing時間狀語tomorrow，soon，nextyear/week/month，inafewdays，inthefuture，sometime，含有when或if的復合句等舉例We’regoingtomeetoutsidetheschoolgatesoon.我們不久將在學校門口會合。Theywon’thaveameetingtomorrow.他們明天沒有會議。TherearegoingtobetwopartiesthisSaturday.=TherewillbetwopartiesthisSaturday.這個星期六將有兩個派對。七、去完成時定義一件事情發(fā)生在過去，而另外一件事情先于它發(fā)生(即表示“過去的過去”)，那么發(fā)生在先的事情的動詞須用過去完成時。這個過去的時間可用before等介詞短語構成一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以通過上下文給出暗示。謂語構成“had+過去分詞”時間狀語bythen，bythattime，bytheendof，before2012，bythetime等。用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等動詞后的賓語從句中。也可用在狀語從句中此時，在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后用一般過去時。舉例BythenhehadlearnedEnglishforfouryears.到那時，他已學習英語四年了。Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.她說她從來沒去過巴黎?，F在完成時與一般過去時區(qū)別現在完成時一般過去時時態(tài)范疇現在時態(tài),過去的動作對現在造成的影響過去時態(tài)，過去動作，與現在無關例句LiLeihasreadthebook．（說明李雷了解那本書的內容）Yesterdaylwenttothezoo.（僅說明昨天去了動物園，與現在無關）時間狀語already，yet，still，just，sofar，inthelast(past)，before，ever，never，since+時間點，for+時間段ago，yesterday，last，in2000，justnow例句Haveyoueverpickedflowersinapark?你們曾在公園里摘過花嗎？Fatherboughtthatwatchtenyearsago.爸爸十年前買了那塊手表。一、單項選擇1.（2023·江蘇南通）—MyfatherandI________alotofphotosatthesameplaceinthepasttenyears.—Thosephotosmustbeyourvaluablememories.A.havetaken B.willtake C.take D.weretaking2.（2023·江蘇無錫）Hey,AuntJenny!It’syou!Ididn’texpectyou________over.Whatanicesurprise!A.hadcome B.havecome C.wouldcome D.willcome3.（2023·江蘇徐州）IsawHarryinFebruaryandI________himsincethen.A.didn’tsee B.won’tsee C.haven’tseen D.don’tsee4.（2023·湖北孝感）—Whatdoyouthinkofthenovel,JourneytotheWest?—It’ssoexcitingthatI________itforthreetimes.A.read B.willread C.haveread D.wasreading5.（2023·北京）—Lucy,whatareyoudoing?—I________amodelship.A.make B.made C.ammaking D.wasmaking6.（2023·北京）TheShenzhou-15astronauts________toEarthsafelyonJune4,2023.A.return B.returned C.willreturn D.havereturned7.（2023·北京）Ifyougototheconcertwithustomorrow,you________agreattimethere.A.have B.had C.willhave D.havehad8.（2023·北京）Eric________manythingssincehebecameinterestedinscience.A.islearning B.waslearning C.willlearn D.haslearned9.（2023·江西）—What’sthatnoise,Tom?—Oh,somechildren________intheyard.A.play B.areplaying C.played D.willplay10.（2023·天津）Whilewe________anEnglishsong,somevisitorscametoourclass.A.sing B.willsing C.weresinging D.aresinging11.Hurryup!Onemoment.I______mye-mailandthenI’mreadytogo.A.read B.amreading C.wasreading D.haveread12.I’veneverseenMr.Taylorbefore.Don’tworry.I______himtoyoubeforethemeeting.A.willintroduce B.introduced C.haveintroduced D.hadintroduced13.–Linda,Dadhasfinishedhisworkandwe___________tothegymtopickyouup.-Thankyou,Mum.A.drive B.drove C.havedriven D.aredriving14.—Do

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15.–UncleSamsaidhe____________mybirthdayparty,buthenevershowedup.-That’sUncleSam.Heforgetseverything!A.willattend B.wouldattend C.hasattended D.hadattended16.Thestudenttoldmethathe_______theexam_______.A.hashad;yesterdayB.had;thedaybeforeyesterdayC.hadhad;thedaybeforeD.hadhad;yesterday17.—Hello!MayIspeaktoKate?—Sorry,sheisn’tin.She________ping-pongoutside.A.isplaying B.plays C.played D.willplay18.（2022·湖北武漢中考）—Idon’tthinksixteen-year-oldsshouldbeallowedtodrive.—I________.It’snotsafe.A.agree B.agreed C.willagree D.hadagreed19.Thechiefengineerannouncedthatthey________aspacelabonthespacestationaroundtheendof2022.A.havebuilt B.hadbuilt C.willbuild D.wouldbuild20.—MayIspeaktoWangLi?—Sorry,sheisnotathome.She________sincelastmonth.A.left B.hasleft C.hasbeenaway D.wentaway21．（2023·江蘇連云港二模）Theydidn’tnoticemecomeinbecausethey________computergames.A．play B．areplaying C．wereplaying D．haveplayed22．（2023·河北石家莊一模）I________acold.Iamnotfeelingwellnow.A．catch B．havecaught C．willcatch D．wascatching23．（2023·上海靜安二模）Manypeople________busilyinthatbuildingateightyesterdayevening.A．areworking B．wereworking C．hasworked D．hadworked24．（2023·上海普陀·統(tǒng)考二模）Theboy________andshowedusarowofwhiteteeth.A．laugh B．laughed C．laughs D．islaughing25．（2023·河北衡水一模）Well,everyone________takingthenotes.Nowlet’sgoonourclass.A．finished B．hasfinished C．wasfinishing D．willfinish26．（2023·遼寧沈陽一模）—Whendidyou__________thenewwatch?—Well,I__________itfortwoweeks.A．havebought;havehad B．bought;haveboughtC．buy;havehad D．buy;bought27．（2023·河北滄州·統(tǒng)考一模）Jack________theyardwhenIpassedby.A．cleaned B．iscleaning C．wascleaning D．cleans28．（2023·湖北十堰一模）—Youlookprettybusy,howcome?—We________foranofficepartynow.A．prepare B．haveprepared C．arepreparing D．werepreparing29.StudentsinGradeNine____________amathsexamatthistimeyesterday.A.take B.aretaking C.weretaking D.havetaken30.Hurryup!Onemoment.I______mye-mailandthenI’mreadytogo.A.read B.amreading C.wasreading D.haveread31.I’veneverseenMr.Taylorbefore.Don’tworry.I______himtoyoubeforethemeeting.A.willintroduce B.introduced C.haveintroduced D.hadintroduced32．I______upat6:30everymorning.A.getB.got C.willgetD.gets33.Mostofmygoodfriends________whenI________attheparty.A.left;hadarrived B.hadleft;arrivedC.left;arrived D.hadleft;hadarrived34.Whenhewasintheshop,hefoundhe________hiswallet.A.lost B.haslostC.hadlost D.wouldlose35.Bytheendoflastweek,she__________inthewestofChinafortwomonthshelpingthehomelesschildren.A.willstay B.hasstayed C.wouldstay D.hadstayed36.—DidyouseeMrs.Leeinthemeetingroom?—No.WhenIgotthere,she________anothermeeting.A.hadleftfor B.hadlefttoC.wasleavingfor D.wasleavingto37.—Youdidn’twatchthemovie?—Yes,butbythetimeI______tothecinema,themovie______forseveralminutes.A.got;hasbegun B.got;hadbeenonC.got;hadbegun D.got;hasbeenon38.—It'stenyearssincewecamehere—Howtimeflies!We________inChinaforsolong.A.work B.worked C.willwork D.haveworked39.StudentsinGradeNine____________amathsexamatthistimeyesterday.A.take B.aretaking C.weretaking D.havetaken40.Amon____________hisshipinabigstormwhenagiantfishcameoutofthesea.A.willsail B.issailing C.wassailing D.hassailed二、用所給動詞的適當形式填空1.Aseriouscaraccident________(happen)inthisstreetlastSunday.2.—WhatwilltheweatherbelikethiscomingSaturday?—Ihopeit________(be)afinedayforourpicnic!Ican'twait!3.—Doyoulikejunkfood，Linda?—That'smyfavorite.ThemorejunkfoodI________(have)，thehappierI________(be).4.—Whatdidyourmothersayaboutthis?—She________(say)thatshe________(try)herbesttohelpmewithmyEnglishnextterm.5.—Don'tgetoffthebusuntilit________(stop)，Tom.—Iwon't，Dad.Don'tworryaboutme.6.—Isyourfatheradoctor?—Yes，heis.He________(work)intheChildren'sHospital.7.—Icalledyouyesterdayevening，buttherewasnoanswer.—Oh，I'msorry.I_____(have)dinneratmyfriend'satthattime.8.I________(notread)thebookLittleWomenyet，butI'llletyoureaditfirst9.I(nothear)frommyfriendsincehemovedtoShanghai.

10.Thisnovelisveryinteresting.Mybrother(read)itthreetimes.

11.Whenthedoorbellrang,I(chat)happilywithmygrandmaonthephone.

12.Myfather(buy)thecarfiveyearsago.

13.Bytheendoflastyear,I____________(be)totheWestHillFarmthreetimes.14.Mom____________(go)outforsomeexercisebythetimeIgotup.15.We________________(paint)thehousebeforewemovedin.動詞語態(tài)語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關系。本專題目的是要完全掌握被動語態(tài)的構成，能在語境中正確判斷被動語態(tài)使用及時態(tài)變化。熟練掌握中考的考向及解題方法及思路。被動語態(tài)在中考中一般以單項選擇題，語法選擇，選詞填空，完成句子出現在中考的試卷中。各省市主要考查一般現在時，一般過去時，一般將來時，含情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)?？疾榈碾y點就是要判斷是否要使用被動語態(tài)，這是歷來學生出錯的地方。判斷的方法就是掌握動作的執(zhí)行者和承受著這一概念。1.（2023·廣州·語法選擇）Thislittleone____LittleSix.Hewasweakandquiet.A.called B.wascalling C.wascalled D.werecalled【答案】C【解析】句意：這只小鳥被叫做小六。called稱呼，過去式；wascalling正在叫；wascalled被叫做，主語是第一人稱或單數；werecalled被叫做，主語是第二人稱或復數。此處“Thislittleone”與“call”之間是被動關系，用被動語態(tài)，主語是單數。故選C。2.（2023·廣州·完成句子）我希望有一天我的繪畫作品會在美術館展出。Ihopeonedaymyartworks________________________intheartgallery.【答案】willbeshown【解析】根據中英文對照可知，show表示“展出”，是動詞，和主語之間是被動關系，結合“Ihopeoneday”可知，句子應用一般將來時的被動語態(tài)：willbedone。故填will；be；shown。3.（2023·湖北鄂州）—Whatlanguage________inGermany?—MostpeoplespeakGerman,butmanycanspeakEnglish,too.A.speak B.isspoken C.isspeaking D.speaks【答案】B【解析】句意：——在德國說哪種語言？——大多數人會說德語，但也有很多人會說英語?？疾橐话悻F在時的被動語態(tài)。句子應用一般現在時，句子主語language與動詞speak存在邏輯上的被動關系，則句子采用一般現在時的被動語態(tài)，其謂語結構為：am/is/are+過去分詞。故選B。4.（2023·安徽）Computershavehadagreatinfluenceonlearningmethodssincethey________intoschools.A.introduce B.introduced C.areintroduced D.wereintroduced【答案】D【解析】句意：自從計算機被引入學校以來，它們對學習方法產生了很大的影響?？疾闀r態(tài)和語態(tài)。since引導時間狀語從句，從句用一般過去時，主語“they”指代“Computers”，與謂語動詞introduce“引進”之間是動賓關系，所以用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)（weredone）。故選D。一：被動語態(tài)的定義??英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。在主動語態(tài)時，句子的主語是這個動作的執(zhí)行者；在被動語態(tài)時，句子的主語是這個動作的承受者。如：Theybuiltthishouse.他們建造了這座房子。主語they是built這個動作的執(zhí)行者，動詞用主動語態(tài)。Thehousewasbuiltbythem.這座房子是由他們建造的。主語thehouse是built這個動作的承受者，動詞用被動語態(tài)。1“be+（及物動詞的）過去分詞”構成動詞被動語態(tài)的形式。be有人稱、數和時態(tài)的變化。以動詞do為例，幾種常用時態(tài)的主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)的結構形式如下：二：被動語態(tài)的構成時態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般現在時do/doesam/is/aredone一般過去時didwas/weredone現在進行時am/is/aredoingam/is/arebeingdone過去進行時was/weredoingwas/werebeingdone一般將來時will/shalldowill/shallbedone現在完成時has/havedonehas/havebeendone過去完成時haddonehadbeendone過去將來時should/woulddoshould/wouldbedoneThiskindofmachineismadeinGuangzhou.這種機器是廣州制造的。Thecomputerwasstolen.那臺電腦被偷了。Anewroadisbeingbuiltoutsidemyhouse.我家門口正在修一條新路。Themanwasbeingquestionedbythepolice.這個人當時正在被警察盤問。Yourwallethasbeenfound.你的錢夾已經找到了。Yourwatchwillberepaired.你的表將會被修理好。2被動語態(tài)的否定句和疑問句。(1)被動語態(tài)的否定句在be后加not。如：Thesongisnotlikedbyyoungpeople.這首歌不受年輕人喜愛。(2)被動語態(tài)的疑問句將be提至主語前。如：IsChineseusedonlyinChina?漢語只在中國使用嗎？—ArethesecomputersmadeintheUSA?這些電腦是美國制造的嗎？—Yes,theyare.是的。No,theyaren’t.不，不是的。動詞語態(tài)訓練1.（2023·江蘇徐州）TheMonkeyKingisatraditionalChinesecharacter.It________bypeopleofallages.A.isloved B.wasloved C.willlove D.isloving2（2023·江蘇連云港）Whileeveryone________thecomicspage,Ipickedupacopytoseewhatwassofunny.A.islaughingat B.laughedat C.laughsat D.waslaughingat3.（2023·江蘇鎮(zhèn)江）WhenIwasapupil,someofmypocketmoney________tobuycomicbooks.A.use B.isused C.used D.wasused4.（2023·黑龍江牡丹市）The19thAsianGames________inHangzhoufromSeptember23toOctober8,2023.A.washeld B.willhold C.willbeheld5.（2023·吉林）—Theenvironmentofthistownisbetternow.—That’sbecauselotsoftrees________heremanyyearsago.A.areplanted B.wereplanted C.willbeplanted6.（2023·大連）TheQatarWorldCup________fromNovember21toDecember18lastyear.A.holds B.held C.washeld D.isheld7.（2023·山東濱州）—Canhegetthefirstprizeintherace?—He________so,buthehasjusthurthisleg.It’simpossiblenow.A.willexpecttodo B.isexpecteddoingC.hasexpecteddoing D.wasexpectedtodo8.（2023·）HouYi________magicmedicineforshootingdowntheninesuns,thenPangMengtriedtostealit.A.gives B.hasgiven C.gave D.wasgiven9.—Whatshouldwedofirstifwewanttodevelopourvillage?—Firstofall,anewroad______,Ithink.A.mustbuildB.hastobuildC.mustbebuiltD.hasbuilt10.ThisEnglishsong_________bythegirlsafterclass.A.

oftensingsB.

oftensangC.

isoftensangD.

isoftensung11.Attention,please!Allthemobilephones____duringthemeeting.A.mustbekeptoffB.arekeepingoffC.keptoffD.havekeptoff12.Manyofthestars______becausetheyarefarawayfromus.A.maynotseeB.needn’tseeC.cannotbeseenD.mustn’tbeseen13.—Lily,willyougotoJenny’sbirthdaypartythisSaturday?—I’mnotsure.BecauseI_______sofar.haveinvitedB.wasn’tinvitedC.haven’tbeeninvitedD.willbeinvited14．—Oh,yourroomistoodirty,Mike!—Sorry,Mum.It____yesterday.Iforgottodoit.A.didn’tclean B.isn’tcleaned C.wascleaned D.wasn’tcleaned15．﹣Excuseme，sir，smoking_____inthegasstation．﹣Oh，I'mawfullysorry．A．doesn'tallow B．isallowed C．aren'tallowed D．isn'tallowed16．（2023·江蘇宿遷三模）—Wow!Allthebreadinthisstore________.—Yes.Thebreadtherealways________.A．sellsout;tasteswell B．sellsout;istastedgoodC．issoldout;istastedwell D．issoldout;tastesgood17．（2023·江蘇宿遷三模）—MayIwatchRunningMan3thisFridayevening,mom?—Ofcourse,ifyourhomework________bythen.A．willbefinished B．finishes C．willfinish D．isfinished18．（2023·河北廊坊二模）Theletter________inFrench.Ican’treadit.A．write B．willwrite C．iswritten D．willbewritten19．（2023·山東菏澤二模）—CouldIrideanelectricbicycletoschool,Mr.Wang?—No,you________.Studentsundertheageof16________torideelectricbicycles.A．can’t；don’tallow B．can’t；aren’tallowed C．couldn’t；shouldn’tallow20．（2023·江蘇泰州二模）—Howexciting!The19thAsianGames________inHangzhouinSeptember2023.—Yes,Ican’twaittowatchtheGames.A．holds B．isholding C．washeld D．willbeheld二、用所給單詞的適當時態(tài)和語態(tài)填空(綜合訓練題，本題更能檢測學生語言運用能力。)1.Thestudent___________(clean)theclassroomnow.2.Light____________(travel)muchfasterthansound.3.Ourteachersaidthatshe_______________(assign)morehomeworkifwedidbadintheexams.4.I_______________(see)awonderfulfilmlastnight.5.Thestudents___________(have)amedicalexaminationnextmonth.6.Manystories________________________(write)bythewriterlastyear.7.Yesterdaywe_______________________(play)footballafterschool.8.Ayoungmanoften_________________(ask)mesomedifficultquestions.9.Awonderfulparty_______________________(give)tohimnextweek.10.Mother___________________(tell)meastoryeverynight.11.Rice_____________________(plant)inChina.12.Tom___________________(use)computereverySaturday.13.Maths____________________(teach)byMr.Cheninourclass.14.English____________________(speak)allovertheworld.15.Thefilm____________________(show)lastnight.16.We________________(paint)thehousebeforewemovedin.17.BeforeIrepairedmybike,mymother(buy)anewoneforme.

18.Greatchanges_________(take)placeinourcountryduringthepast20years.19.ThebookwrittenbyMoYan_______(translate)in2014.20.People(build)Thebridgeovertheriverthreeyearsago.

21.I_____________(see)thefilmthreetimes.22.Hisparents__________(stay)inthecountrysideforover50days.23.Sarah_____