學術英語(社科)Unit 5

學術英語社科AcademicEnglishforSocialSciences2021/5/915SociologyMattersCulturesallsharecertainbasiccharacteristicsdespitedifferences.Inthisunitwewillseehowthosecharacteristicschangeasculturesdevelop,andhowculturesinfluenceoneanotherthroughtheirtechnological,commercial,andartisticachievements.2021/5/92Unit5

SociologyMatters

UnitContentsTextATextBListeningSpeakingWritingLead-inTextC2021/5/93Lead-inTaskReadthefirstparagraphofthetext.WorkinpairsandwritedowntwoexamplesofthedevelopmentofcultureinChina.1_____________________________________________2_____________________________________________Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/94TextACriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesGroupdiscussionEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeCollocationsSignpostlanguageFormalEnglishUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/95TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysisAnalyzingthetextbyexplainingkeyterms1Culturethetotalityoflearned,sociallytransmittedcustoms,knowledge,materialobjects,andbehaviorUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/96TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis2

Culturaluniversalsadaptationstomeetessentialhumanneeds,suchaspeople’sneedforfood,shelter,andclothinge.g.athleticsports,cooking,funeralceremonies,medicine,andsexualrestrictions(AnthropologistGeorgeMurdock)(Para.2)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/97TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysistheprocessofintroducinganewideaorobjecttoaculture:1)discovery:makingknownorsharingtheexistenceofsomeaspectofrealitye.g.thefindingoftheDNAmolecule;identificationofanewmoonofSaturn(Para.5)2)invention:aninventionresultswhenexistingculturalitemsarecombinedintoaformthatdidnotexistbefore.e.g.thebowandarrow,automobile,theInternet(Para.5)3InnovationUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/98TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis4Globalization

theworldwideintegrationofgovernmentpolicies,cultures,socialmovements,andfinancialmarketsthroughtradeandtheexchangeofidease.g.StarbucksinChina(Para.6)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/99TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis5Diffusion

theprocessbywhichaculturalitemspreadsfromgrouptogrouporsocietytosociety.e.g.Diffusioncanoccurthroughavarietyofmeans:exploration,militaryconquest,missionarywork,theinfluenceorthemassmedia,tourism,andtheInternet.(Para.7)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/910TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis6McDonaldizationtheprocessthroughwhichtheprinciplesofthefast-foodrestauranthavecometodominatecertainsectorsofsociety,bothintheUnitedStatesandthroughouttheworldUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/911TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextAMcDonaldizationisassociatedwiththemeltingofcultures.Examples:InJapan:Africanentrepreneurshavefoundathrivingmarketforhip-popfashionspopularizedbyteensintheUnitedStates.(Para.9)InAustria:theMcDonald’sorganizationhasdrawnonAustrians’loveofcoffee,cake,andconversationtocreatetheMcCafefast-foodchain.(Para.9)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/912TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextAInsomesocieties,McDonaldizationhasmetresistancetotheinvasionoftoomuchculturefromothercountries.Examples:

InCanada:35%ofastation’sdaytimeradioprogrammingisrequiredbedevotedtoCanadiansongsorartists.(Para.10)InBrazil:Barbie’spopularityhasbeeneclipsedbySusi,adollthatlooksmorelikeBraziliangirls.(Para.10)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/913TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis7Technologyculturalinformationabouthowtousethematerialresourcesoftheenvironmenttosatisfyhumanneedsanddesirese.g.Technologyhasincreasedthespeedofculturaldiffusionandbroadenedthedistributionofculturalelements.(Para.11)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/914TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis8Materialculturethephysicalortechnologicalaspectsofourdailylives,includingfooditems,houses,factories,andrawmaterialsUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/915TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis9

Nonmaterialculturewaysofusingmaterialobjectsandcustoms,beliefs,philosophies,governments,andpatternsofcommunication

Itismoreresistanttochangethanmaterialculture.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/916TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis10

Culturallagtheperiodofmaladjustmentwhenthenonmaterialcultureisstillstrugglingtoadapttonewmaterialconditionse.g.theethicsofusingtheInternet,suchasissuesconcerningprivacyandcensorship(Para.12)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/917TextADifficultsentencesTheculturalpracticeslistedbyMurdockmaybeuniversal,butthemannerinwhichtheyareexpressedvariesfromculturetoculture.(Para.3)

→

TheseculturalpracticesinMurdock’slistarecommontomanysocieties,butthesepracticesarecarriedoutinwaysthatdiffergreatlyamongdifferentcultures.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/918TextADifficultsentencesEachgeneration,andeachyearforthatmatter,mosthumancultureschangeandexpandthroughtheprocessesofinnovationanddiffusion.(Para.4)→‘Forthatmatter’isusedtoshowthatastatementistrueinanothersituation.Hereitemphasizesthefactthathumancultureschangerapidly.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/919TextADifficultsentencesToday,moreandmoreculturalexpressionsandpracticesarecrossingnationalborders,transformingthetraditionsandcustomsofthesocietiesexposedtothem.(Para.7)→Todayculturalexpressionsandpracticesofdifferentcountriesareinfluencingeachother.Hencethetraditionsandcustomsofmanysocietiesarechangedundertheinfluence.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/920TextADifficultsentencesSociologistGeorgeRitzercoinedtheterm“McDonaldization”…(Para.8)→Coin:touseawordorphrasethatnoonehasusedbefore.Coiningofnewtermsiscommoninsocialsciencestudies,oftenservingtointroduceanewconceptortheory.Herwardrobeincludes…(Para.10)→TheclothesthattheBraziliandollhas…Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/921TextADifficultsentencesToday’stechnologicaldevelopmentsnolongerneedawaitpublicationinjournalswithlimitedcirculation.Pressconferences,oftencarriedsimultaneouslyontheInternet,nowtrumpetnewdevelopments.(Para.11)→Todaywhennewtechnologyisdeveloped,itdoesnothavetointroduceitselfinspecificjournals;ratheritnormallydrawsononlinepressconferencestospreadtheinformation.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/922TextADifficultsentences…theethicsofusingtheInternet,particularlyissuesconcerningprivacyandcensorship,havenotyetcaughtupwiththeexplosioninInternetuseandtechnology.(Para.12)→TheInternetethicalissues,particularlyprivacyandcensorshipissuesarenotfullydiscussedandwelldeveloped,thusislaggingbehindtherapidincreaseintheInternetuseandtechnology.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/923TextAGroupDiscussionItissaidthatpeopleindifferentsocietiestakedifferentattitudestowarddiffusion.WhatkindofattitudedoChinesepeopletaketowarddiffusion?Useexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/924CollocationTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose人們對衣食住的需求推出新概念解除現(xiàn)有的工作關系改變社會傳統(tǒng)和習俗Task1

TranslatethefollowingexpressionsrelatedtosociologyintoEnglish(P96)→people’sneedforfood,shelter,andclothing→introducinganewidea→sweepawayexistingworkingrelationships→transformthetraditionsandcustomsofthesocietyUnit5

SociologyMatters12021/5/925TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose→dilutethedistinctiveaspectsofasociety’sculture→theculturalinvasionfromothercountries→satisfyhumanneedsanddesires→issuesconcerningprivacyandcensorship削弱社會文化中的特殊方面來自于其他國家的文化侵略滿足人類的需求和欲望關于隱私和審查的問題CollocationTask1

TranslatethefollowingexpressionsrelatedtosociologyintoEnglish(P96)Unit5

SociologyMatters12021/5/926TextA2Task1Completethesentenceswiththecollocationsinthebox.(P97)EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeCollocationUnit5

SociologyMattershumanneedsanddesireslevelofprivacymaterialculturesocialconsequencesworkingrelationshipworldwideintegration22021/5/927TextA2Task1

Completethesentenceswiththecollocationsinthebox.(P97)EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeCollocationUnit5

SociologyMattersInternetusersmayachieveanadequate__________________throughcontrolleddisclosureofpersonalinformation.Thisbookpresentsacomprehensiveanalysisofthe__________________ofpopulationdeclineandaginginJapan.Sociologistsusetheterm“globalization”torefertotheresulting_________________ofgovernmentpolicies,cultures,socialmovementsandfinancialmarkets.levelofprivacysocialconsequencesworldwideintegration22021/5/928TextATask1Completethesentenceswiththecollocationsinthebox.(P97)EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeCollocationUnit5

SociologyMattersAfinalrecommendationoftheconsultantswasaradicalattempttoforgeacloser_______________betweentheboardandstaffmembers.Inthesocialsciences,“__________________”isatermthatreferstotherelationshipbetweenartifactsandsocialrelations.AbrahamMaslowwrotehisHierarchyofNeedstheorywhereinheattemptedtodocumentthefivelevelsof________________________.humanneedsanddesiresmaterialcultureworkingrelationship22021/5/929Signpostlanguage…maybeclassifiedinavarietyofwaysAttheessaylevel……besortedintofunctionalgroupsDependinguponthepurposeorintentofthewriter…Paragraphsmayalsobeclassified…TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeTask2ClassificationReadtheparagraphonPage98andunderlinesignpostlanguageofclassification.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/930TextAInacademicwriting,claimsareoftencouchedintentativelanguage.Thisisknownashedging.EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeFormalEnglishModalauxiliaryverbs:

can,could,may,might,should,wouldOthermodalverbs:

appear,look,seem,tendProbabilityadjectives:

likely,possible,probable,unlikelyProbabilityadverbs:

perhaps,possibly,probably,presumablyFrequencyadverbs:

generally,occasionally,often,seldom,usuallyUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/931TextA2Task3Completethesentenceswithhedgingexpressions.(P98)EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeFormalEnglishUnit5

SociologyMattersTheculturalpracticeslistedbyMurdock____beuniversal,butthemannerinwhichtheyareexpressedvariesfromculturetoculture.Forexample,onesociety____letitsmemberschoosetheirownmarriagepartners.Another____encouragemarriagesarrangedbytheparents.maymaymay2021/5/932TextA2Task3Completethesentenceswithhedgingexpressions.(P98)FormalEnglishUnit5

SociologyMattersGlobalization____bedefinedastheworldwideintegrationofgovernmentpolicies,cultures,socialmovements,andfinancialmarketsthroughtradeandtheexchangeofideas.Oneeconomistwentsofarastosuggestthattheentirefield______besimplysummarized:“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”maycouldEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose2021/5/933TextA2Task3Completethesentenceswithhedgingexpressions.(P98)FormalEnglishUnit5

SociologyMattersWhendecidinghowsafelytodrive,rationalpeoplecompare,________unconsciously,themarginalbenefitfromsaferdrivingtothemarginalcost.Economists,likeastronomersandevolutionarybiologists,________havetomakedowithwhateverdatatheworldhappenstogivethem.Workersunemployedformanymonthsaremore_______tosuffereconomicandpsychologicalhardship.likelyusuallyperhapsEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose2021/5/934TextBCriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeResearchingUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/935TextBSociologists’viewonglobalization→“Globalizationmeansanincreaseinthegeographicrangeoflocallyconsequentialsocialinteractions.”(CharlesTilly)touristgaze→theexpectationonthepartofthetouristthatheorshewillhaveexoticexperienceswhiletravelingabroadCriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/936TextBEffectsofglobalizationoninternationaltourismGlobalizationhasgreatlyexpandedthepossibilitiesforinternationaltravel.(Para.2;findstatisticstoillustrateit)Highlevelofinternationaltourismtranslatedintoanincreaseinthenumberofface-to-faceinteractionsbetweenpeopleofdifferentcountries.CriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/937TextBexoticexperiences→experiencesthatviolateoureverydayexpectationabouthowsocialinteractionandinteractionwiththephysicalenvironmentaresupposedtoproceede.g.AmericanstravelinginEnglandmaydelightinthefactthattheBritishdriveontheleft-handsideoftheroad.(Para.3)CriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/938TextB

Mostoftouristsdonotwanttheirexperiencestobetooexotic.e.g.thepopularityofMcDonaldinParisamongyoungAmericantourists(Para.4)CriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/939TextBWhatcansociologistsstudyaboutthetouristincreaseswiththemarchofglobalization?e.g.dominantpatternsofinteractionthatemergebetweentouristsandlocals;whethertheseinteractionsarefriendlyorantagonistic(Para.6)CriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/940TextBDifficultsentencesAmericans,ofcourse,havealwaysinteractedwithpeoplefromforeignlandsiffornootherreasonthanAmericaitselfisanethnicallyandculturallydiversenation.(Para.1)Americans,ofcourse,havealwayscommunicatedwithpeoplefromotherculturessimplybecauseAmericaitselfisanethnicallyandculturallydiversenation.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/941TextBDifficultsentences“globalizationmeansanincreaseinthegeographicrangeoflocallyconsequentialsocialinteractions”(Para.1)Globalizationmeansthosesocialinteractionsthatusedtojustimpactthelocalcommunitynowhasanimpactthatreachesbeyondthelocalarea.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/942TextBDifficultsentencesHighlevelsofinternationaltourism,ofcourse,translateintoanincreaseinthenumberofface-to-faceinteractionsbetweenpeopleofdifferentcountries.(Para.3)→Highlevelsofinternationaltourism,ofcourse,leadstoanincreaseinface-to-facecommunicationsbetweenpeopleofdifferentcountries.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/943CollocationwitnesstheeffectsofglobalizationsocialinteractionaproportionofdelightinbedisconcertingtotakepleasureinputstrainsonwiththemarchofglobalizationTextBEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/944Teamwork:Formgroupsof4-5andconductaresearchaboutChinesetouriststravelingabroad.Thefollowingpromptsmaybehelpful:thenumberofChinesetouristsabroadeveryyearthecountriestheyvisitandthelengththeystaytheretheaspectsorthingstheyareinterestedintheirshoppingbehaviorshowthetouristsinteractwithlocalsResearching

Unit5

SociologyMattersTextB2021/5/945Task1(P103)The“touristgaze”referstotheexpectationofatouristwhenheorshetravelsabroadtohaveexperiencesdifferentfromthatheorsheenjoysbackathome.Thetouristgazemayputstrainsonface-to-faceinteractionsbetweentouristsandlocals,especiallythosewhodonotbenefitfromtourismbecausesometouristsmayrequiretoomuchandbecometoojudging.SuggestedanswersUnit5

SociologyMattersTextBTextCCriticalreadingUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/946Unit5

SociologyMattersTextCSuggestedanswers

TranslateParagraph5ofTextCintoChinese

要了解你與人溝通的風格不是件容易的事。隨意拉住別人問他們覺得你是哪種人，隨意的？好辯的？友好的？活潑的？這樣做頗為尷尬，也不太妥當。所以要進行自我觀察和分析，你必須對別人給你的反饋保持敏感，并誠實地解讀收到的反饋。這樣的觀察和分析通常稱為“自我監(jiān)控”，其好處在于能夠幫助你發(fā)現(xiàn)各種狀況下恰當、得體的行為，控制你的情緒反應，給別人留下良好印象，還能在你從一種狀況轉(zhuǎn)換到另一種狀況時幫助你修正行為。2021/5/947ListeningNote-takingsymbolsUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/948Listening:Note-takingsymbols(SeePage106)ListeningAcademicactivitiesUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/949Task1(P106)

ListeningSuggestedanswersUnit5

SociologyMatters1Fourconceptsthespeakerexplainsinthelecture:1)cultureidentity 2)ethnicidentity3)culturalgroup

4)ethnicgroup2Definitionsofthefourconcepts:1)Cultureidentityembodiesstandardsofbehaviorandthewaysinwhichbeliefs,values,andattitudesaretransmittedtotheyoungergeneration.Italsoentailsthewaysinwhichkinshiprelationshipsandmaritalandsexualrelationshipsarestructured.2021/5/950Task1(P106)

ListeningSuggestedanswersUnit5

SociologyMatters2)Ethnicidentityreferstothegeographicoriginofaminoritygroupwithinacountryorculture.3)Culturalgroupreferstoasetofpeoplewhoembracecorebeliefs,behaviors,values,andnormsandtransmitthemfromgenerationtogeneration.4)Ethnicgroupisasetofpeoplewhoareembedded

withinalargerculturalgrouporsocietyandwhosharebeliefs,behaviors,values,andnormsthatarealsotransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.2021/5/951Task2(P107)

ListeningSuggestedanswersUnit5

SociologyMattersDictationOne’sculturalidentityisanimportantaspectofbeinghuman.Culturalidentityevolvesfromthesharedbeliefs,values,andattitudesofagroupofpeople.Itembodiesstandardsofbehaviorandth