湖南省湖湘教育三新探索協(xié)作體2023-2024學年高二下學期期中聯(lián)考英語試題

2024年5月湖湘教育三新探索協(xié)作體高二期中聯(lián)考英語（考試用時120分鐘，全卷滿分150分）注意事項：1．答題前，先將自己的班級、姓名、準考證號寫在試題卷和答題卡上，并將準考證條形碼粘貼在答題卡上的指定位置。2．選擇題的作答：每小題選出答案后，用2B鉛筆把答題卡上相應題目的答案標號涂黑。寫在試題卷、草稿紙和答題卡上的非答題區(qū)域均無效。3．非選擇題的作答：用簽字筆直接答在答題卡上對應的答題區(qū)域內(nèi)，寫在試題卷、草稿紙和答題卡上的非答題區(qū)域均無效。4．考試結(jié)束后，將答題卡上交。第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）做題時，先將答案標在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。例：Howmuchistheshirt?A.￡19.15. B.￡9.18. C.￡9.15.答案是C。1.WhatwillNancydotonight?A.Gotocinema. B.Eatout. C.Stayathome.2.Wheredoestheconversationtakeplace?A.Atagrocerystore. B.Atarestaurant. C.Athome.3.WhendidthewomancometoCanada?A.Sixyearsago. B.Fouryearsago. C.Twoyearsago.4.WhatdoesCornellthinkoftheriddle?A.Easy. B.Funny. C.Difficult.5.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.Theirjobs. B.Theirwaysofrelaxing. C.Theirfavoritesports.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.WhatrelationisSusantothewoman?A.Herhairdresser. B.Herco-worker. C.Herneighbor.7.Howdoesthemansoundintheend?A.Disappointed. B.Excited. C.Grateful.聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8.WhydidthemangotoTrinidad?A.Forholiday. B.Forwork. C.Forafamilyreunion.9.WhatdidthemanlikedoingmostinTrinidad?A.Playingonthebeaches. B.Goinghiking. C.Ridinghorses.10.Wheredidthemanstayatnight?A.Atalocal’shome. B.Atahotel. C.Inacar.聽第8段材料，回答第11至14題。11.HowmanyparticipantswerethereinthefirstEurovisionSongContest?A.3. B.7. C.52.12.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeoftheshow?A.Findingtalentedsingers.B.Encouragingmorepeopletosing.C.TestingliveTVbroadcasttechnology.13.Wheredidthemostwinnerscomefrom?A.Ireland. B.Sweden. C.Switzerland.14.Whatistheman’sattitudetowardenteringthecontest?A.Ambiguous. B.Confident. C.Uninterested.聽第9段材料，回答第15至17題。15.WhatdidofficialsinCaliforniasay?A.Thereshouldbeapowerfailure.B.Residentsshouldtrytosaveelectricity.C.Air-conditioningsystemswillbeimproved.16.Whichplaceisexperiencingthehighesttemperatures?A.California. B.Colorado. C.Nevada.17.Whyareforestfiresmentioned?A.Toshowthetroublecausedbyhightemperatures.B.Toemphasizetheimportanceofprotectingforest.C.Toexplainthecausesofglobalwarming.聽第10段材料，回答第18至20題。18.HowlonghasSophiebeenrunningthepaintingcourse?A.Twoyears. B.Threeyears. C.Tenyears.19.Whatarethestudentsrequiredtodoafterthe6thweek?A.Workingroups.B.Finishmorehomework.C.Createtheirownartworks.20.Wherewilltheexhibitionbeheld?A.Atagallery. B.Atamuseum. C.Atacollege.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出最佳選項。ABoatScubaDivingatNeilIslandismorethanjustausualshoredivingexperience.ThereefhereissuperbandyoumayspotaturtleduringyourdivingexperienceatNeilIsland.WhatToExpectYourtripbeginsatagivenallottedtimefromBharatpurwhereyougearupwithallnecessaryscubajackets,oxygenmasksandotherequipmentrequiredforScubaDiving.Allnecessarysafetyproceduresaretaughtbeforethedivebegins,includingvarioussignsandbasicsabouthowtousetheequipmentunderwater.Noswimmingskillsarerequiredforthisdivingtotakeplace.Maximumdepthoftheprogramis8m—howdeepyougowilldependonyourcomfortlevelinthewaterandtheinstructor’sestimation.Thedivedurationdependsonyou,yourairconsumptionandcomfortlevel.Thisprogramlastsforapproximately30to40minutesandthetotalScubadivingexperienceincludingbasictrainingandknow-howisabout2hours.What’sIncludedUseofScubaEquipmentCertifiedDiverAccompanyUnderwaterUnderwaterScubaPhotosandVideosAdditionalInformationNotrecommendedfortravelerswithspinalinjuriesNotrecommendedforpregnanttravelersNotrecommendedfortravelerswithpoorcardiovascular（心血管的）healthTravelersshouldhaveatleastamoderatelevelofphysicalfitnessCancellationPolicyForafullrefund（退款）,youmustcancelatleast24hoursbeforetheexperience’sstarttime.Anychangesmadelessthan24hoursbeforetheexperience’sstarttimewillnotbeaccepted.Ifit’scanceledduetopoorweather,you’llbeofferedadifferentdateorafullrefund.【導語】本文是一篇應用文，介紹了一個潛水體驗項目和相關(guān)注意事項。21.Whatcanweexpectfromthisdivingexperience?A.Necessaryguidance. B.Ahealthcheck.C.Freepick-upservice. D.Adivingcertificate.22.Whoissuitableforscubadivingaccordingtothepassage?A.Apregnantwoman. B.Aleft-handedyoungster.C.Amanwithhighbloodpressure. D.Aladyrecoveringfromanachingspine.23.Howcanwegetafullrefund?A.Rearrangingthedate. B.Havingnodivingcompany.C.Callingoffadaybeforediving. D.Beinglateduetopoorweather.BAsachild,LiuWenwendislikedthesuona,a“l(fā)oud,high-pitched”traditionalChinesemusicalinstrument,anancestralheritageofherfamilythatwastobecomehercareer.Herpeersatprimaryschoollaughedather,sayingherwholefamilywasengagedonlyin“weddingsandfunerals.”Indeed,thesearethetwomajoroccasionswherethehorn-likewindinstrumentisplayedinChina’sruralareas.Liufeltashamed.Peopleadmiredthingsthatweremodernandinternational.“Suona,incomparison,wasconsideredanartofthehillbilly.”Herfather’sfamilyhasperformedsuonaforsevengenerations.ThemusicisrootedinLiu’sDNA,butittakestimeandhardworktobecomeaskilledmusician.Theinstrumentwassoloudthatitannoyedtheneighborswhenshepracticedathome.“Somyparentswouldwakemeupat4a.m.everydayandtakemetopracticeoutsideinapark.”Whileshefollowedherparentstoplaythesuonaasachild,sheonlyfellinlovewiththeinstrumentatuniversity.Shefoundsuonamusicbeautifulforthefirsttimein2008,whensheenteredShanghaiConservatoryofMusictolearntheinstrumentmoresystematically.OnChina’ssocialmediaplatforms,hernameisoftenfollowedbyavideoofherliveperformanceataconcertinSydney,Australia,alongsideaward-winningcomposerTanDunin2017.Forherdebutontheinternationalstage,shewasplayingHundredsofBirdsPayingHomagetoPhoenix,amasterpiecethatoftenrepresentsexcellenceinsuonaperformance.Liupromotedthe“hillbilly”musictoaninternationalaudience,thankstoTanandhisteam,whorecomposedthetraditionalmusicandarrangedthepieceintoanorchestra.“ItwasasmoothdialoguebetweenaChineseinstrumentandaWesternorchestra,lovedbythemusiciansandaudiencealike,”shesaid.“Ifeltmyhardworkhadpaidoff.Itrainedforover20years,probablyjusttowincheersandapplausefortraditionalChinesemusicontheinternationalstage.”【導語】本文是一篇記敘文，講述了音樂家劉雯雯的故事。24.WhatcanwelearnaboutLiufromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Shewasbornintoamusicalfamily.B.Sheenjoyedplayingthesuonaasachild.C.Sheshowedatalentforsuonawhenshewasyoung.D.Shefeltashamedofadmiringmodernandinternationalthings.25.WhydidLiugetupearlytopracticeplayingthesuona?A.Togetmoretimeforherpractice. B.Toavoiddisturbingtheneighbors.C.Tospendmoretimewithherparents. DTomakepractisingthesuonaahabit.26.Whatcanweinferfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.AudiencelikeChineseinstrumentsbetterthanWesternorchestra.B.Liu’sperformanceataSydneyconcertgotherrecognizedbythepublic.C.LiupromotedtraditionalChinesemusictothewholeworldwithherparents.DSocialmediaisamajorplatformtocarryforwardtraditionalChinesemusic.27.Inwhichpartofthenewspapercanwereadthepassage?ATechnology. B.Education.C.People. D.Entertainment.CWomenandgirlsalreadystrugglewithgenderinequality,butwhenextremeweatherdamagesacommunity,theUNfoundthatinequalitiesworsen.Toexplorethecomplexlinksbetweengenderandclimatechange,CNNworkedwithsevenwomenphotojournaliststodocumentthechallengeswomenandgirlsface.Thisvisualprojectgivesasnapshotofthenumerouswaysclimatecrisisischangingtheirlives,butalsoshowshowtheyarefightingback.TheCenterforGirls’EducationrunsaseriesofprogramsinNigeriatohelpgirlsstayinschool.Oneineveryfiveoftheworld’schildrenwhoareoutofschoolisinNigeria,accordingtoUNICEF,anditisgirlswhoareimpactedthemost.Morethan10millionchildrenbetween5and14yearsoldareabsentfromclassroomsacrossNigeria,accordingtoUNICEF.Forgirls,thestatisticsareevenbleaker:instatesinthenortheastandnorthwestofthecountry,fewerthanhalfattendschool.Thiseducationcrisisistheresultofatangleoffactors,butagainstthebackdropoftheseindividualfactorsisthebroadercontextoftheclimatecrisis.Nigeriaisgrowinghotteranddryer,andextremeweathersuchasflashfloodsandlandslidesarebecomingfiercerandmorefrequent.Climatedisasterscanmakeschoolsinaccessibleandclassroomsunsafe.Communitiesstrugglingtocopewithextremeweathersometimesturntotheirchildrentohelportoearnextramoneytosupportthefamily.Andgirls,whoseattendanceatschoolisalreadydiscouragedinsomecommunities,areoftenmostaffected.Thereareeffortstosupportgirls’educationandequipthemwiththeresourcestocopewithafast-changingclimate.TheCenterforGirls’EducationinthenorthernNigeriancityofZariarunsprogramstohelpgirlsstayinschoolandofferstrainingonhowtocopewiththeimpactsofextremeweather.“Ifeelwhenwegivethegirlseducationonclimatechange,howtoeaseit,itwillgoalongwayinhelpingthegirlsinhowtosupportthemselvesintimesofdifficulties,andevenhelpthemprepareforit,”saidHabibaMohammed,directoroftheCenterforGirls’Education.【導語】本文是一篇議論文，講述了氣候變化對女性的影響，主要關(guān)注對非洲國家女孩接受教育的影響。28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“givesasnapshotof”meaninParagraph2?A.Contrasts. B.Strengthens. C.Prevents. D.Reveals.29.HowdoesParagraph3develop?A.Bylistingfigures. B.Bymakingcomparison.C.Bygivingexamples. D.Bydrawingconclusions.30.Whatcontributestogirls’absencefromschoolinNigeria?A.Tensefamilyrelationship. B.Unbearableschoolpressure.C.Worseningweatherconditions. D.Inaccessiblecommunityresources.31.WhatdoesHabibaMohammedthinkofthemeasurestakentohelpgirls?A.Costly. B.Creative.C.Short-lived. D.Far-reaching.DWhenTikTokvideosemergedshowing“TaylorSwift”makingacoindisappearandenjoyingalollipop,theaccountnamewastheonlyobviouscluethatthiswasn’ttherealdeal.Thecreatorofthe“deeptaylorswift”accountonthesocialmediaplatformwasusing“deepfake”technologytoshowamachinegeneratedversionofthefamoussingerperformingmagictricks.AnewstudypublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaprovidesameasureofhowfarthetechnologyhasprogressed.Theresultssuggestthatrealhumanscaneasilyfallformachine-generatedfaces—andeveninterpretthemasmoretrustworthythanthegenuinearticle.“Wefoundthatnotonlyaresynthetic（合成的）faceshighlyrealistic,theyareregardedmoretrustworthythanrealfaces,”saysstudyco-authorHanyFarid,aprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Theresultraisesconcernsthatthesefacescouldbehighlyeffectivewhenusedforimmoralpurposes.Aftercompiling400realfacesmatchedto400syntheticversions,theresearchersasked315peopletodistinguishrealfromfakeamongaselectionof128oftheimages.Anothergroupof219participantsgotsometrainingandfeedbackabouthowtospotfakesastheytriedtodistinguishthefaces.Finally,athirdgroupof223participantseachratedaselectionof128oftheimagesfortrustworthinessonascaleofone（veryuntrustworthy）toseven（verytrustworthy）.Thefirstgroupdidnotdobetterthanacointossattellingrealfacesfromfakeones,withanaverageaccuracyof48.2percent.Thesecondgroupfailedtoshowdramaticimprovement,receivingonlyabout59percent,evenwithfeedbackaboutthoseparticipants’choices.Thegroupratingtrustworthinessgavethesyntheticfacesaslightlyhigheraverageratingof4.82,comparedwith4.48forrealpeople.Theauthorsofthestudyendwithaconclusionafteremphasizingthatdeceptive（欺騙性的）usesofdeepfakeswillcontinuetoposeathreat:“We,therefore,encouragethosedevelopingthesetechnologiestoconsiderwhethertheassociatedrisksaregreaterthantheirbenefits,”theywrite.“Ifso,thenwediscouragethedevelopmentoftechnologysimplybecauseitispossible.”【導語】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了“深度偽造”技術(shù)。32.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Peoplehaveanaffectionfor“deepfake”technology.B.Machine-generatedfacesarethoughtofasuntrustworthy.C.TaylorSwiftcanmakeacoindisappearandenjoyalollipop.D.Machine-generatedfacesraiseconcernsforimmoralpurposes.33.Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A.Limitationsofthestudy. B.Reasonsforthestudyfindings.C.Suggestionsforfurtherstudies. D.Explanationsfortheresearchprocess.34.Whatisthestudyauthors’attitudetowardstheusesofdeepfakes?A.Disapproving. B.Objective. C.Indifferent. D.Favourable.35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Howdowegetonwithdeepfakes?B.Whydoweeasilyfallfordeepfakes?C.Aremachinegeneratedfacesmorereliable?D.Canmachinegeneratedfacesgothatfar?第二節(jié)（共5小題，每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項，選項中有兩項為多余選項。Researchconfirmsthatpracticingmindfulnessreducesstress.36.Herearesomemindfulnessactivitiesthatwillsurelybenefityou!MindfulbreathingBreathingissomethingwedoeveryday,butmostoftenwithoutthinkingaboutit.Infact,itisquiteworthwhiletotrymindfulbreathing.Takeaslowbreathinthroughyournose,breathingintoyourlowerbelly.37.Exhaleslowlythroughthemouth,andwaitafewsecondsbeforetakinganotherbreath.Doyoufeelcalmer?Ifso,thisexerciseworksforyou.Bodyscanmeditation（冥想）Thebodyscanmeditationhelpsyoufocusyourawarenessoneachpartofyourbody.Youmaystartbysittingorlyingdownandthencloseyoureyes.Startatthetopofyourbodyandaskyourselfwhatsensationsyoufeelinthispartofyourbody.Turnyourattentiondowntoyourshouldersandupperback,thenyourchestandbelly.Continuetheprocessdownyourbodyandfinishatyourfeet.Duringyourbodyscanmeditation,trynottolabelorjudgeanyofyoursensations.38.MindfuleatingToooftenwefinishourmealwithouttrulytastingorenjoyingwhatwehaveeaten.39.Beforeputtingitinyourmouth,closeyoureyes,breatheinthescent,andfeelthetexture（質(zhì)地）ofthesurface.Thentakeasmallbite,andanotherslowly,untilitisfinished,focusingonthetasteandthefeelofthefoodinyourmouth.40Accordingtoresearch,gratitudeisassociatedwithhappiness.Practiceobservingandgivingthankstotheseeminglyinsignificantoccurrencesinyourlifethatdeserverecognition:theparentwhocooksyourfavoritemeal,thefriendwhoofferstohelpyouwithhomeworkyouarestrugglingwith,etc.A.ThankfulnesstoparentsB.HolditforafewsecondsC.AppreciationoflittlethingsinlifeD.Justfeelthem,noticethemandnamethemE.PractisingmindfulnesswillbedifficultbeforeitiseasyF.Topracticemindfulness,pickasweet-scentedfood,likeastrawberryG.Italsoimprovesphysicalandmentalhealthaswellasacademicperformance第三部分語言運用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面的短文，從短文后各題所給的四個選項（A、B、C和D）中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項?！癉oyoumindifIjoinyou?”Ayoungman’svoicemademelookupfrommybreakfast.“That’sfine,”Isaid.“It’sreallycrowdedinhere,”hesaid,flashinganicesmile.Lookingaround,Irealizedtherewasn’tone41table.AsIwatchedtheguyputhotsauceonhissausage,mymindspunwiththe42ofmyvisittoadoctorthedaybefore.I’dcovered43throughasnowstormtoseehim,buthedidn’thaveanswerstomyproblems.Mybreakfastcompanionnoticedme44.“Travelingfar?”heasked.“Yes.”Ihopedhedidn’thaveanymorequestionsforme.Heseemedniceenough,butIwasinno45forsmalltalk.Idippedmyheadbacktowardmyplateand46mymouthwithabiteoftoasttosignalthe47ofourconversation.Tomy48,theyoungmanreachedintohisbackpackandpulledoutanotebook.Hewroteasheate.Afterafewmomentsofsilence,Istartedtofeelbadabout49hiswords.“Areyouawriter?”Iasked,50myvoice.“Noma’am,”hesaid.“I’mworkingonalistformymom.She’sfightinglungcancerandI’mmakingherasmilelist.”Icouldfeelhis51inthesilence.“I’msorrytohearthat,”Isaid,feelingeven52.“Whatisasmilelist?”“Oh,justlittle53tocomforther.”“Woulditbetoo54toaskyoutoreadmesomeofyour“smiles”?“No,notatall,”hesaid.Then,lookingdownandscanninghisnotebook,heread:●Watchingthesunrise●Findingashinypenny●Sharingatableatbreakfastwitha55lady41.A.decent B.reserved C.vacant D.clean42.A.confusion B.frustration C.annoyance D.worry43.A.miles B.days C.grounds D.difficulties44.A.sobbing B.wandering C.eating D.staring45.A.position B.mood C.condition D.hurry46.A.zipped B.opened C.stuffed D.wiped47.A.end B.climax C.core D.topic48.A.sorrow B.relief C.disappointment D.gratitude49.A.pullingover B.breakingup C.keepingout D.cuttingoff50.A.strengthening B.deepening C.softening D.raising51.A.pain B.hesitation C.sympathy D.embarrassment52.A.cautious B.nervous C.worse D.surprised53.A.coincidences B.chores C.routines D.blessings54.A.bad B.personal C.late D.mistaken55.A.nice B.talkative C.humorous D.curious第二節(jié)（共10小題；每小題1.5分，共15分）閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當內(nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。ForFangRui,walkingthestreetsofNanjingandtakinginthebuildingsandcultureofthehistoricalcityisalmosta56.________（day）routine.The28-year-oldlandscapedesignerfoundthatwalkingthroughthecitywhile57.________（observe）culturalandhistoricalsitesgaveherlifenewmeaning.Thecity-walkpastimeoffollowing58.________（plan）routestoexploreacity’shistory,cultureandurbanenvironmentoriginatedinLondon.ThepastimeisnowattractingagrowingnumberoffollowersinChina,withmanyyoungpeopletakingpart.Thescaleofthetrendishard59.________（measure）,butwidelysharedsocialmediapostsdocumentdifferentroutesinvariousmetropoliseswithvividdescriptionsandpictures.Fortouristsaswellaslocalsnot60.________（full）familiarwithacity’shistoryandculture,theorganizedwalksare61.________authenticandimmersiveexperience.Walkorganizershaveamorepersonalizedanddeeperunderstandingoftheircity,62.________goesbeyondjustvisitingiconiclandmarks.InMay,Fangorganizedafreecitywalkforaround50peoplewhocamefromalloverthecountrytoexperienceadeeperconnectionwithNanjing.ShechosetowalkinCinnaLane,orXinanLi,atouristareanotaspopularorfamous63.________otherNanjinglandmarkslikeFuzimiaoConfuciusTempleorSunYat-senMausoleum.Intermsofitsgrandscaleandlayout,it64.________（believe）tobethelargestandmostcompleteancientresidentialbuildingcompoundinChina.“Oneoftheaimsofourcitywalksistoalsolet65.________（participate）becomewitnessestothetransformationofthecityitself,”Fangsaid.第四部分寫作（共兩節(jié)，滿分40分）第一節(jié)（滿分15分）假定你是李華，請向21stCenturyTeens的“SunshineSports”專欄投稿，介紹一下你校的陽光體育活動。要點包括：1.活動目的；2.組織形式；3.個人收獲。注意：1.詞數(shù)80左右；2.可適當增加細節(jié)，以使行文連貫。Aimingtorelievestudypressure,enhancestudents’physicalandmentalhealth,ourschoolhaslaunchedthe“SunshineSports”campaignoverthepastterm.Amongaseriesofoptions,whichincludebadminton,volleyball,tennis,tabletennisandgymnastics,studentsselectoneautonomouslybasedoninterest.Afterconfirmingchoicesandgrouped,theyareguidedtoplaycertainsportsrespectivelybyPEteachersat4o’clockeveryTuesdayafternoonontheplaygroundorintheschoolgym.Ipickedbadmintonasmyevent.Aftermonths’training,myskillshavebeensharpenedandmyhealthimprovedobviously,andIamseldomseensleepyinclassnow!It’sindeedaprojectworthpromoting.第二節(jié)（滿分25分）閱讀下面材料，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容和所給段落開頭語續(xù)寫兩段，使之構(gòu)成一篇完整的短文?！癢illyougivemykitealift?”saidmylittlenephewtohissister,aftertryinginvaintomakeitflybydraggingitalongtheground.Lucyverykindlytookitupandthrewitintotheair,butherbrotherneglectingtorunoffatthesamemoment,thekitefelldownagain.“Ah!Now,howawkwardyouare!”saidthelittlefellow.“Itwasyourfaultentirely,”answeredhissister.“Tryagain.”Lucyoncemoretookupthekite.ButnowJohnwasintoogreatahurry;heranoffsosuddenlythathepulledthekiteoutofherhand,anditfellflatasbefore.“Well,whoistoblamen