大學(xué)英語作文的構(gòu)建模式

大學(xué)英語作文的構(gòu)建模式現(xiàn)代化的高樓大廈可以風(fēng)格迥異，卻也都是構(gòu)建于最基本的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)之上。英語寫作也不例外，寫好它，有一套常規(guī)整體構(gòu)建模式。今天我們就奉獻(xiàn)給大家一盤“豐盛的大餐”，花8分鐘認(rèn)真地讀完它，你可能會提高2－3分，花15分鐘仔細(xì)地研究一番，那么你的大作有可能一不小心就到了高分檔啦！我們首先來分析段落結(jié)構(gòu)模式。段落是由幾個彼此銜接的句子組成的。根據(jù)這些句子的功能和作用，我們可將其分為：1．主題句（topicsentence）2．發(fā)展句（developingsentence）3．結(jié)論句（concludingsentence）一個段落只能有一個中心思想，代表這個中心思想的句子叫做主題句。英語的文章非常強(qiáng)調(diào)主題句，它通常位于段首。其他的句子必須緊緊圍繞著主題句展開，對之加以闡明、補(bǔ)充、發(fā)揮、議論，或提供細(xì)節(jié)。這些為主題句服務(wù)的句子叫作發(fā)展句。有時，主題句也可先在段首一提，最后又在段末重述一遍，使段落中心思想占段落首尾兩個顯著位置。對于這樣的段末句，我們稱之為結(jié)論句。一個段落(尤其是作文的中間段/發(fā)展段)的結(jié)構(gòu)可以圖示如下。例如：Eversinceearlythiscentury，electricityhasbecomeanessentialpartofourmodernlife．Firstofall，withthedevelopmentofmodernindustry，industrialproductionneedsmoreandmoreelectricity．Next，thedevelopmentofmodernagriculturealsoreliesonelectricity．Lastbutnotleast，ourdailylifehasmuchtodowithit．Inaword，itcanbesaidthatinmodernsocietymancannotexistwithoutelectricity．如果我們把這段例文按上圖進(jìn)行分解，其結(jié)構(gòu)便一目了然：下面我們開始分析英語作文宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)：英語寫作一般包括一個開頭段、一至兩個擴(kuò)展段（中間段或發(fā)展段）和一個結(jié)尾段。開頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴(kuò)展段短。各種段落的作用、特點和寫作方法如下所示。開頭段開頭段一定要語言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進(jìn)行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴(kuò)展段進(jìn)行。一般在開頭段寫四、五句即可。開頭段的作用：概括陳述主題，提出觀點或論點，表明寫作意圖?！緦懽饕c】寫開頭段時考生應(yīng)該避免的若干問題:開頭偏離主題太遠(yuǎn)；2)使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句；3)內(nèi)容不具體，言之無物；4)使用不言自明的陳述?！痉椒ɡ尅繉懽魑臅r，好多考生也是覺得開頭難，其實，寫開頭段有多種表達(dá)方法，如主題句法、提問法、引語法、數(shù)據(jù)法、背景法、定義法，等等，下面分別講解開頭的幾種展開方法:主題句法：開篇點明主題，用主題句，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。例如：Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyawareoftheimportanceofacquiringamasteryofaforeignlanguage.Tothem,theknowledgeofaforeignlanguage,say,English,oftenmeansagoodopportunityforone’scareer,evenapassporttoaprosperousfuture.Manyofthemequatesuccessinlifewiththeabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguage.2.提問法：提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。例如：Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?Money?Promotions?Interestingchallenges?Continuallearning?Work？basedfriendships?Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials?Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidesmorethanmaterialthings.3.引語法：使用引語(useaquotation)：使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。例如：“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.4.數(shù)據(jù)法：使用具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，指明問題的癥結(jié)所在。例如：Inthepast5years,therehasbeenamarkeddeclineinthenumberofyoungmarriedcoupleswhowanttohavechildren,coupledwithagrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearing.Accordingtoofficialstatistics,in2003,about28percentofmarriedcoupleswithwivesunder35gavenobirthtochildren,comparedwiththe1993levelof8percent.5.背景法：給出背景，描述具體事件的時間、地點和發(fā)生背景等.例如：OnceinanewspaperIreadofacrowdofpeoplewhoremainedappallinglyindifferenttothepleaofamother.Asshefailedtooffertherequiredamountofcashasapricetosaveherdrowningson,thewomanatlastwatchedhersonsinktodeath.ThestoryisnotrareinnewspapersandonTV,andthecasualnessanddetachmentourpeoplenowhavedevelopedhasarousednationwideconcern.6.定義法：針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。例如：Flexibilityisdefinedasbeingadaptabletochange.Inthecourseofyourlifetime,itisessentialthatyoulearntobendandflexaroundeverynewcircumstance,asrigiditydeprivesyouoftheopportunitytoseenewpossibilities.Paradigmschangeovertime,andsomustyou.Yourcompanymayrestructure,andyouwillhavetosurvive.Yourspousemaychoosetoleavethemarriage,andyouwillhavetocope.Technologywillcontinuetoadvanceandchange,andyoumustconstantlylearnandadaptorriskbecomingadinosaur.Flexibilityallowsyoutobereadyforwhatevercurveliesaheadinlifeinsteadofgettingblindsidedbyit.【他山之石】開頭段常用核心句型開頭段的常用核心句型，選一選適合你自己的“武器”：1)Thearguermayberightabout...,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat....2)Contrarytogenerallyacceptedviews,Iarguethat....3)Thereisanelementoftruthinthisargument,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat....4)Itistruethat...,butthisisnottosaythat....5)Themain/obviousproblemwiththisargumentisthatitisblindtothebasicfactthat....6)Itwouldbenatural/reasonabletothinkthat...,butitwouldbeabsurdtoclaimthat....7)Inallthediscussionanddebateover...,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked/neglected.8)Thereisabsolutelynoreasonforustobelievethat....9)Toassumethat...isfarfrombeingproved.10)Acloseinspectionofthisargumentwouldrevealhowflimsy(groundless)itis.11)Onthesurface(Atfirstthought),itmayseemanattractiveidea,butonsecondthought,wefindthat....12)Toomuchemphasisplacedon...mayobscureotherfacts....13)Theproblem/factisthat....14)Howeverlogicalthisargumentmaybe,itonlyskimsthesurfaceoftheproblem.15)AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelievethat....16)AlthoughIappreciatethat...,Icannotagreewith....17)Thosewhoobjectto...arguethat....Butpeoplewhofavor...,ontheotherhand,arguethat....18)Currently,thereisageneralconcernover....19)Nowitiswidelyacknowledgedthat....ButIwonderwhether....20)Thesedaysweoftenhearabout...,butisthisreallythecase?二、中間段/發(fā)展段/擴(kuò)展段中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進(jìn)行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。中間段的篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長，每段有相應(yīng)的主題句，說明主題思想的擴(kuò)展句可以采用實例、數(shù)據(jù)或個人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。不同種類的段落采用不同的擴(kuò)展手段?！緦懽饕c】中間段的具體寫作要點如下：1)所涉及內(nèi)容應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確、清楚，頗具說服力；2)段落中一定具備主題句；3)段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)該保持完整、統(tǒng)一，沒有說明不足之處或多余冗長的細(xì)節(jié)；4)內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強(qiáng)；5)段落之間連貫自然；6)段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當(dāng)；7)詞與句型運用合理并且有變化。【方法例釋】段落展開的基本方法很多，這里簡要介紹三種中間段中常用的展開方法：列舉法、因果法、例證法。1.列舉法：用來列舉一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章層次分明，眉清目秀，閱卷老師在疲憊不堪的狀態(tài)下，看到這樣的文章，往往會有種在清澈的小溪邊小憩片刻的感覺，手一抬，分就高。下面這篇例文寫的是“健身的幾種方法”，脈絡(luò)一目了然。例文如下：Thereareanumberofwaysforustokeepfit.First,nomatterhowbusyweare,weshouldhaveexerciseeverydaytostrengthenourmuscles.Second,itisimportanttokeepgoodhours.Forexample,ifweareinthehabitofgoingtobedearlyandgettingupearly,wecanavoidoverworkingourselvesandgetenoughsleep.Finally,entertainmentisalsonecessarysothatwemayhavesomemomentsofrelaxation.Ifwefollowthoseinstructions,wewillcertainlybeingoodhealth.2.因果法：說明原因，論述事理。下面這篇作文講的是“漢堡受歡迎的原因”，第一段提出問題“為什么受歡迎呢？”接下來在說原因時，用到了上面的列舉法，只不過不是“first,second,finally”而是“first,then,besidesthat”，讓人感覺不落俗套。例文如下：ThehamburgeristhemostpopularfooditemintheUnitedStates.EveryyearAmericansconsumebillionsofthem.Theyaresoldinexpensiverestaurantsandinhumblediners.Theyarecookedathomeonthekitchenstoveoroverabarbecuegrillinthebackyard.Whyaretheysopopular?First,ahamburgerisextremelyeasytoprepare.Itisnothingmorethanapieceofgroundbeef,cookedforafewminutes.Thenitisplacedinaslicedbun.Nothingcouldbesimpler.Evenanunskilledcookcanturnouthundredsoftheminanhour.Besidesthat,thesimplehamburgercanbevariedinmanyways.Youcanmeltsomecheeseontopofthebeeftocreateacheeseburger.3.例證法：舉具體的事例來證明觀點，這是議論文最常用的方法，盡量找最能體現(xiàn)觀點的例子，具體點，微觀點，給人說服力。請看下面作者論證“不勞無獲”的觀點，用的是拳擊運動的例子。例文如下：Thesaying“Nopains,nogains”isuniversallyacceptedbecauseoftheplainyetphilosophicalmoralteaches:ifonewantstoachievesomething,hehastoworkandtoleratemorethanothers.Thesayingistrueofanypursuitmanseeks.Acaseinpointisboxing.Whileweheapcheersonthewinner,fewhappentoimaginethathisgoldbeltiswonatthecostofhissweat,tears,blood,evenlifeoveryearsbeforethearrivalofthatexcitingmoment.【他山之石】中間段常用核心句型中間段的常用核心句型，同樣是20句！1)Thechangein...mainlyresultsfrom....2)Theincreasein...isduetothefactthat....3)Manypeoplewouldclaimthat....4)Oneofthereasonsgivenfor...isthat....Whatisalsoworthnoticingisthat....5)Thereareavarietyofreasonsforthisdramaticgrowthin....First,...Second,...Finally,...6)Thereisnoevidencetosuggestthat....7)Whyare(is/do/did)...?Foronething,....Foranother,....8)Therearenumerousreasonswhy...,andIshallhereexploreonlyafewofthemostimportantones.9)Itwillexertremarkableeffecton....10)Amultitudeoffactorscouldaccountfor(contributeto)thechangein....11)Withthedevelopmentof...,vastchangesawaitsthiscountry’ssociety.12)Historyisfilledwiththeexamplesof....13)Thestoryisnotrare(isolated/unique),itisoneofmanyexamples.14)Asisshowninthetablereleasedbythegovernment,itcanbelearnedthat....15)Thereis(no)goodevidenceto....16)Wemustadmittheundeniablefactthat....17)Noonecandeny(brushaside)thefactthat....18)Experience(Evidence)suggeststhat....19)Thesameistrueof....20)Asthesayinggoes,“....”三、結(jié)尾段【方法例釋】結(jié)尾段要干脆利落，深化主題。結(jié)尾段的寫作方法很多，常用的有如下四種：1.總結(jié)歸納：簡要總結(jié)歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。例如：Inconclusion,Iwouldliketosaythatchangeisaproblemconfrontingmostofustoday.Thechangeswhichhavealreadytakenplaceineveryfieldofourlifeareirreversible.Continuationofthegrowthwhichhasalreadybegunisinevitable.Duringthisevolutiontherearegreatrewardstobewon？bythosewhoarewillingtotaketheopportunitiesbeingoffered.重申主題：再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。例如：Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasivepollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedman？senergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevatemanintellectuallyandspiritually.預(yù)測展望：立足當(dāng)前，放眼未來。例如：Itistimethatthegovernmentshouldspeakoutagainstcorruptionandtakestrongactiontopunishwhoevertakesbribesorembezzlesfund.Forpresentofficialcorruption,ifpermittedtocontinue,willnotonlytarnishthegovernment？spopularity,butleadtoitsultimatedownfall.提出建議：提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動。例如：Collegeathleticsplayssuchavitalrolethatitdeservescloseattentionandpersistenteffort.Itissuggestedthatphysicaltrainingshouldberegardedasarequiredcoursewedgedintocollegecurricula,howevercrowdeditmaybe,andthatafairshareofcollegebudgetshouldbedevotedtoathleticprograms.Wesincerelyhopethatthissuggestionwillbeacommitmentthatallcollegesanduniversitieswilltakeup.【他山之石】開了個好頭，結(jié)尾也要漂漂亮亮。下面是結(jié)尾段的常用核心句型，總共歸納精選了20句。1)Takingintoaccountofallthesefactors,wemayreachtheconclusionthat....2)Judgingfromallevidenceoffered，wemaysafelycometotheconclusionthat3)Itishightimethatweplacegreatemphasisontheimprovementof....4)Itishightimethatweputanendtotheunhealthysituation(tendency/phenomenon)of....5)Thereisnoeasysolutiontotheproblemof...,but...migh