一輪復(fù)習(xí)隨堂課件寫作專項(xiàng)板塊四概要寫作（備選）

板塊四概要寫作(備選)2022英語(yǔ)內(nèi)容索引Part1謀篇布局Part2典例示范Part3強(qiáng)化細(xì)節(jié)Part4跟蹤訓(xùn)練Part1謀篇布局●題型解讀概要寫作是一種控制型寫作,是對(duì)原文的基本內(nèi)容進(jìn)行濃縮并進(jìn)行再加工的語(yǔ)言輸出形式,是考生對(duì)語(yǔ)言材料進(jìn)行吸收、存儲(chǔ)、內(nèi)化整理和表達(dá)的過程,是一種基于理解的創(chuàng)新。概要寫作既能訓(xùn)練學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言的理解和重新加工的能力,又能提高學(xué)生的思維能力。概要寫作題會(huì)提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文,要求考生基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要,以此來考查學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵詞,對(duì)文章大意進(jìn)行歸納概括,并用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)述文章重要信息的能力?？忌谡_理解短文的基礎(chǔ)上,用簡(jiǎn)明、精練的語(yǔ)句高度濃縮文章的主要內(nèi)容和觀點(diǎn),是對(duì)閱讀理解能力和書面表達(dá)能力的綜合考查。原文以說明文和議論文為主,偶有記敘文以及其他文體。原文結(jié)構(gòu)比較明晰,通常包含4個(gè)左右的要點(diǎn)?？忌陀^準(zhǔn)確歸納要點(diǎn),不照搬原文句子,要點(diǎn)之間要恰當(dāng)銜接,全文內(nèi)容要連貫,過渡要自然。一、題型考查的能力1.考生概括文章主旨大意和準(zhǔn)確獲取關(guān)鍵詞的能力、對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的概括能力;2.用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言表述文章重要信息的能力。詞匯短語(yǔ)準(zhǔn)確,句型表達(dá)精練;3.對(duì)文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。二、概要寫作的高考評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.對(duì)原文要點(diǎn)的理解和呈現(xiàn)情況;2.應(yīng)用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯的準(zhǔn)確性;3.上下文的連貫性;4.對(duì)各要點(diǎn)表達(dá)的獨(dú)立性情況;5.拼寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確性的一個(gè)重要方面,評(píng)分時(shí),應(yīng)視其對(duì)交際的影響程度予以考慮;6.如書寫差以致影響交際,可將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次?！裨u(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)各檔次給分范圍和要求(總分25分)評(píng)分檔次第一條第二條第三條第四條第五檔(21—25分)理解準(zhǔn)確,涵蓋全部要點(diǎn)能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分,使所完成的概要作文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言第四檔(16—20分)理解準(zhǔn)確,涵蓋絕大部分要點(diǎn)所使用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯可能有些許錯(cuò)誤,但完全不影響意義表達(dá)比較有效地使用了詞語(yǔ)間的連接成分,使所完成的概要作文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊有個(gè)別整句抄自原文評(píng)分檔次第一條第二條第三條第四條第三檔(11—15分)理解較為準(zhǔn)確,涵蓋大部分要點(diǎn)所使用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯雖有些錯(cuò)誤,但不影響意義表達(dá)應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句間連接成分,使上下文內(nèi)容連貫出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象第二檔(6—10分)理解有誤差,但涵蓋半數(shù)要點(diǎn)有些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤,影響了意義的表達(dá)較少使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分,全文內(nèi)容缺少連貫性出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象第一檔(1—5分)沒有理解原文,造成概要內(nèi)容與原文主題不符有較多語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤,嚴(yán)重影響了意義的表達(dá)缺乏語(yǔ)句間的連接成分,全文內(nèi)容不連貫多個(gè)句子抄自原文0分白卷,內(nèi)容太少、所寫內(nèi)容與所給材料無關(guān)白卷,內(nèi)容太少、所寫內(nèi)容與所給材料無關(guān)白卷,內(nèi)容太少、所寫內(nèi)容與所給材料無關(guān)白卷,內(nèi)容太少、所寫內(nèi)容與所給材料無關(guān)●解題步驟1.仔細(xì)閱讀原文,掌握文章的主旨大意。在閱讀過程中,要注意搜尋要點(diǎn),如議論文中的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)。2.列出或找到文章的要點(diǎn)或各段落的主題句?？梢杂孟聞澗€標(biāo)記,也可做筆記,將要點(diǎn)逐一列出。3.分析原文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu),注意段落之間的聯(lián)系?？捎脴湫螆D畫出段落之間的關(guān)系。4.寫出初稿。根據(jù)列出的要點(diǎn)和對(duì)原文的理解,用自己的語(yǔ)言組織內(nèi)容,嘗試寫出概要。5.認(rèn)真閱讀初稿,對(duì)照原文,檢查是否漏掉重要內(nèi)容。

檢査并確定拼寫、語(yǔ)法、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確無誤。6.再次厘清要點(diǎn)之間的聯(lián)系,添加必要的連接詞,使全文邏輯清楚,行文連貫流暢。7.檢査是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。8.把文章謄寫到答題紙上。Part2典例示范閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。(2019年6月浙江高考)Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofThe

A

to

Z

Guide

to

Raising

Happy

and

Confident

Kids,says,“We’vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat’sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents’praisehasputthem.Still,don’tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey’renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon’tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren’seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal,”saysDonahue,authorofParenting

without

Fear:Letting

Go

of

Worry

and

Focusing

on

What

Really

Matters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit’stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe’soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.【語(yǔ)篇解讀】這是2019年6月浙江高考真題的概要寫作,語(yǔ)篇文體為議論文,主要論述了父母過多地表?yè)P(yáng)孩子或者幾乎不表?yè)P(yáng)孩子都會(huì)給孩子帶來不良的影響。是否對(duì)孩子進(jìn)行表?yè)P(yáng),關(guān)鍵看孩子努力的過程而非結(jié)果,父母應(yīng)該視其每一次努力的情況給予恰當(dāng)?shù)谋頁(yè)P(yáng)。全文共4段,語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單清晰,主旨句明顯。每一段就是一個(gè)意義段,因此確定需歸納的要點(diǎn)應(yīng)該為4個(gè)。下面我們分段落剖析。第一段:第一句首先揭示現(xiàn)狀:父母隨時(shí)隨地表?yè)P(yáng)孩子。第二句通過引用作家Jenn

Berman的話來表達(dá)對(duì)父母無時(shí)無刻表?yè)P(yáng)孩子的觀點(diǎn)加以評(píng)論,其意思是:幾十年前,父母對(duì)孩子要求過于嚴(yán)格,而今天我們走向了另一個(gè)極端。第三句說,父母認(rèn)為多表?yè)P(yáng)孩子能培養(yǎng)他們的自信心,但事實(shí)上可能事與愿違。這是一個(gè)總結(jié)性的結(jié)論,是本段的主旨句。第四句作者再次強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的觀點(diǎn):過多不誠(chéng)懇的表?yè)P(yáng)會(huì)讓孩子害怕自己的表現(xiàn)不能達(dá)到父母的期望,從而不敢冒險(xiǎn)嘗試新鮮事物。第二段:第一句強(qiáng)調(diào)不要走向另一個(gè)極端。第二句是主旨句,點(diǎn)明另一個(gè)極端:不肯表?yè)P(yáng)孩子,這和過多的表?yè)P(yáng)同樣會(huì)產(chǎn)生不良影響。第三句說明不良影響的具體表現(xiàn):孩子們會(huì)感覺自己做得不夠好,或者你根本不在乎,這樣,他們會(huì)感覺為了取得好的成績(jī)?nèi)ジ冻雠σ矝]有什么意義。第三段:第一句首先提出疑問:怎樣給予表?yè)P(yáng)才是合適的呢?然后借助于專家的觀點(diǎn):表?yè)P(yáng)的質(zhì)量比數(shù)量更重要。這是本段的主旨句。第三句進(jìn)一步闡述該觀點(diǎn):假如表?yè)P(yáng)是虔誠(chéng)的,關(guān)注孩子的努力而不是結(jié)果,那么,可以在孩子做了值得表?yè)P(yáng)的事情時(shí)及時(shí)口頭表?yè)P(yáng)。最后引用Donahue的話,強(qiáng)調(diào)父母應(yīng)該看重孩子努力的過程,而非結(jié)果。第四段:前兩句提出:你兒子也許不是籃球隊(duì)里面最好的運(yùn)動(dòng)員,但是假如他每天都在外面努力打球,那么,不管他的球隊(duì)輸了還是贏了比賽,你都應(yīng)該表?yè)P(yáng)他的付出。第三句指出,表?yè)P(yáng)努力的過程而不是結(jié)果也意味著當(dāng)他們努力清掃庭院、做飯或完成讀書報(bào)告時(shí),你也要認(rèn)可他們的努力。最后一句是本段主旨句,總結(jié)作者觀點(diǎn):表?yè)P(yáng)應(yīng)該視情況而定,你的表?yè)P(yáng)應(yīng)該與孩子們付出的努力相符合?！緦懽魉悸贰扛乓獙懽髯钣行У霓k法就是提煉主旨句,刪除細(xì)節(jié),用簡(jiǎn)明、精練的語(yǔ)言對(duì)主旨句進(jìn)行替換加工,然后使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分,使之成為一篇結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,完全使用了自己的語(yǔ)言的內(nèi)容概要。通過對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的分析,我們刪除了短文中的細(xì)節(jié)、例證等細(xì)枝末節(jié),確定了每段的主旨句,要點(diǎn)已經(jīng)明確。下面就要用自己的語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確地轉(zhuǎn)述各段的要點(diǎn)。為避免和原文的句子重復(fù),我們要使用詞匯替換、詞性改變、轉(zhuǎn)換句式等各種形式,對(duì)原文要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)述表達(dá)。第一段主旨句Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.(段中)Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.(段中)要點(diǎn)變式表達(dá)①Parentsbelievethatpraisingcanhelpcreatechildren’sconfidencewhiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects.(改變句子表達(dá)方式;用believe代替think;create替換build;toomuch替換alotof;改變opposite詞性)②Nowadays,parentstendtooffertoomuchpraisetotheirchildren,hopingtoboosttheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.(運(yùn)用tendtooffer替代bygiving介詞短語(yǔ);用boost替代build;運(yùn)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞hoping...,語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練;用producetheoppositeeffect改變opposite詞性)第二段主旨句Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.(段中)Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.(段中)要點(diǎn)變式表達(dá)①Kidsmayfeeldiscouragedwhennotgivenenoughpraise.(改變句式,用“連詞+非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”,語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練;用feeldiscouraged替換bejustasdamagingas;用notgiven替代notgiving,更加靈活)②However,lackingpraisealsodoesharmtothechildren.(改變句式,語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練;用lack替換notgivingenough;用doesharmto替換bedamaging)③However,praisingthemtoolittlecanbeharmfulaswell.(改變句式,改變praise的詞性;用toolittle替換notenough;用harmful替代damaging)第三段主旨句Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.(段中)Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.(段中)要點(diǎn)變式表達(dá)①Accordingtoexperts,itisthequalityofpraiseratherthanquantitythatmatters,andparentsshouldfocusonefforts.(運(yùn)用了增分句式itis...ratherthan...thatmatters,句式升級(jí);用accordingtoexperts替換expertssay)②Therefore,expertsclaimthatpraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnottheresult.(用高級(jí)詞匯claim代替say;用process表達(dá)quantity的含義;用result代替quality的含義)第四段主旨句Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.(段尾)Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.(段尾)要點(diǎn)變式表達(dá)①Praiseoffersrecognition,butparentsareexpectedtopraisekidsonareasonablebasisinaccordancewithkids’amountofefforts.(刪除細(xì)節(jié),改變句式;用areasonablebasis替換acase-by-casebasis;用inaccordancewith替換proportionate)②Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirdutybuttheamountofpraiseshoulddependonhowhardtheywork.(改變句式結(jié)構(gòu);巧用銜接詞meanwhile;用deserve替換shouldbegiven,用高級(jí)詞匯strive替換theamountofeffort,語(yǔ)言精練)③Theyaresupposedtogivepraiseaccordingtohowmuchefforttheirkidshavemadetodothejob.(高度概括;用besupposedto替換should;運(yùn)用定語(yǔ)從句)【范文欣賞1】Parentsbelievethatpraisingcanhelpcreatechildren’sconfidencewhiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects.(要點(diǎn)1)Kidsmayfeeldiscouragedwhennotgivenenoughpraise.(要點(diǎn)2)Accordingtoexperts,itisthequalityofpraiseratherthanquantitythatmatters,andparentsshouldfocusonefforts.(要點(diǎn)3)Praiseoffersrecognition,butparentsareexpectedtopraisekidsonareasonablebasisinaccordancewithkids’amountofefforts.(要點(diǎn)4)【范文欣賞2】Nowadays,parentstendtooffertoomuchpraisetotheirchildren,hopingtoboosttheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.(要點(diǎn)1)However,lackingpraisealsodoesharmtothechildren.(要點(diǎn)2)Therefore,expertsclaimthatpraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnottheresult.(要點(diǎn)3)Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirdutybuttheamountofpraiseshoulddependonhowhardtheywork.(要點(diǎn)4)【簡(jiǎn)要點(diǎn)評(píng)】這兩篇概要對(duì)原文理解都很準(zhǔn)確,完全包括原文中的四個(gè)要點(diǎn),結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,一目了然。兩篇文章都準(zhǔn)確地運(yùn)用了連接成分,如:accordingtoexperts,but,however,therefore,meanwhile等,使全文意思連貫,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)使用準(zhǔn)確,運(yùn)用了豐富的表達(dá)方式,如:whiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects中,while表示對(duì)比轉(zhuǎn)折,非常靈活;whennotgivenenoughpraise用“連詞+非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”表達(dá)更加簡(jiǎn)練;運(yùn)用增分句式itis...ratherthan...thatmatters;用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞hopingtoboosttheirconfidence作狀語(yǔ)等。這兩篇文章都做到了要點(diǎn)的獨(dú)立性表達(dá),能完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言,通過改變句式,運(yùn)用同義替換、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換等形式,準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)原文意思。例如:Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.改為Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirdutybuttheamountofpraiseshoulddependonhowhardtheywork.在句子信息量很大的情況下依然能用自己的語(yǔ)言靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。所運(yùn)用的詞匯和句型足能看出這兩位考生的遣詞造句能力和深厚的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言功底。因此,這兩篇習(xí)作都屬于第五檔作文。Part3強(qiáng)化細(xì)節(jié)微技能1句子提升一、同義轉(zhuǎn)換

概要寫作的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)要靈活,不能簡(jiǎn)單地照搬原句,而是要用自己的話進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。這就要求考生要有豐富的語(yǔ)言功底,盡可能多地掌握能夠進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換的詞匯、短語(yǔ)或者句式來豐富自己的表達(dá)。多數(shù)的可轉(zhuǎn)換的詞匯之間有一些細(xì)微的差別,它們的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不一樣,在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中,還要根據(jù)不同的語(yǔ)境選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~?！粼~匯的轉(zhuǎn)換1.常用名詞(詞組)的轉(zhuǎn)換方法way,method,approach,means困難difficulty,challenge,barrier問題problem,question,trouble,issue事情thing,matter,affair,business機(jī)會(huì)chance,opportunity,occasion目標(biāo)

goal,target,aim責(zé)任duty,responsibility發(fā)展development,progress,advance職業(yè)job,career,employment,profession優(yōu)勢(shì)advantage,merit,virtue,benefit,strength,strongpoint劣勢(shì)disadvantage,shortcoming,weakness,drawback,downside,limitation,weakpoint2.重點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))的轉(zhuǎn)換認(rèn)為think,consider,insist知道know,realize,beawareof,learnabout相信believe(in),havefaithin,trust,beconvincedof使用use,apply,employ完成finish,achieve,accomplish,complete獲得gain,get,acquire,attain,obtain提供offer,provide,supply,afford鼓勵(lì)encourage,motivate,stimulate,inspire發(fā)生happen,occur,takeplace,comeabout同意agree,approve,consent要求request,demand,require,claim影響influence,impact,affect表明show,suggest,imply,indicate,demonstrate導(dǎo)致leadto,bringabout,resultin,giveriseto,contributeto3.描繪性形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換好的good,excellent,outstanding,favorable壞的bad,awful,terrible,negative,harmful大的big,massive,huge,enormous,giant,vast小的small,tiny富的rich,wealthy,well-off窮的poor,needy有益的helpful,beneficial,rewarding,advantageous有害的harmful,damaging,destructive勇敢的brave,bold,courageous,fearless,daring害怕的afraid,frightened,scared,fearful嚴(yán)重的serious,severe困難的difficult,tough,challenging悲傷的sad,depressed,sorrowful,heartbroken高興的happy,delightful,glad,joyful,merry,cheerful重要的important,essential,significant,vital,crucial,critical漂亮的beautiful,charming,attractive,fascinating,pretty,eye-catching4.高頻副詞(短語(yǔ))的轉(zhuǎn)換經(jīng)常often,regularly,frequently很少rarely,seldom,hardlyever起先firstly,originally,initially,tobeginwith然后then,subsequently,afterwards,thereafter最后lastly,ultimately,eventually,finally立刻immediately,shortly,rightnow,rightaway偶爾occasionally,attimes,nowandthen也also,too,aswell,likewise,either因?yàn)閎ecause,as,dueto,since,inthat非常very,exceedingly,extremely,highly目前now,atpresent,nowadays,recently忽然suddenly,allofasudden,allatonce當(dāng)然certainly,definitely,undoubtedly但是however,nevertheless,while,yet大約approximately,about,around,roughly,almost平穩(wěn)地steadily,smoothly只有,僅僅only,just,merely,barely實(shí)際上actually,asamatteroffact,indeed,infact,truly完全地totally,completely,absolutely,entirely,fully因此so,therefore,thus,consequently,asaresult,inconsequence5.介詞(短語(yǔ))和獨(dú)立成分等的轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)于about,concerning,involving,regarding提前aheadoftime,aheadofschedule,inadvance例如forinstance,forexample,tonameonlyafew,suchas隨著時(shí)間的推移astimegoeson/by,withtimegoingon/by隨著……的到來withthecoming/approaching/arrivalof...在某種程度上tosomeextent,tosomedegree,inasense,inaway◆詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換在概要寫作中,學(xué)生若是不能完全用自己的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá),可以通過詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法來改變?cè)渲幸恍┰~的詞性以避免照搬原文。例如:1.Theworkershaveproducedataveryhighrate.(名詞與動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換)Theworkershavespedupproduction.2.Wefounditdifficulttosolvethiscomplicatedproblem.(名詞與形容詞的轉(zhuǎn)換)Wefounddifficultyinsolvingthiscomplicatedproblem.3.Schoolbusesaresafefortheenvironment.(名詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換)Schoolbusesareenvironmentallysafe.4.Thewhiteandtheblackshouldbeequallytreated.(形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換;名詞與動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換)

Thewhiteandtheblackshouldreceiveequaltreatment.

5.Whathehadsaidleftadeepimpressiononme.(名詞與動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換;形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換)

Hiswordsdeeplyimpressedme.

6.Itisabsolutelynecessarytothinkindependentlyinstudy.(形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換;形容詞與名詞的轉(zhuǎn)換)

Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.

◆句式的轉(zhuǎn)換在概要寫作中,恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用一些簡(jiǎn)單的常用句式,來改變?cè)牡木涫?可以彰顯考生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力,提高文章的檔次。例如:1.時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換(1)Thebusiscomingnow.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))

Herecomesthebus.(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))(2)Hejoinedthearmytwoyearsago.(一般過去時(shí))Hehasbeenasoldierfortwoyears.(現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))

2.語(yǔ)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換(1)Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))Childrenshouldbegivenmorepraise.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

(2)Wearegoingtodiscussthisprobleminourclassmeeting.(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))Thisproblemisgoingtobediscussedinourclassmeeting.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞代替句子(1)ItisdifficultandIcan’tfinishit.Ifinditdifficulttofinishit.(動(dòng)詞不定式)

(2)Theyknowtheplananditwillbecarriedoutnextweek.Theyknowtheplantobecarriedoutnextweek.(動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))

(3)Whenyouarrive,youcansendmeamessage.Onarriving,youcansendmeamessage.(動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ))(4)Theteacherwalkedoutofthelabandthechildrenfollowedher.Followedbythechildren,theteacherwalkedoutofthelab.(動(dòng)詞-ed形式作狀語(yǔ))(5)Thebookisveryinterestingandithasbeenpublishedrecently.Thebookpublishedrecentlyisveryinteresting.(動(dòng)詞-ed

形式作定語(yǔ))4.復(fù)合句來代替簡(jiǎn)單句(1)Simonisourteacher.HewillleaveforJapannextweek.Simon,whoisourteacher,willleaveforJapannextweek.

(2)Pamelaisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwritten.Pamelawhosecompositionwaswellwrittenisspokenhighlyof.

(3)Iwon’tbelievewhatshesays.Nomatterwhatshesays,Iwon’tbelieve.

(4)Itwasacoldday.Therewasnobodyonthestreet.Itwassuchacolddaythattherewasnobodyonthestreet.(5)Tooursurprise,thelittleboyknowssomanythings.Whatsurprisesusisthatthelittleboyknowssomanythings.

(6)Hedidn’tturnupandwefeltdisappointed.Thefactthathedidn’tturnupmadeusfeeldisappointed.

5.使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣(1)Hesuggestedeatingoutforachangethisweekend.Hesuggestedthatwe(should)eatoutforachangethisweekend.

(2)Wedidn’thaveapleasantjourneybecauseoftherain.Butfortherain,wewouldhavehadapleasantjourney.

6.使用特殊句式(1)ThoughIamweak,I’llsparenoeffort.WeakasIam,I’llsparenoeffort.

(2)Icanhelptheoldladyonlyinthisway.OnlyinthiswaycanIhelptheoldlady.

(3)Thefirststepmatters.Itisthefirststepthatmatters.

(4)Ididn’trealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasteduntilIbegantowork.ItwasnotuntilIbegantoworkthatIrealizedhowmuchtimeIhadwasted.

二、巧妙使用銜接詞要想清晰地概括出文章中的邏輯關(guān)系,就要恰當(dāng)巧妙地使用銜接詞,這些銜接詞會(huì)為你得高分助一臂之力。1.表示并列或遞進(jìn)的14種高分銜接單詞:additionally;furthermore;besides;moreover短語(yǔ):inadditionto;aswellas;alongwith;worsestill;apartfrom結(jié)構(gòu):what’sworse;tomakemattersworse;what’smore;both...and...;notonly...butalso...2.表示因果的30種高分銜接表示原因的連詞:because;as;for;since表示原因的短語(yǔ)和結(jié)構(gòu):becauseof;dueto;owingto;thanksto;inthat;nowthat;asaresultof;thecauseof;forfearthat;thereasonfor;seeingthat;onereasonisthat...表示結(jié)果的副詞:therefore;thus;consequently;hence;accordingly表示結(jié)果的短語(yǔ)和結(jié)構(gòu):resultin;theeffectof;theconsequenceof;causing+n.;leadingto+n.;resultingin+n.注意:以下是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)contributeto;haveaneffecton;owesthto3.表示轉(zhuǎn)折的25種高分銜接單詞:but;however;nevertheless;yet;although;otherwise;instead;despite短語(yǔ):onthecontrary;differfrom;differentfrom;evenso;eventhough;inspiteof;bycontrast;incontrast結(jié)構(gòu):nomatterwho(what/when/where);inspiteofthefactthat...隱含轉(zhuǎn)折或否定意義的詞:unlike;actually;unfortunately;unexpectedly;asamatteroffact;infact;indeed4.表示對(duì)比的10種高分銜接單詞:while;whereas;similarly;alike;resemble;meanwhile短語(yǔ)和結(jié)構(gòu):equallyimportant;atthesametime;ontheonehand...ontheotherhand...;foronething...foranother...5.表示順序、程度等的43種高分銜接首先:first;firstofall;atfirst;inthefirstplace;primarily;initially肯定:certainly;definitely;undoubtedly;obviously;apparently;inevitably;essentially;interestingly;surely;certainly程度:totally;entirely;considerably;relatively最近情況:recently;inrecentyears;theseyears;presently;lately;currently總結(jié):onthewhole;inconclusion;inaword;tosumup;inshort;inbelief;toconclude;ingeneral;generallyspeaking;significantly;aboveall;inanycase;anyway;aboveall;infact;especially;mostimportantly微技能2篇章提升一、高度概括概要寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔要求,“理解準(zhǔn)確,涵蓋全部要點(diǎn)”。用有限的字?jǐn)?shù)涵蓋全部要點(diǎn)就需要高度概括。高度概括除了把事物的共同點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié)外,還要簡(jiǎn)明扼要。部分學(xué)生概要寫作得分低,主要原因是不會(huì)概括。他們只是照抄了原文中的個(gè)別句子,或者句子的一部分,不能用自己的話凝練表達(dá)。要學(xué)會(huì)概括,首先要學(xué)會(huì)尋找主題句。尋找主題句時(shí),要注意以下小技巧:①轉(zhuǎn)折詞語(yǔ)后面的部分,有可能是主題句;②段首出現(xiàn)疑問時(shí),回答部分可能是主題句;③作者有意識(shí)重復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn),往往是主旨;反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ),往往是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞;④表示總結(jié)或者結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,inshort;conclude;thus等。下面我們從段落開始,通過具體案例,來學(xué)習(xí)、感悟、掌握尋找主題句并進(jìn)行概括。1.如何尋找主題句?案例①Accordingtomostpeople,afteralongperiodofstudyingorworking,weneedtohavearesttorefreshourselves.②However,thatmaynotbethecase.③Accordingtoarecentreport,youdon’tneedthebreakasmuchasyoumaythink.詳細(xì)解析:轉(zhuǎn)折詞語(yǔ)后面的部分,有可能是主題句。本段第一句話闡述了一種觀點(diǎn):大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為,經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的學(xué)習(xí)或工作后,我們需要休息來恢復(fù)精神。第二句,However之后,引出本段主題:事實(shí)可能并非如此。第三句是對(duì)上述表述的闡釋:根據(jù)最近的一份報(bào)告,你并不像你想象的那樣需要休息。因此,需要將前兩句進(jìn)行整合。參考表達(dá):Havingaresttorefreshyourselfisnotsoessentialasmanypeoplethink.簡(jiǎn)要解析:將“經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的學(xué)習(xí)或工作后,我們需要休息來恢復(fù)精神”這種現(xiàn)象用“Having

a

rest

to

refresh

yourself”來概括,用“not

so

essential

as...”替換“may

not

be

the

case”,用自己的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行概括,高度提煉段落大意。2.主題句在段首案例①M(fèi)orethanthreebillionpeopleareatriskfromindoorairpollutionbecauseoftheheatingorcookingfuelstheyuse.②MostliveinAfrica,IndiaandChina.③Theyusewood,cropwaste,animalwasteorcoal.④Thesesolidfuelsmaybetheleastcostlyfuelsavailable.⑤Buttheyarealsoamajorcauseofhealthproblemsanddeath.詳細(xì)解析:段落中第一句話表示超過30億人因?yàn)槭褂玫娜剂隙幱谑覂?nèi)空氣污染的危險(xiǎn)之中。第二句話具體闡述的是這些人來自哪些國(guó)家。第三句話具體闡述他們使用的是什么燃料。第四句話闡述了他們使用的原因——廉價(jià)。第五句話表明雖然廉價(jià),但是會(huì)帶來健康問題甚至死亡。因此判斷第一句為主題句,后面的為支撐句。參考表達(dá):Manypeoplearesufferingfromtheindoorairpollutioncausedbycheapfuels.簡(jiǎn)要解析:用“Many

people”概括“More

than

three

billion

people”,用“are

suffering

from”替換“are

at

risk

from”,用“air

pollution

caused

by

cheap

fuels”概括“indoor

air

pollution

because

of

the

heating

or

cooking

fuels

they

use”和“These

solid

fuels

may

be

the

least

costly

fuels

available.”,用高度概括與替換的手法進(jìn)行整合概括。3.主題句在段末案例①In2002,anAustralianmanwenttohisfriend’s21stbirthdayparty.②Hegotdrunk,felloffsomestepsandcuthislip.③Hetookapictureofhisinjuriesandshareditwithhisfriendsonline.④“Andsorryaboutthefocus,”hewrote,“itwasaselfie(自拍).”⑤Thatwasthefirstrecordeduseoftheword“selfie”,accordingtosomeexpertsatOxfordDictionaries.詳細(xì)解析:本段介紹“自拍”的起源。段落第一句話表示一位澳大利亞男子參加朋友的生日聚會(huì)。第二句話表示他喝得酩酊大醉,磕破了嘴唇。第三句話表示他拍了張負(fù)傷的照片,傳到了網(wǎng)絡(luò)上與朋友分享。第四句話表示他說這是張“自拍”。第五句話表示這是“自拍”一詞最早出現(xiàn)的記錄。前面幾句是敘述“自拍”一詞出現(xiàn)的具體事例,引出總結(jié)性主題句,主題句在段末。參考表達(dá):Theword“selfie”wasfirstusedbyanAustralianmanin2002.簡(jiǎn)要解析:用“The

word

‘selfie’

was

first

used...”被動(dòng)句來表達(dá)主題句,高度概括,省去具體描述事件的詞語(yǔ)。4.主題句在段中案例①Untilthe1960s,mostFinnishstudentsleftschoolaftersixyears.②Inthemiddleofthe1960s,theFinnishgovernmentsawtheneedtochangeandmodernizetheireducationalsystemiftheywantedtobeinternationallycompetitive.③Lawmakersmadeasimpledecision:abasicschoolforallthe7-to-16-year-olds.④Compulsory(義務(wù)的)educationbeginsat7.⑤Thegovernmentmakesitpossibleforallchildrentoattendpreschoolaswell.詳細(xì)解析:段落第一句話闡述的是一種現(xiàn)象:大多數(shù)芬蘭學(xué)生入學(xué)六年后就會(huì)輟學(xué)。第二句話表明芬蘭政府意識(shí)到了改變這種現(xiàn)象的重要性及重要措施。第三句話講述的是芬蘭政府的決定:為所有7到16歲的孩子建立一所基礎(chǔ)學(xué)校。段落中體現(xiàn)重要決策的,往往為主題句。因此,此處為主題句。第四句話表示義務(wù)教育開始的年齡。第五句話表示政府盡可能讓所有的孩子都能上學(xué)前班。都是對(duì)第三句進(jìn)行的補(bǔ)充。參考表達(dá):TheFinnishgovernmentmadelawstoensurethecompulsoryeducation.簡(jiǎn)要解析:用“The

Finnish

government”替換“Lawmakers”,用“made

laws”替換“made

a

simple

decision”,將芬蘭政府具體的政策高度概括為“the

compulsory

education”,簡(jiǎn)潔明了。5.提煉主題句案例Inrecentyears,theactoftakingapictureofoneselfwithamobilephone,placingthesubjectcenter-stage,haswongreatpopularitywitheveryonefromBritain’sQueenElizabethⅡtoU.S.Presidentjoiningin.詳細(xì)解析:整段就是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句。近年來,用手機(jī)自拍照片,在屏幕中間設(shè)置主題相片的行為越來越流行,甚至英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世及美國(guó)總統(tǒng)也加入了這一行列。概括時(shí)只需要用簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言來表達(dá)。參考表達(dá):Today,moreandmorepeoplearecrazyabouttakingselfies,includingsomefamouspeople.簡(jiǎn)要解析:使用“Today”代替短語(yǔ)“In

recent

years”,用短語(yǔ)“take

selfies”概括從句“the

act

of

taking

a

picture

of

oneself

with

a

mobile

phone,placing

the

subject

center-stage”,將“everyone

from

Britain’s

Queen

Elizabeth

Ⅱ

to

U.S.President”高度概括為“some

famous

people”,使用詞組代替整句或從句更簡(jiǎn)潔。二、刪除細(xì)節(jié)在概要寫作中,我們首先要學(xué)會(huì)辨別哪些是概括性語(yǔ)言,哪些是細(xì)節(jié)性語(yǔ)言。能恰當(dāng)?shù)貏h除細(xì)節(jié)、刪除具體例子更容易把握主旨大意。那么,細(xì)節(jié)主要包括哪些方面呢?通常情況下,具體的描述性語(yǔ)言、事例、數(shù)據(jù)、論據(jù)、重復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn),往往都是細(xì)節(jié)。在概括主旨時(shí),往往都要考慮刪除。下面,我們通過具體案例來感悟、掌握如何刪除細(xì)節(jié)。1.刪除描繪性語(yǔ)言案例①Scientistshavelongassumedthatwillpowerisalimitedresource,whichiswhyyoufeeltheneedtohavearest,haveasnackandthengetbacktotaskwhenyouarefeelingbetter.②Theyarguethattheonlywayyourbodyrestoreswillpowerisbyrest,foodorentertainment.詳細(xì)解析:本段第一句表示長(zhǎng)期以來,科學(xué)家們一直認(rèn)為意志力是一種有限的資源,這就是為什么你覺得有必要休息一下,吃點(diǎn)東西,然后當(dāng)你感覺好些時(shí)再繼續(xù)工作。第二句表示身體恢復(fù)意志力的唯一方式是休息、進(jìn)食或者娛樂。本段主旨需要?jiǎng)h除細(xì)節(jié),并將兩句話進(jìn)行概括。參考表達(dá):Willpower,assumedtobealimitedresource,isthoughttoberegainedbyrest,food,aswellasentertainment.簡(jiǎn)要解析:第一句刪除描述性的語(yǔ)言“which

is

why

you

feel

the

need

to

have

a

rest,have

a

snack

and

then

get

back

to

task

when

you

are

feeling

better”,用willpower作主語(yǔ),刪除重復(fù)的內(nèi)容,運(yùn)用同位語(yǔ)及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的手法,有效地將兩個(gè)句子連接起來,使得其邏輯意思更為連貫與簡(jiǎn)潔。2.刪除事例與數(shù)據(jù)等案例①AprovechohasnowpartneredwithastovemanufacturerinChina.②ThecompanyismakingAprovecho’sfirstmass-producedstoves.③Theyaresaidtouse40%-50%lesswoodthananopenfire,andproduce50%-70%lesssmoke.④AcompanycalledStoveTecissellingthemthroughitswebsiteforlessthantendollars.⑤DeanStillsaysthatmorethanonehundredthousandhavebeensoldsofar.詳細(xì)解析:段落中第一句話表示Aprovecho現(xiàn)在與中國(guó)的一家爐具制造商合作。第二句話表示該公司正在制造Aprovecho首批量產(chǎn)的爐具。第三句話表示它們比明火少用40%-50%的木材,少產(chǎn)生50%-70%的煙霧。第四句話表示一家名為StoveTec的公司在其網(wǎng)站上以不到10美元的價(jià)格出售這些產(chǎn)品。第五句話表示到目前為止其銷量已經(jīng)超過10萬。后面幾句是具體的數(shù)字與例子的描寫,因此,主題句在段首。參考表達(dá):NowAprovechohasachievedthegoalandthenewstovesmadebyitsChinesepartneraresaidtobesellingprettywell.簡(jiǎn)要解析:用“has

achieved

the

goal”高度概括“Aprovecho

has

now

partnered

with

a

stove

manufacturer

in

China.The

company

is

making

Aprovecho’s

first

mass-produced

stoves.”;用“selling

pretty

well”高度概括數(shù)量表達(dá)“more

than

one

hundred

thousand

have

been

sold

so

far”,刪除具體數(shù)字“They

are

said

to

use

40%-50%

less

wood

than

an

open

fire,and

produce

50%-70%

less

smoke.”;刪除具體例子“A

company

called

StoveTec

is

selling

them

through

its

website

for

less

than

ten

dollars.”,把握主旨大意。Part4跟蹤訓(xùn)練1閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Travelingisanescapefromtheroutineandprovidesphysicalandmentalbenefits.Travelingletsyougetawayfromwhatmakesyoutired,regardlessofthetypeoftripyouchoose.Ontheotherhand,wefeelhappywhenvisitingtouristattractions,walkingonthebeachorswimminginthepool.Ifwetravelwithfamily,besidesthesebenefits,wecanalsoaddthefactthatwespendourmostprecioustimewithpeoplewelovemostintheworld.Andnotjustthat!Familytravelhasmoreadvantages.Thepaceoflifethatmostpeopleleadtodaymakesitimpossibleforustospendallthetimewithourfamily.Totakeawaythatsenseofguiltandmakethemostofthetimewithourfamily,itisbesttospenddaysonholidaywiththem.Inaddition,spendingalmost24hoursadaywithyourfamilywillhelptostrengthentiesandknowyourchildrenbetter.Asmentioned,travelinghasnumerousbenefits,sodonotthinkonlyforadults.Infact,thankstothesmalleronesofthehouse,tourswillnotonlybegoodtimeswiththefamily,butmaketherelationshipdevelopemotionallyandsocially.Travelingwithchildrenalsohasmanyadvantagesforadults.Forexample,youwillseetheworldwithoutprejudiceandfindexperiencesthatyouhaveforgotten:thebeautyofacrystalstone,themysteryofacave,thedipsinthepool...Ofcourse,youwillenjoymuchseeingyourchild’sfaceinsurprisetodiscovernewplaces.Inaddition,itwillhelpyouunderstandtheideathatyoucanlivewithoutTVandvideogam