上海牛津8A英語詞匯和語法復(fù)習(xí)(Unit 4)

NotesforGrammarofUnit4短語：1.Numbers(1)zero零(2)oddnumbers奇數(shù)e.g.1，3，13，99(3)evennumbers偶數(shù)e.g.2，8，22，302(4)numbersshowingdegrees讀法：數(shù)朗讀+degree(s)度數(shù)e.g.100°onehundreddegrees38℃(5)decimalnumbers小數(shù)讀法：小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀成point；小數(shù)點(diǎn)前“整數(shù)”朗讀；小數(shù)點(diǎn)后逐個(gè)數(shù)朗讀。e.g.37.52thirty-sevenpointfivetwo(6)percentages百分?jǐn)?shù)讀法：數(shù)朗讀+percent(percent不能夠加s)e.g.19%nineteenpercent19.21%nineteenpointtwoonepercent(7)fractions分?jǐn)?shù)讀法：分子讀成“基數(shù)詞”，分母讀成“序數(shù)詞”；整數(shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)之間朗讀加and。書寫：分子分母之間使用“連詞符號(hào)hyphen-，分子大于1時(shí)分母加s。e.g.2/3two-thirds61/2sixandahalf注意：百分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)的數(shù)量判斷：可單的百分之幾或幾分之幾，仍做可單；e.g.60percent/three-fifthsoftherailwayhasbeenbuilt.可復(fù)的百分之幾或幾分之幾，仍做復(fù)數(shù)；e.g.60percent/three-fifthsofthestudentsinourschoolhavecomputers.不可數(shù)的百分之幾或幾分之幾，仍做不可數(shù)。e.g.60percent/three-fifthsofthewaterinthelakeisfromthemountain.(8)Cardinalnumbers基數(shù)詞和Ordinalnumbers序數(shù)詞cardinalordinalcardinalordinalcardinalordinalonefirsttwosecondthreethirdfivefiftheighteighthnineninthtwelvetwelfthfourteenfourteenthtwenty-onetwenty-firstthirtythirtiethhundredhundredththousandthousandthmillionmillionth注意:(1)序數(shù)詞前面通常要有the/one’s；(2)序數(shù)詞+Street等構(gòu)成街名前不要the，如：NinthStreet九號(hào)街;(3)基數(shù)詞與序數(shù)詞排序表達(dá)：首字母大寫的名詞+基數(shù)詞e.g.LessonOne=the+序數(shù)詞+名詞thefirstlesson(4)在表達(dá)動(dòng)作的順序(sequence)或步驟時(shí)，有時(shí)會(huì)使用到序數(shù)詞+ly:如：First(ly),…Secondly,…Thirdly,…2.祈使句(Imperatives)：沒有主語只有動(dòng)詞原形的句子。功能：表示指示(instructions)命令(orders)建議(advice/suggestions)等。書寫：(1)肯定祈使句：動(dòng)詞原形開頭。(2)否定祈使句：don’t+動(dòng)詞原形開頭.(be開頭的祈使句否定也是使用don’tbe…)有時(shí)候?yàn)榱吮磉_(dá)較委婉或較禮貌，在句首加上“Please”或句末加上“,please”。另外，祈使句句首或句末還可以出現(xiàn)人名或稱呼語，往往都用“，”和祈使句隔開。各種情況的例子：(1)Turnleft.(2)Don’tbelate.(3)Pleaseopenthedoor./Openthedoor,please.(4)Jack,putonthecoat./Putonthecoat,Jack.(5)Mike,pleasehelpmewithmymaths./Mike,helpmewithmymaths,please.注意比較以下兩句書寫的區(qū)別：(1)祈使句：Ben,don’tplayinthestreet.(2)陳述句：Bendoesn’tplayinthestreet.3.＋－×÷＝Imperatives給出計(jì)算InstructionsStatements表達(dá)計(jì)算過程與結(jié)果3＋9(=12)Add3and9.3plus9equals/is12.9－3(=6)Subtract3from9.9minus3equals/is6.或者3subtractedfrom9equals/is6.3×9(=27)Multiply3by9.3multipliedby9equals/is27.或者3times9equals/is27.9÷3(=3)Divide9by3.9dividedby3equals/is3.NotesforReadingofUnit41.Numbers:everyone’slanguage.Howmanylanguagesdoyouknow?Everyoneknowsatleasttwo–hisorherownlanguageandtheinternationallanguageofnumbers.(1)Indefinitepronoun不定代詞①everyone(人人、大家、各位)=everybodyeverything(一切)everywhere(到處、處處)②somebody(某人)=someonesomething(某事/某物)somewhere(某處)③anybody=anyoneanythinganywhere(sb.否定和一疑中;任何人)(sth.否定和一疑中;任何事)(somewhere.否定和一疑中;任何地方)④nobody=noone(沒有人)nothing(沒有事)nowhere(哪里都不)本文中另一句含不定代詞的句子：NoonehadtoprogramShakuntala.注意:①形容詞修飾不定代詞，形容詞放在不定代詞之后。e.g.somethingstrange某個(gè)奇怪的物體②“不定代詞”沒有復(fù)數(shù)，只看做單數(shù)。③everyone(只能指人）(不可以+of……)分開書寫的everyone（既指人，又指事物）+of+n.(復(fù))+單v.e.g.Everyoneishere.Everyoneofhisbooksisveryinteresting.Everyoneofthemisfriendly.區(qū)別every與each（every≧3每個(gè)，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體概念）every(adj.)一定要+單n.+單v.（each≧2每一個(gè)，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體）each(作adj.)+單n.+單v.Eachstudentishere.(作n.)+單v.Eachissingingasong.(作pron.)+of+復(fù)n.+單v.Eachofusisastudent.注：every+數(shù)詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞e.g.everythreehours每隔三小時(shí)(提問用：Howoften)(2)language(可數(shù)名詞)語言speakthreelanguages/speakaninternationallanguagespeakEnglish,Chinese,French,German,Japanese,Indian,Arabic(3)atleast+數(shù)詞(至少)atmost+數(shù)詞(至多)(4)own(adj.)自己的；(v.)擁有owner(n.)主人(5)international(adj.)國際的nation(n.)民族；國家national(adj.)民族的；國家的(6)know–knew–known知道……；認(rèn)識(shí)……；knowabout…了解……2.Inancienttimes,peoplewrotenumbersinmanydifferentways,asthesepicturesofthenumber6show.(1)ancient(adj.)古時(shí)候的time的用法:①時(shí)間，時(shí)刻(可數(shù))e.g.Canyoutellmethetimesofthetrains?Whatisthetime?②時(shí)光（不可數(shù)）：e.g.freetime空閑時(shí)光③次數(shù)(可數(shù)):e.g.Iphonehimthreetimesaweek.④時(shí)代，時(shí)候（常用復(fù)數(shù)）:e.g.inancienttimes在古代⑤times乘(prep.)=multipliedby…:e.g.Threetimesfouristwelve.(2)write–wrote–written–writingwriter(n.)作家(3)inmanydifferentways用不同的方式(4)show–showed–shownshowsb.sth.=showsth.tosb.將……給某人看showsb.aroundsp.=takesb.tovisitsp.帶領(lǐng)某人參觀某地(5)as用法：①(prep.介詞)作為……(區(qū)別：介詞like：像……)e.g.Asastudent,…作為一名學(xué)生,……workas…=be…干……工作②(conj.連詞，可放在句首，也可放在句中。)(ⅰ)當(dāng)……時(shí)侯=when(U4:Aswegotoff,wesawthetwowomentouristsandfourpolicemenstandingaroundthemanandlookedworried.)(ⅱ)正如……(一樣)；如同……(一樣)(本句中用法)e.g.Asweallknow,ChinaisanAsiancountry.(ⅲ)因?yàn)?since(常引導(dǎo)一般性的原因，而because引導(dǎo)必不可少的原因)e.g.Myfamilyhasapetdogasmygrandmalikesit.3.However,theynearlyallcountedinthesameway–intens.(1)however(adv.)然而，但是，可是（在使用時(shí)，however后一定有“，”）But(adv.)但是（放在句首時(shí)直接使用；放在句中時(shí)，前面加“，”和主句隔開。）(2)nearly(adv.)幾乎；差不多（近義）=almostnearly和almost的區(qū)別：①肯定句中常可以換用。②否定句中，常用almoste.g.almostnot=hardly③但是notnearly習(xí)語：遠(yuǎn)不及，離很遠(yuǎn)(3)count(v.)數(shù)countable(adj.)可數(shù)的uncountable(adj.)不可數(shù)的counter(n.)柜臺(tái)account(n.)賬單；賬戶accountant(n.)會(huì)計(jì)(4)inthesameway用同樣的方式indifferentways用不同的方式inthisway用這種方式onthewaytosp.(地點(diǎn)名詞)在去/通往……途中/路上bytheway,順便說一下；順便問一下intheway擋道(5)intens十個(gè)十個(gè)地；用十（計(jì)數(shù)）；十進(jìn)制4.本課含有“with”的句子：∮Mostofususethesystemofnumberswithnumbersfrom1to9and0(zero).∮Withthesetennumbers,wecanwriteanynumberfromthebiggesttothesmallest.∮However,somehadtofirstprogramthecomputerwithinstructions,andthattookmanyhours.(1)這三句中的“with”都是“用”，一般放在具體的東西或工具之前，e.g.withapen;withaknife;withatool區(qū)別：～by+交通/運(yùn)輸方式名詞e.g.bycar/bicycle/motorcycle/train/underground/plane/air/ship/sea～in+語言/服飾（或顏色）e.g.inEnglish;inred/inaT-shirtincash用現(xiàn)金inpencil用鉛筆inalow/highvoice低聲地/高聲地(2)anynumber任何數(shù)字any用法：①一些+可復(fù)/不可數(shù)（some在“否定句/一般疑問句”中改寫的形式）②任何（一個(gè)）+可單（本課句中用法）短語：anyother+可單別的/其他的任何一個(gè)……(使用在在同一個(gè)范疇內(nèi))e.g.ChinaisbiggerthananyothercountryinAsia.=ChinaisthebiggestcountryinAsia.（中國在和亞洲這同一范疇內(nèi)的其它國家在比，所以要加上other。）(3)不得不去做某事(否定)不必去做某事havetodosth.(否定)don’thavetodosth.=don’tneedtodohastodosth.(否定)doesn’thavetodosth.=doesn’tneedtodohadtodosth.(否定)didn’thavetodosth.=didn’tneedtodo另外，以上三個(gè)否定都可以=needn’tdosth.(4)program=programme(v.)給……編程(n.)程序；節(jié)目(可數(shù)名詞)(5)instruction(n.)指令；使用說明instructionsigns說明（用法的）標(biāo)志instruct(v.)命令；指導(dǎo)(6)system(n.)系統(tǒng)thesolarsystem太陽系5.TheIndiansfirstinventedanddevelopedthe1to9systemofnumbers.Theytheninventedthezero.(1)Indian(n.)印第安人；印度人(pl.)Indians(n.)印度語(adj.)印度的（國籍）；印度人的；印度語的India(n.)印度（國家）(2)invent(v.)發(fā)明區(qū)別：discover(v.)發(fā)現(xiàn)invention(n.)發(fā)明發(fā)明物（可數(shù)）(pl.)inventionsinventor(n.)發(fā)明家短語：invent+the+具體的一項(xiàng)發(fā)明(3)develop–developed–developed(v.)發(fā)展；開發(fā)；壯大；沖洗（膠卷film）e.g.developatasteof…培養(yǎng)……鑒賞力development(n.)發(fā)展；壯大withthedevelopmentof…隨著……的發(fā)展developed(adj.)發(fā)達(dá)的developing(adj.)發(fā)展中的6.Thiswasaveryimportantinventionbecauseitmadeiteasiertowritebignumbersandtocalculate.(1)averyimportantinvention一項(xiàng)非常重要的發(fā)明animportantinvention(注意不定冠詞的正確使用)(2)句中兩個(gè)“it”：前面一個(gè)“it”指“theinvention‘zero’”；后面一個(gè)“it”是“形式賓語”，真賓語是不定式“towritebignumbersandtocalculate”,這里還是短語:“make+賓語+形容詞(賓補(bǔ))”。(同時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)使役動(dòng)詞makesb.dosth.)另外，“it”作“形式主語”的例子：Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.It+adj.+todosth.(不定式todost.作真主語。)7.Oneofthefirstcalculatingmachineswasanabacus.Amodernelectroniccalculatorcanadd,subtract,multiplyanddivide.Itcanalsocalculatepercentagesandsquareroots.Inaflash,acomputercandoacalculationthatyoucouldnotdoinyourwholelifetime.(1)以上四句話中將“計(jì)算”詞匯形式全部包括：calculate(v.)計(jì)算calculation(可數(shù)n.)計(jì)算calculator(可數(shù)n.)計(jì)算器calculating(現(xiàn)在分詞作形容詞)計(jì)算的；有心計(jì)的(2)oneof+可復(fù)(3)modern拼寫注意前面是o，不是or。modern–moremodern–(the)mostmodern(4)electronic(adj.)電子的anelectronicdictionary一本電子詞典e-mail中e=electronicelectron電子比較：electricity(n.)電electric(adj.)（用）電的anelectrickettle一個(gè)電水壺(5)第四句中劃線部分是“that引導(dǎo)的定語從句”修飾“calculation”.這里的could不是過去式，而是表示“推測(cè)”，其可能性極其的小。(6)whole(adj.&n.)整個(gè)的；整體，常放在冠詞或one’s之后。(特殊的副詞形式)wholly完全地；全部地比較：all(adj.&pron.&adv.)所有，做adj.常放在the/one’s之前。(7)lifetime(n.)一生；終身inone’slifetime在某人一生中=inone’slife;allone’slife(8)inaflash=veryquickly立刻；一瞬間；非常非?？?9)percentage(可數(shù)n.)百分?jǐn)?shù)；百分比；百分率percent(n.&adj.)百分之一；百分之…20%=20percent(10)thesquarerootof………的平方根thecubicrootof………的立方根8.Abacusesaresofastandaccuratethatpeoplestillusethemtoday.(1)accurate(adj.)精確的；準(zhǔn)確的；精密的(反義inaccurate)accurately(adv.)(2)結(jié)果狀語從句：如此……以至于……so+adj./adv.+that–從句such+中心詞是名詞(名詞前可能有修飾詞語)+that–從句句型改寫：e.g.①Jackissocleverthathehassolvedthatproblem.=Jackiscleverenoughtosolvethatproblem.②ThisboxissoheavythatIcan’tcarryitalone.=Thisboxistooheavyformetocarry.Thisboxisnotlightenoughformetocarry.9.Computersareverypowerfulcalculatingmachines.Acomputercandoacalculationthatyoucouldn’tdoinyourwholelifetime.(1)這兩句中“復(fù)數(shù)computers”和“acomputer”都是表示“一類”，意思都是“電腦”。(2)powerful(adj.)很有效的；強(qiáng)而有力的；強(qiáng)大的=verystrongpower(n.)力量；能力；實(shí)力；動(dòng)力；電力等等10.Bainagainstcomputeragainst(prep.)(1)

(表示方向)與…方向相反,逆著,迎著,頂著e.g.Tomisridingagainstthewind.(2)

(表示方位)緊靠著…,倚靠著…e.g.Mr.Smithisstandingagainsttheblackboard.(3)

(表示對(duì)象)違反,違背That’sagainstthelaw(法律).(4)

(表示態(tài)度)反對(duì),反抗Let’sfightagainstthepollution.Manypeopleareagainsttheplan.(5)防止；預(yù)防Hehashadaninjection(打針)againstthedisease/illness/theH1N1flu.(6)與……對(duì)著；與……對(duì)立Theyplayedafootballmatchagainstateamfromanothervillage.(7)

以…兌換,以…交換e.g.What’stherateofexchangeagainstthedollar?11.Somepeoplecallthebrainalivingcomputer.(1)call……(帶雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu))call+間接賓語(thebrain)+直接賓語(alivingcomputer)(被動(dòng))Thebrainiscalledalivingcomputerbysomepeople.(2)living(adj.)有生命的；在世的；活的(只做定語)e.g.alivinganimalthefinestlivingpianist(n.)生計(jì)；生存之道e.g.makealiving謀生Mikealwayscatchesfishforaliving.alive(adj.)活著的(做表語或賓補(bǔ))e.g.Heisalive.(表語)Thehopekeepshimalive.(賓補(bǔ))livelyadj.活潑的，生動(dòng)的e.g.alivelychildTeachersmaketheirlessonslivelyinmanydifferentways.live(v.)居住WeliveinShanghai.活；生存livetotheold/Liveandlearn.活到老學(xué)到老。/過;生活liveahappy/peacefullife(adj.)活的（作定語）e.g.livefish活魚現(xiàn)場(chǎng)直播的；實(shí)況轉(zhuǎn)播的life(復(fù)數(shù))lives生命；生活12.Isahumanbrainamorepowerfulcalculatorthanacomputer?(1)這句話中的“ahumanbrain”和“acomputer”都是表示“一類”概念。(2)human①(adj.)人的；人類的（本句用法）⑵(n.)人；人類(pl.復(fù)數(shù))humans(類似Germans;Romans變形)humanbeing人類(pl.復(fù)數(shù))humanbeings13.Thefollowingstorymaygiveananswer.(1)following(adj.)以下的；下列的；接著的follow(v.)=goafter…跟隨…..follower(n.)追隨者；擁護(hù)者(2)may(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+V.原型可能；也許(3)giveananswertothequestion/problem14.Shakuntala’sbraintookfiftysecondstofindtheanswer,likelightning.Thecomputertookaminute.…thattookmanyhours.(1)這三句話中都有“took（花費(fèi)時(shí)間）”，他們的主語都是“事物sth.”。take–took–taken句型Ittakessomebodysometimetodo...Sth.takes+sometometodo…(2)likelightning=veryquickly;rapidly閃電般地；飛快地lightningandthunder電閃雷鳴Lightningcomesoutwiththunder.雷隨閃電而來。Mydaughterisafraidoflightningandthunder.(3)fiftyseconds50秒鐘15.Useyourownlivingcomputertosolvetheproblemabove.(1)use…todo…用……去做……Useyourhead!動(dòng)動(dòng)腦筋!(2)solve(v.)解決；解答=work…out;findananswerto…solution(n.)解決；解答；答案；謎底=answer/keya(n)/thesolution/answer/keyto…一個(gè)……的答案/解答/謎底(3)above(prep.&adv.)在(……)上面；在(……)較高處abovetheblackboard在黑板的上方(反義)below在(……)下面16.Ifitisnotpowerfulenough,youwillfindtheansweronPage67.(1)notpowerfulenough不是足夠有能力的enough修飾“形容詞/副詞”放在“形/副詞”之后；修飾“名詞”放在“名詞”之前。另外，enough單獨(dú)使用作“代詞”，替代“可復(fù)”（謂語用復(fù)），或替代“不可數(shù)”（謂語用單）。(2)if用法：①如果；假如引導(dǎo)的“條件狀語從句”，可以放在主句前也可以放在主句后。注意：※在“條件句”的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)主句動(dòng)作勢(shì)必會(huì)發(fā)生，通常同時(shí)用“一現(xiàn)”。e.g.Ifthetemperaturerisesto100℃,waterboils.※在“條件句”的動(dòng)作只是可能發(fā)生時(shí)，主句動(dòng)作也隨之可能發(fā)生，則時(shí)態(tài)使用“主一將，從一現(xiàn)”。e.g.Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillhaveanautumnouting.②是否=whether引導(dǎo)“一般疑問句”作“賓語從句”。e.g.MsSmithaskedme,“Doyoulikeeatingsushi?”MsSmithaskedmeifIlikedeatingsushi.17.especially(adv.)尤其是；特別是比較：specially(adv.)專門地；特別地special(adj.)專門的；特別的18.amazing(adj.)=verysurprising令人吃驚的；令人驚奇的amazed(adj.)=verysurprised(感到)吃驚的；(感到)驚奇的amaze(v.)=surprise…verymuch使……吃驚/驚奇amazement(n.)=greatsurprise吃驚；驚奇Toone’samazement/greatsurprise,…使某人大為驚奇的是…19.complete(v.)完成……(adj.)完整的incomplete(adj.)不完整的Unit4PhrasesNotesdivide…bydivide…intodivide…from…divide…between(among)…dividedbyadoctor’s(master’s)degreedoacalculationelectroniccalculatorinacalculationahumanbrainanofficiallanguagespoken(oral)languagewrittenlanguagenative(foreign)languagealmostnooneItisnotnearlysoprettyasitwasbefore.thesystemofnumberstherailwaysystemthesolarsystemadeveloped(developing)countrythedevelopmentofindustry(工業(yè))subtract…fromadd…andmultiply…bymultipliedby=timessquare(cubic)rootinaflash=inaveryshorttime=veryquicklyasawholeonthewholeinone’slifetime(life)amatchagainstAandBbeagainsttheplanagainstthedisease(疾病)put…againstthewalllivingthingsaliveshow;alivefishbealivetheliving(dead)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)ahumanbeinghumanbeings(humans)thehumanracebeamazed(amused)atfeelamazed(amused)beamazed(amused)todotoone’ssurprise(amazement/amusement)keepsb.amusedsolve(workout)theproblemsolvethecaselikelightning=veryquickly不定代詞(any-,no-,some-,every-)+v.(單)atleast(most)speakaninternationallanguagethreetimesasbigas…inShakespeare’s(莎士比亞)timesin+(way)用…的方式Ilikereading,asyoulikepainting.nearly=almost—hardlyany+n.(單)–>≥3個(gè)anyother(another)+n.(單)theIndians/Chinese/…+v.(pl.)Ifinditeasytogetonwithhermakesth./sb.+adj./sth./doso…that…can’t/couldn’t=not…enough(forsb.)todo=too…(forsb.)todoso…that…can/could=…enough(forsb.)todoDoacalculationthat(which)youcouldnotdoinyouwholelifetime.giveananswertotheproblemanamazingspeedIttakes(took)sb.sometimetodosth.take(s)/tooksometimetodoEnoughhasbeensaidonthissubject.—Howaboutsomerice?—No,thanks.Ihaveenough.partoftakepartindoone’spartplayapartinwiththedevelopmentofanoddnumber,anevennumberplus,minus,times(multipliedby),dividedby->one-half->threequarters/three-fourths->oneandsix-seventhstensof,hundredsof,thousandsof,tensofthousandsof,…國家名稱表：國家人（復(fù)）國籍/語言ChinaChineseChineseJapanJapaneseJapaneseBritainBritishBritish(English)AmericaAmerican(s)American(English)AustraliaAustralian(s)Australian(English)CanadaCanadian(s)Canadian(English)IndiaIndian(s)Indian(/)ItalyItalian(s)ItalianEnglandEnglishman(men)EnglishFranceFrenchman(men)FrenchGermanyGerman(s)GermanRussiaRussian(s)RussianGreeceGreek(s)GreekRomeRoman(s)RomanEgyptEgyptian(s)EgyptianEuropeEuropean(s)European(/)sellwellHowmuch(What)is3plusnine(does…equal)?consistof=bemadeupoflearnaboutabouttwohundredinthreeyearsthreeyearslaterbelaunchedinlateOctober,2007searchforatouristattractionworksofartremindofputupaniceChinesepaintingputoutfiresputoffthemeetingWedon’thavetocleanthehouseeverywhere.bebusywith/doingbebusyrenovatingthenewclassroombuildingthesedayssince=nowthatgivemeahand=helpmethebadserviceoftherestauranttaxi(telephone)servicesChinesetraditionalfestivalssmokedfishWecanlearnEnglishinmanydifferentways.againsttime爭(zhēng)分奪秒brainpower腦力controlpower控制力inpower當(dāng)權(quán)checkon檢查checkin記錄abankcheck銀行支票ablankcheck空白支票electriccooker(light,…)electricalwires(appliances,engineers…)electronicdictionary(calculator,…)Readinganespeciallyimporta