外研版初二(下)英語(yǔ)第8講：unit-4-語(yǔ)法篇(學(xué)生版)

Unit4語(yǔ)法篇____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1.熟練掌握f(shuō)or，since在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的應(yīng)用2.掌握非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化3.掌握現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（3）1.for，since在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的應(yīng)用在表示行為或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在時(shí),通常要與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,這類(lèi)狀語(yǔ)通常由for或者since引導(dǎo)。for后接一段時(shí)間，而since后多接時(shí)間點(diǎn)。Hehasbeenawayfortwoyears.他已離開(kāi)兩年了。HehasbeenanEnglishteachersincelasttime.自去年以來(lái)他一直是英語(yǔ)教師。2.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞(又叫短暫性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞)與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞從動(dòng)詞延續(xù)性上可以分為延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性?xún)煞N，在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中一定要注意動(dòng)詞這一特征，在和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，應(yīng)將非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。Ihavehadthebookfortwoweeks.那本書(shū)我買(mǎi)了兩個(gè)星期了。Mygrandfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.我的爺爺去世兩年了。1)將短暫性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為：be+形容詞或副詞begin/start→beongothere→betherecomeback→bebackcomehere→behereopen→beopenclose→becloseddie→bedeadmarry→bemarriedfinish→beovergotobed→beinbedleave→beawayreturn→bebackgetout→beoutfallasleep→beasleeplose→belostfallill→beill如：這家商店開(kāi)門(mén)6個(gè)小時(shí)了。Theshophasopenedfor6hours.(錯(cuò)誤)Theshophasbeenopenfor6hours.(正確)2)有些短暫性動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為意思相同的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞borrow→keepputon→wear/beonbecome→begettoknow→knowbuy→have(own)catchacold→haveacoldreceive→havegotosleep→sleep如：那本書(shū)我借了一個(gè)月了。Ihaveborrowedthatbookforonemonth.(錯(cuò)誤)Ihavekeptthatbookforonemonth.(正確)3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別兩種時(shí)態(tài)除結(jié)構(gòu)、句式和相搭配的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都不同之外，最重要的就是意義不同。雖然都發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系，只是描述一個(gè)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事實(shí)而已。Ihaveseenthefilm.我看過(guò)這部電影。（對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響是我了解這部電影的內(nèi)容）Isawthefilmlastweek.我上星期看了這部電影。（只說(shuō)明上星期看了這部電影，不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況）單項(xiàng)選擇1.（2015重慶中考B卷）---MisslinhastaughtusEnglishwecametothisschool?A.for B.since C.before D.when2.（2015浙江杭州中考）I scaredofdogseversinceadoghurtmewhenIwasfiveyearsold.A.willbe B.was C.havebeen D.wouldbe 3.（2015江蘇南京第十八中學(xué)月考）Since2000,Jingmenhasbecomeanewcity.Everything .A.ischanged B.waschanged C.hadchanged D.haschanged 4.（2015云南昆明中考）--Longtimenosee!---Oh!It fiveyearssincewemetlasttime.A.was B.were C.hasbeen D.havebeen5.（2015新疆烏魯木齊中考）Mr.Brown hishometownsincehe thearmy.A.hasleft;joined B.hasbeenawayfrom;hasjoinedC.hasbeenawayfrom;joined D.left;joined6.（2015廣東中考）LeiFengformanyyears,buthisspiritisstillencouragingus.A.died B.hasdied C.wasdead D.hasbeendead 基礎(chǔ)演練一、選詞填空(單句選詞填空)1.Wehavelearnedfivelessons

(since/for)thebeginningofthisterm.2.Mrs.Liaohasbeeninhospital

(since/for)lastweek.3.Ihavestayedatmyaunt's

(since/for)twoweeks.4.Amyhashadherfavoritetoy

(since/for)threeyears.5.I'vehadthebear

(since/for)Iwasababy.二、適當(dāng)形式填空(單句適當(dāng)形式)1.Myuncle

(teach)mathsince1986.2.She

(be)inhospitalfortwoweeks.3.They

ever

(hear)ofthesinger.4.I

(keep)thebikeforoneweek.5.Myparents

(notcome)backyet.鞏固提高三、按要求轉(zhuǎn)換句型1.TheGreenshavelivedinBeijingsincetenyearsago.(對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))

theGreens

inBeijing?2.Ihavehadthebikefortwoyears.(用since改為同義句)Ihavehadthebike

.3.Ihavehadlunchatschool.(對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))

you

lunch?4.Theygotmarriedthreeyearsago.(改為同義句)They

marriedforaboutthreeyears.5.Theycametothisschoolin2011.(改為同義句)They

thisschoolfortwoyears.6.Ihavebeenillforaboutthreedays.(對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))

youbeenill?7.Myheadachestartedtwodaysago.(對(duì)劃線部分提問(wèn))

yourheadache

?四、翻譯(根據(jù)中文提示完成句子)1.我買(mǎi)這輛自行車(chē)五年了。I

thebike

fiveyears.2.你像現(xiàn)在這樣多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?Howlong

you

likethis?3.---你曾經(jīng)過(guò)去科學(xué)博物館嗎？---是的，我去過(guò)。---

youever

asciencemuseum?---Yes,

.4.我們已經(jīng)從我們的臥室里清掃出許多東西。We

outalotofthingsfromourbedrooms.5.詹姆斯自從2008年就在北京做外教。James

aforeignteacherinBeijing

2008.6.她還沒(méi)有關(guān)掉那臺(tái)電腦。She

thecomputeryet.7.從那時(shí)起，王先生就一直在這個(gè)工廠工作。

,Mr.Wanghasworkedinthisfactory.一、單項(xiàng)選擇1.---Howlonghaveyouhadthebike?---

.A.TwoyearsagoB.FortwoyearsagoC.SincetwoyearsagoD.Sincetwoyears2.---Jack,Ihaven'tseenyouruncleforalongtime.---He

Shanghaionbusinessfortwomonths.A.wenttoB.hasgonetoC.hasbeeninD.hasbeento3.RosecametoBeijingin2002.She

hereforeightyears.A.waslivingB.liveC.willliveD.haslived4.---We'velivedhere

2001.---Soyou'velivedhere

aboutfiveyears.A.since;forB.for;sinceC.for;forD.since;since5.---Oh,Jack,yourMP4looksnice.Isitnew?---No.I

itsincetwoyearsago.A.hadB.boughtC.havehadD.havebought6.She

thisbookfornearlythreeweeks.A.hasborrowedB.haslentC.hasboughtD.haskept7.---HaveyoustudiedEnglishforalongtime?---Yes,Ihavestudiedit

.A.fiveyearsbeforeB.fiveyearsagoC.forfiveyearsD.sincefiveyears8.---

you

JeremyShu-HowLin?---Yes.Theonce-namelessyoungmanbecameabasketballherosuddenly.A.Did;hearB.Do;listentoC.Have;heardofD.Have;listenedto9.---Wouldyouliketowatchthethree-DfilmTitanicwithme?---Certainly.Idon'tmindseeingitagainalthoughI

ittwice.A.sawB.wasseenC.haveseenD.hadseen10.---Whendidtheyarrive?---They

twohoursago.They

herefortwohours.A.arrived;havearrivedB.got;havebeenC.arrived;havebeenD.reached;havereached二、完形填空Allovertheworldpeopleenjoysports.Sportshelppeopletokeep1

,happyandtolive2

.Peopleplaydifferentgamesinwinterandsummer.3

isgoodforswimming.Andinwinterpeopleoftengoskating.Somesportsarevery4

andpeopleeverywherelikethem.Forexample,footballisverypopular.InChina,mostpeople,men,5

,boysandgirls,liketowatchfootballgames.Theyoftentalkaboutthem.6

andjumpingbeganlong,longago.Butbasketballandvolleyballarerather7

.Peoplebegantoplaythemnotlongago.Andpeopleare8

newsportsorgamesallthetime.Waterskiingisoneof9

.People10

differentcountriesmaynotbeabletounderstandeachother,butafteragametheyoftenbecomefriends.1.A.healthB.busyC.healthyD.lazy2.A.longB.longerC.happyD.happily3.A.WinterB.SummerC.AutumnD.Spring4.A.boringB.difficultC.expensiveD.interesting5.A.womanB.womenC.oldD.young6.A.RunB.RunsC.RunningD.Torun7.A.newB.interestingC.popularD.old8.A.startB.playC.playingD.starting9.A.oldestB.newestC.theoldestD.thenewest10.A.inB.ofC.fromD.at__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________閱讀理解AWhenpeoplegotothebeachonvacation,manypeopleliketoeatseafood.Butnoteveryonecanenjoyit.Somepeoplethinkseafoodtastesgreat,buttheirbodiesdon'tlikeitatall.Whentheyeatit,theirskingetsredanditchy(癢的).That'sbecausethey'reallergic(過(guò)敏的)toseafood.Whensomeoneisallergictoafood,hisbodydoesn'tseethatthingasafood.Itseesitasanenemyandtriestofightit.Itfightsbymakingantibodies(抗體).Sometimes,whenthebodyfightsafood,itcanmakeapersonverysick.Therearesomewaystodealwithfoodallergies.Oneistostopeatingthefoodthatyou'reallergicto,butthismaybehard.Peopleareoftenallergictoveryhealthyfoods,andit'shardtoalwaysavoidthem.Peoplecanbeallergicatdifferentagestodifferentfoods,likeeggs,milkorpeanuts(花生).Ifyouthinkyoumightbeallergictoafood,askadoctortohavealookfirst.1.Somepeoplecannotenjoyseafood,because

.A.itdoesn'ttastegoodB.itmakestheirskinhurtC.itgivesthemaheadacheD.itmakesthemallergic2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"enemy"meaninChinese?A.伙伴B.支持者C.敵人D.病人3.Accordingtoparagraphs3-4,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?A.Agoodwaytodealwithafoodallergyisnottoeatthatfood.B.Unhealthyfoodsoftenmakepeopleallergic.C.Peoplewithskinproblemsoftengetallergic.D.Foodallergiesoftencausepeopletodie.4.Whenapersonisallergictoafood,

.A.itcanalwaysmakethepersondieB.itcanmakethepersonverysickC.itcanmakethepersonveryexcitedD.itcanmakethepersonangry5.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Oldpeopleoftenhavefoodallergies.B.Someeverydayfoodsmakepeopleallergic.C.Mostpeopleareallergictothesamefood.D.Doctorsmustbeabletotreatfoodallergiessuccessfully.BIstalkingonacellphonebadforyourhealth?Itisdifficulttoknowforsure.Someresearchsuggeststhatheavyusersofcellphonesareatagreaterriskofdevelopingbraindiseases.However,manyotherstudiessuggestthereisn'tanyrelationshipbetweencancerandcellphoneuse.Infact,cellphoneshaveonlybeenpopularsince1990s.Anddoctorspointoutthatmanycancerstakeatleast10yearstodevelop.Theytakecigarettesforexample.Manyyearsago,peoplesmokedalotanddidn'tknowthebadeffectonhealth.Today,weknowthatcigarettescauselungcancer,thoughitisstillunknownhoworwhy.Medicalexpertsfearthatthesamethingwillhappenwithcellphones.Arecellphonesdangerous?It'sreallyhardtoanswerthisquestion.However,thereissomethingtrue.Similartomicrowaveovens,cellphonesalsogiveoffelectromagneticradiation(電磁輻射).Overthreebillionpeopleusecellphonesformorethananhouraday.Cellphonesgethotwhentheyareusedforalongtimeorbeingcharged(充電).Soholdingaheatsourcenearyourbrainduringsleepisreallybadforyourhealth.Scientistssuggestkeepingelectronicthings,likecomputersandcellphones,outofbedroomsoratleastsixfeetfromyourbed.6.Theunderlinedwords"heavyusers"referto

.A.thosepeoplewhousecellphonesalotB.thosecellphoneuserswhoarestrongC.thosepeoplewholikeexpensivecellphonesD.thosepeoplewholikecellphoneswithbigscreen7.Whendidthecellphonesstarttobepopular?A.Since1980s.B.Since1985s.C.Since1990s.D.Since1995s.8.Medicalexpertsfearthatcellphones

.A.gethotwhenbeingchargedB.havenorelationshipwithcancersC.giveoffelectromagneticradiationD.willbeprovedtohavebadeffectsonhealth9.Accordingtoscientists,we'dbetternotputelectronicthingsinthe

.A.studyroomB.kitchenC.bedroomD.livingroom10.What'sthebesttitleofthepassage?A.CellPhonesandHealthB.WheretoPutCellPhonesC.WhatWillHappentoCellPhonesD.CellPhonesandMicrowaveOvensCGerms(細(xì)菌)areeverywhere.Youcan'tseethem,buttheyareonyourdesk,onyourcomputer,andevenintheair!Likepeople,germsmovearoundtheworld.Theyflywithusonplanes.Whenfood,clothes,andotherthingstravelaroundtheworld,germstravel,too.Somegermsaresafe,butsomearedangerous.Germscauseillnesseslikecoldsandtheflu.WarmerWeatherBringsGermsTheworld'sweatherischanging.Coolercountriesaregettingwarmer,soinsectsfromhotcountriescanmovethere.Someoftheseinsects,likemosquitoes,carrydangerousgerms.Thesegermscauseheadaches,fever,andcanevenkillpeople.UnderYourSkinYourskinprotectsyoufromgerms.Itstopssomegerms,butnotall.Theycanenteryourbodywhenyoueat,orwhenyouhaveacut.Germsareonyourhands,too.Theyenteryourbodywhenyoutouchyoureyes,nose,ormouth.FightingGermsYourimmunesystem(免疫系統(tǒng))protectsyou,too.Whengermsgetinsideyourbody,yourimmunesystemfindsandkillsthem.Specialcells(細(xì)胞)movearoundyourbodyandfightgerms.Theyhelpyoustayhealthy.Othercellsmakeantibodies.Antibodieshelpyourbodyfindandstopgerms.Whatcanyoudotofightgerms?Youshouldwashyourhandswithsoapandwater.Soapkillsmanygerms,andwaterwashesthemaway.11.Accordingtothetext,insects

.A.killgermsB.carrygermsC.protectgermsD.lovegerms12.Theunderlinedword"there"refersto

.A.coolercountriesB.hotcountriesC.everywhereD.theworld13.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?A.AllgermsaredangerousB.TherearemoregermsincoldplacesC.SoapcankillallgermsD.Germscangetintoyourbody14.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthistext?A.GermsAreEverywhereB.WeatherIsChangingC.SkinStopsGermsD.GermsAreDevelopedD（浙江金華市2014年六校期中）Happinessisimportantforeveryone.Mostpeoplewanttobehappybutfewknowhowtofindhappiness.Moneyandsuccessdon’tbringlastinghappiness.Happinessdependsonourselves.Inotherwords,wemakeourownhappiness.Somepeoplebelievethatiftheyarewealthy,theywillbeabletodoanythingtheywant,whichmeanshappiness.Ontheotherhand,somepeoplebelievethatholdingahighpositioninthegovernmentishappiness.Inthisway,youhavenotonlymoney,butalsomanyotherthingswhichcan’tbeboughtbymoney.However,otherpeoplebelievethathavinglotsofmoneyisnothappiness,norisholdingahighpositioninthegovernment.Thesepeoplevaluetheirbeliefs,ortheirintelligence,ortheirhealth.Theythinkthesecanmakethemhappy.2-1-c-n-j-yHereareafewwaystohelpyoubehappier.Thefirstsecretofhappinessistoenjoythesimplethingsinlife.Toooften,wespendsomuchtimethinkingaboutthefuture,forexample,gettingintocollegeorgettingagoodjob,thatwedon’tenjoythepresent.Youshould