新教材2024版高中英語(yǔ)Unit9HumanBiologyPartEGrammar-完成時(shí)和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)學(xué)生用書(shū)北師大版選擇性必修第三冊(cè)

PartEGrammar——完成時(shí)和動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法Ⅰ完成時(shí)1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have/has＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，基本用法如下：(1)表示動(dòng)作或過(guò)程發(fā)生在說(shuō)話之前某個(gè)沒(méi)有明確說(shuō)出的過(guò)去時(shí)間，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成，且其結(jié)果對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：lately近來(lái)；recently最近；sofar到目前為止；bynow到現(xiàn)在；upto/tillnow直到現(xiàn)在；inthelast/pastfewdays/years在過(guò)去的幾天/幾年里?Progresshasbeensofarverygoodandwearesurethattheworkwillbefinishedontime.到目前為止，工作進(jìn)展得很順當(dāng)，我們確信工作確定會(huì)按時(shí)完成。?Thejournalisthaswritten50reportsinthepasttwoyears.這位記者在過(guò)去兩年里寫(xiě)了50篇報(bào)道。(2)表示從過(guò)去起先始終持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，可能還會(huì)接著進(jìn)行下去，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：since＋時(shí)間點(diǎn)；for＋時(shí)間段?Hisfirstnovelhasreceivedgoodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.他的第一部小說(shuō)自上個(gè)月出版以來(lái)獲得了好評(píng)。?Thelibrarianhasworkedinthislibraryfornearlytwentyyears.這位圖書(shū)管理員在這個(gè)圖書(shū)館工作了將近二十年。(3)瞬間動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但在確定句中不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。在否定句中，瞬間動(dòng)詞可以與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。常用的瞬間動(dòng)詞有：go,come,arrive,leave,begin,borrow,buy,die,fall,stop,start,kill,close,graduate,join,finish,lose等。若瞬間動(dòng)詞要接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，須要做一些相應(yīng)的變換，如：buy→have 買(mǎi)borrow→keep 借finish→beover 結(jié)束leave→beaway 離開(kāi)close→beclosed 關(guān)閉open→beopen 打開(kāi)come/go/become→be 來(lái)/去/變得；成為die→bedead 死fallasleep→beasleep 睡覺(jué)fallill→beill 生病puton→have/wear 穿marry→bemarried 結(jié)婚jointhearmy→beasoldier/beinthearmy參軍“他已經(jīng)參軍三年了”可以用以下方式表達(dá)：?Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.＝Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.＝Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears.＝Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.即學(xué)即練1單句語(yǔ)法填空①Sofar,thedisabledboy________(accept)threeoperationsinordertoliveanormallife.②Uptonow,theemployer________(hire)morethantenexcellentgraduatestoworkforhim.③Don'tgetoffthebusuntilit________(stop).④Inthelastfewyearsthousandsoffilms________(produce)allovertheworld.⑤Itisaboutfiveyearssincethesaleswoman________(work)inthisfactory.⑥He________(do)alotofthingsfortheelderlyinhiscitysincehisretirement.完成句子⑦Thisis_____________________________________________________________(我第一次來(lái)這里).⑧Suchathinghas________________________________________________________(聞所未聞)before.⑨________________(許多年過(guò)去了)sincewemetlasttime.⑩—Mary,Imissyousomuch.Wherehaveyoubeen?—I____________________(去一所學(xué)校)inamountainareafortwoyears.2．過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，必需以過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻為基點(diǎn)，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”?；居梅ㄈ缦拢?1)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或過(guò)去某一事務(wù)之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生并完成的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。?WhenIhurriedtothestationtoseethespecialistoff,thetrainhadalreadyleft.當(dāng)我匆忙趕到車(chē)站為專(zhuān)家送行時(shí)，火車(chē)已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了。(2)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)起先，始終持續(xù)到過(guò)去這一時(shí)刻，并也可能接著下去。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：bythen到那時(shí)為止；bythattime到那時(shí)候；before在……之前；bytheendof到……末為止；untilthen直到那時(shí)；bythetime＋一般過(guò)去時(shí)的從句?Theworkerhadworkedintheworkshopforthreehoursbeforehismachinebrokedown.機(jī)器損壞之前這個(gè)工人已經(jīng)在車(chē)間里工作了三個(gè)小時(shí)。?BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hissonhadgraduatedfromcollege.杰克從英國(guó)回到家里，他的兒子已高校畢業(yè)。(3)intend,mean,hope,want,plan,suppose,expect,think等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去完成時(shí)，可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法等。?Ihadintendedtovisityouyesterday,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.我原來(lái)準(zhǔn)備昨天去看你的，但來(lái)了一個(gè)不速之客。(事實(shí)上沒(méi)去)?Ihadmeanttogotoseethedentisttohaveoneofmybrokenteethpulledout,butIhadtoattendanimportantmeeting.我本想去看牙醫(yī)把其中一顆壞了的牙齒拔掉，但我不得不參與一個(gè)重要的會(huì)議。(事實(shí)上沒(méi)去)3．將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)由“will/shall＋have＋過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成：?HopefullyafterthreeyearsatuniversityIwillhavematuredandmasteredtheessentialskillsaboutlife.希望經(jīng)過(guò)三年的高校生活，我將成熟并駕馭生活的基本技能。?Onlyfiveyearslater,yourmoneywillhavegrownby$94，000.僅僅5年后，你的錢(qián)就會(huì)增多94000美元。(1)將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示“將來(lái)完成”：即表示到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間為止勢(shì)必會(huì)完成或預(yù)料要完成的動(dòng)作。[溫馨提示]假如表示到將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間或某件事情為止，某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成，要用將來(lái)完成時(shí)，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有“by＋將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間”或“bytheendof＋將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間”或bythetime引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句等。?—Tommyisplanningtobuyacar.湯米支配要買(mǎi)一輛汽車(chē)?！狪know.Bynextmonth,he'llhavesavedenoughforanewone.我知道。到下個(gè)月，他就攢夠買(mǎi)一輛新車(chē)的錢(qián)了。?Whenwegetthere,ourclientwillhavealreadywaitedforusatthehotel.當(dāng)我們到那里的時(shí)候，我們的客戶(hù)將已經(jīng)在酒店等我們了。?Iexpectyouwillhavechangedyourmindbytomorrow.我預(yù)料到明天你就會(huì)變更方法了。(2)表示“持續(xù)”：即表示某種狀況將始終持續(xù)到說(shuō)話人所提及的某一將來(lái)時(shí)間。?WewillhavebeenmarriedayearonJune25th.到6月25日我們倆就結(jié)婚1年了。?Bythistimenextweek,Iwillhavebeenworkingastheassistantforthespecialistfor2years.到下周的這個(gè)時(shí)候，我就已經(jīng)給這位專(zhuān)家做了兩年的助理了。(3)表示“推想”：即表示依據(jù)某狀況作出的推想。?TherewillhavebeenadefiniteresultbeforeFriday.周五之前會(huì)有明確的結(jié)果。4．常運(yùn)用完成時(shí)的句型(1)Itwas/hadbeen＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句．(從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí))?Itwastenyearssincewehadhadsuchawonderfultime.我們十年沒(méi)感受這么興奮的時(shí)間了。(2)Itisthefirst/second/...time＋that從句．(從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))Itwasthefirst/second/...time＋that從句．(從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí))?Itisthefirsttimethattheintelligentboyhasmadesuchasillymistake.這是這個(gè)聰慧的男孩第一次犯這樣愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。?TheteachersaiditwasthefirsttimethatlittleJohnhadlistenedsoattentively.老師說(shuō)這是小約翰第一次那么全神貫注地聽(tīng)講。(3)That/This/Itis/was＋最高級(jí)＋名詞＋定語(yǔ)從句．(從句常用完成時(shí))?ThefilmdirectedandstarredbyhimisoneofthemostimpressivefilmsIhaveeverseen.由他導(dǎo)演和主演的這部電影是我看過(guò)的令人印象最深刻的電影之一。?Thatdinnerwasthemostexpensivemealwehadeverhad.那頓晚飯是我們吃過(guò)的最貴的一頓飯。(4)在hardly/scarcely...when...及nosooner...than...(一……就……)句型中，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)且hardly/scarcely及sosooner位于句首時(shí)用部分倒裝。?HardlyhadIreachedthebusstopwhenthebusstarted.我剛到公共汽車(chē)站，公共汽車(chē)就開(kāi)了。5．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have/hasbeen＋現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，基本用法如下：(1)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻起先，始終持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能剛完成，也可能仍在進(jìn)行。常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：allthismorning整個(gè)早上；thismonth這個(gè)月；recently最近；thesefewdays這幾天；allnight整個(gè)晚上；since自……以來(lái)?I'mtiredout.IhavebeenshoppingallafternoonandIdon'tseemtohavefinishedanything.我累壞了。我整個(gè)下午都在購(gòu)物，而且我似乎什么事也沒(méi)完成。?Thelibrarianhasbeenworkinginthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.在過(guò)去的三個(gè)月里，那位圖書(shū)管理員每天晚上都在圖書(shū)館工作。(2)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作并不是始終在不停地進(jìn)行，而是在斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地重復(fù)。?Ihavebeenringingyouseveraltimesintwodays.這兩天內(nèi)我給你打過(guò)幾次電話。即學(xué)即練2單句語(yǔ)法填空①Since1978about5.2millionChinese________(study)abroadandamongthosewhograduatedabout83.7percentreturnedtoChina.②Inthelastfewyears,China________(make)greatachievementsinenvironmentalprotection.③I________(read)halfoftheEnglishnovel,andI'lltrytofinishitattheweekend.④Thestudents________(work)hardontheirlessonsandtheireffortwillberewarded.⑤Inmyhometown,thereisalwaysaharvestsupperforthefarmersafterallthewheat________(cut).⑥It'sreportedthatbytheendofthismonth,theoutputofcementinthefactory________(rise)byabout10%.⑦AsIwalked,heexplainedthathe________(win)theshowtheweekbeforeandwasn'tallowedtogoonagain.⑧Hopefullyin2025wewillnolongerbee-mailingeachother,forwe________(develop)moreconvenientelectroniccommunicationtoolsbythen.⑨ThatwasthefirsttimeI________(be)toHongKongsoIhadgreatdifficultyfindingthehotel.⑩Sheissurprisedtofindthefridgeempty;thechildren________(eat)upeverything!?Motherwantstobeagoodprovider,aroleshe________(shoulder)sincehermarriagetoFather.?I________(write)abookrecentlydescribingmyresponsetotheecologicaldilemmawe'renowin.?ScientistsinAustraliadeclareproudlythatthey________(develop)theworld'sfirstbloodtesttofindadeadlyskincancerinitsearlystages.?Overthelasttwoyearsthepark________(receive)650monkeysfromabreedingfarmthatshutdown.?Ihopethatwhenwereturntomorrow,you________(adjust)yourplan.完成句子?那是我第一次見(jiàn)到那位在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域作出巨大貢獻(xiàn)的專(zhuān)家。________________________whohasmadegreatachievementsinthisfield.?在過(guò)去的幾個(gè)月里，我們學(xué)校發(fā)生了巨大的變更。________________________inthepastfewmonths.?到下個(gè)月為止，這個(gè)廚師在這家餐館工作滿(mǎn)三年。Bytheendofnextmonth,thechef______________________forthreeyears.?當(dāng)這個(gè)銷(xiāo)售員匆忙趕到車(chē)站時(shí)，火車(chē)已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。Whenthesalesmanhurriedtothestation,________________________．?據(jù)說(shuō)這家公司的財(cái)政危機(jī)在春節(jié)前已經(jīng)得到了解決。Itissaidthat________________________beforetheSpringFestival.eq\o(○,\s\up1(21))________________________(我剛做完練習(xí))whenthebellrang.eq\o(○,\s\up1(22))Bytheendoflastyear,we________________________(已經(jīng)生產(chǎn))20，000cars.eq\o(○,\s\up1(23))WhenIarrived,myfriends________________________(已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了).eq\o(○,\s\up1(24))Toomuch________________________(發(fā)生)recently.eq\o(○,\s\up1(25))Nowonderheissotiredout.Theapplicant________________________(在公司外著急地等)fornearlytwohours.語(yǔ)法Ⅱ動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)1.動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的概念兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞在一起構(gòu)成一個(gè)固定結(jié)構(gòu)，表達(dá)一種特定的含義，作用近似于一個(gè)單一動(dòng)詞，稱(chēng)為動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。2．分類(lèi)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有及物(vt.)和不及物(vi.)之分，及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)必需跟賓語(yǔ)，不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)不跟賓語(yǔ)。(1)及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)?Itisestimatedthathehasgotthroughhisworkforhelooksrelaxed.估計(jì)他已經(jīng)完成了工作，因?yàn)樗瓷先ズ芊潘伞?Itisnotessentialforustolookupeveryunknownwordwhenreading.我們沒(méi)有必要在閱讀時(shí)查閱每一個(gè)生詞。(2)不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)?TheelectionwilltakeplacenextFriday,whichhasattractedalotofattentionsofar.競(jìng)選活動(dòng)將于下星期五實(shí)行，到目前為止已經(jīng)吸引了許多關(guān)注。?Theweekswentslowlyby.時(shí)間一星期一星期漸漸地過(guò)去了。(3)部分動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)既可作及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。?Hetookoffhiscoat.他脫下他的外套。?Theplanetookoffatnineo'clock.飛機(jī)在九點(diǎn)起飛。3．及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的用法(1)“動(dòng)詞＋副詞”構(gòu)成的及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)假如是名詞，可置于動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)之后，也可置于動(dòng)詞與副詞之間；賓語(yǔ)假如是代詞，則只能置于動(dòng)詞與副詞之間。?Wewillhandouttheadvertisements.＝Wewillhandtheadvertisementsout.我們將要分發(fā)廣告。?Ifyoulikeit,pleasetryiton.假如你寵愛(ài)它，就請(qǐng)?jiān)囋嚒２荒苷f(shuō)成：Ifyoulikeit,pleasetryonit.(2)“動(dòng)詞＋副詞”構(gòu)成的及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，舉例如下：puton 穿上setup 建立turnoff 關(guān)掉putoff 推遲pickup 撿起；復(fù)原turnon 打開(kāi)putup 掛起；舉起putdown 放下cleanup 打掃干凈writedown 寫(xiě)下call/ringup 打電話cheerup 使激揚(yáng)getback 取回eatup 吃光giveup 放棄lookup 查閱takeoff 脫下giveaway 捐贈(zèng)workout 算出cutdown 砍倒handout 分發(fā)turnup 把(聲音)調(diào)大wakeup 叫醒handin 交上來(lái)turndown 把(聲音)調(diào)小takeout 取出thinkup 想出(3)“動(dòng)詞＋介詞”或“動(dòng)詞＋副詞＋介詞”構(gòu)成的及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，舉例如下(賓語(yǔ)放于介詞之后)：comeupwith 想出(方法)lookafter 照看lookfor 找尋geton 上車(chē)agreewith 同意askfor 懇求；找hearof 聽(tīng)說(shuō)knockat 敲(門(mén)、窗等)laughat 訕笑waitfor 等候payfor 付錢(qián)；支付runoutof 用完；用完即學(xué)即練3用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~或副詞填空①China'seffortsonfoodproductionandsafetywillpay________afterthenewfoodlawisintroduced.②Ningboisasmallcity.Therefore,tospeed________theflowoftraffic,thegovernmenthasdeterminedtobroadensomemainstreets.③Adoptingthedoctor'sadvice,hecutdown________coffeeandcigarettesandateabalanceddiet.④EinsteinlikedBose'spapersomuchthatheset________hisownworkandtranslateditintoGerman.⑤Ifyousitinanofficealldaylongandrarelywork________，you'relikelytosufferfromneckandbackpains.⑥Twodoctorsandeightnursesmake________themedicalteam,whichwillbesenttothecountrysideforthesakeofthevillagers'health.⑦Ourclassconsists________forty-onestudentsandthemostintelligentoneisLiMei.⑧Whatwasitthatmadetheyoungmanstand________amongtheapplicants?⑨Youhadpromisedtodrop________whenpassingbyourtown,butwhatwasitthatpreventedyoufromshowing________inmyhome?⑩Haveyoufigured___