新教材2024版高中英語Unit9HumanBiologyPartDLesson3EpidemicsExplained學(xué)生用書北師大版選擇性必修第三冊

PartDLesson3EpidemicsExplained【學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)】課時詞匯常用短語典型句式variation,classify,rare,opposed,widespread,depressing,estimate,visible,bury,pose,trial,outbreak,actual,underline,thoroughgointodetail,getthrough,asaresultof,onrecord,upto1.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)2．現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語3．現(xiàn)在分詞完成式作狀語4．a(chǎn)slongas只要，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句5．that引導(dǎo)同位語從句Ⅰ.核心單詞練習(xí)：請依據(jù)所給英語單詞和詞性寫出漢意或依據(jù)漢意和詞性寫出正確單詞1．epidemicn.________________2．virusn.________________3．factorn.________________4．bacterian.________________5．baselinen.________________6．____________adj.廣泛傳播的，流傳很廣的7．____________n.聯(lián)系，相像adj.平行的8．____________n.癥狀，征兆；癥候9．____________vt.安葬，埋藏10．____________vt.強調(diào)，使突出；在……之下劃線Ⅱ.依據(jù)下面所給單詞，寫出對應(yīng)的派生詞1．classn．種類，班級→____________vt.將……分類；把……歸入一類→____________n．歸類，分類，分級2．rareadj.稀有的，罕見的→____________adv.幾乎不3．opposevt.反對，抗拒→____________adj.反對的→____________adj.相對的，另一邊的prep.在……對面n．相反，相反的人或事物→__________n．[U]反對4．depressvt.使抑郁；使懊喪→____________adj.令人懊喪的，令人抑郁的；讓人憂愁的→____________adj.感到懊喪的，抑郁的，消沉的→____________n．抑郁，抑郁癥；大蕭條5．visibleadj.看得見的→____________adj.看不見的6．steadyadj.平穩(wěn)的，穩(wěn)固的→____________adv.穩(wěn)定地；穩(wěn)固地7．tryvt.&n．試驗，嘗試→____________n．試驗；審判，審理8．a(chǎn)ctualadj.真實的，實際的→____________adv.事實上；事實上9．systemn．系統(tǒng)；體系→____________adj.系統(tǒng)化的，有條理的10．globen．地球，世界；地球儀→____________adj.世界的，全球的[詞語積累][1]epidemic/?ep?'dem?k/n．傳染病，流行病[2]infectiousadj.(疾病)傳染性的[3]factor/'f?kt?/n.因素，要素[4]virus/'va??r?s/n.病毒[5]bacteria/b?k't??ri?/n.細菌[6]officially/?'f???li/adv.官方地，正式地[7]classify/'kl?s?fa?/vt.將……分類；把……歸入一類beclassifiedas被歸類為……[8]rare/re?/adj.稀有的，罕見的，不常發(fā)生的[9]baseline/'be?sla?n/n.(醫(yī)學(xué)或科學(xué)中的)基線，準(zhǔn)線[10]opposed/?'p??zd/adj.與某事物相反；反對某事物，不贊成某事物asopposedto與……截然相反；而，相對于[11]widespread/'wa?dspred/adj.分布廣的，廣泛流傳的[12]classification/?kl?s?f?'ke???n/n．歸類，分類，分級[13]parallel/'p?r?lel/n.(不同地點或不同時間的兩事物之間的)聯(lián)系，相像adj.平行的drawparallelsbetween...and...將……和……同日而語[14]depressing/d?'pres??/adj.令人懊喪的，讓人憂愁的depressedadj.懊喪的；蕭條的[15]sample/'sɑ?mp?l/n.樣本，樣品vt.品嘗，嘗試；對……做抽樣調(diào)查[16]onrecord記錄在案的；公開發(fā)表的[17]CE/?si?'i?/公元(用于日期后)[18]estimate/'est?m?t/n.估計，估算/'est?me?t/vt.估計，估算[19]upto始終到；相當(dāng)于；多達；由……確定[20]visible/'v?z?b?l/adj.看得見的invisibleadj.無形的，看不見的[21]symptom/'s?mpt?m/n.癥狀；征兆，癥候[22]strikevt.打，擊，撞；(災(zāi)難、疾病)爆發(fā)(過去式struck；過去分詞struck或stricken)n．罷工；打擊[23]getthrough通過；到達；完成；接通電話；渡過(難關(guān))，熬過(困難時期等)[24]bury/'beri/vt.安葬，安葬；埋藏[25]asaresultof由于；作為……的結(jié)果[26]thaneverbefore比以往任何時候更……[27]initiallyadv.最初，起初；起先[28]pose/p??z/vt.造成，引起，產(chǎn)生(問題、緊急、困難等)；n.(為畫像、拍照等而擺的)姿態(tài)，姿態(tài)poseathreat構(gòu)成威逼；形成一種威逼[29]lung/l??/n.肺[30]goup增長；上升；被興建[31]steadily/'sted?li/adv.穩(wěn)定地[32]inthecourseof在……過程中；在……期間[33]outbreak/'a?tbre?k/n.(斗爭或疾病)爆發(fā)，突然發(fā)生[34]trial/'tra??l/n.試驗；審判，審理[35]resultin導(dǎo)致，結(jié)果是[36]anumberof若干，一些；很多[37]actual/'?kt?u?l/adj.實際的，真實的[38]thenumberof……的數(shù)量[39]underline/??nd?'la?n/vt.強調(diào)，使突出；在……之下劃線[40]thorough/'θ?r?/adj.徹底的，全面的，詳盡的[41]systematic/?s?st?'m?t?k/adj.系統(tǒng)化的，有條理的[42]comeupwith提出；想出；趕上[43]globe/gl??b/n.地球，世界；地球儀globaladj.全球的；整體的；全面的Anepidemic[1]isthenamegiventoaninfectious[2]diseasethatrapidlyspreadstoalargenumberofpeoplewithinashortperiodoftime—usuallytwoweeksorless【1】.EpidemicshavebeenhappeningforaslongastherehavebeenpeoplelivingonEarth.Theycanbecausedbyseveraldifferentfactors[3]，suchasavirus[4]beingcarriedintoanarea,orchangesinthewaypeoplelive,likemorepeoplelivinginanarea,whichincreasesthechancesofthemcomingintocontactwithavirusorbacteria[5]【2】．【1】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中Anepidemicisthename為句子主干，giventoaninfectiousdisease為過去分詞短語作后置定語，that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾先行詞aninfectiousdisease?！?】此句為主從復(fù)合句，Theycanbecausedbyseveraldifferentfactors為句子主干；which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代morepeoplelivinginanarea。Eachdiseasecanonlyofficially[6]beclassified[7]asanepidemiconceacertainnumberofdeathshaveoccurredfromthedisease【3】.Thenumberofdeathsisdifferentforeverydisease.Soaveryrare[8]diseasewillhavealowbaseline[9]andjustafewcasesofitinoneplacewillbeclassifiedasanepidemic;asopposed[10]tomorecommondiseases,suchastheflu,thathaveahigherbaseline.Thecommoncoldisawidespread[11]virusthataffectsmillionsofpeople,butitisnotseenasbeingaseriousenoughconditiontodeservetheclassification[12]ofepidemic【4】．【3】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中once引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。【4】此句為連詞but連接的并列句，其中第一個分句中含有that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。Withrecentpressreportsdrawingparallels[13]betweenbirdfluandkillerepidemicsofthepast,JimSmithlooksatthesometimesdepressing[14]historyofepidemicsforcluesabouthowwecancreateamorepositivefuturewithoutepidemics【5】．【5】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中JimSmithlooksatthesometimesdepressinghistoryofepidemicsforclues為句子主干；Withrecentpressreportsdrawingparallelsbetweenbirdfluandkillerepidemicsofthepast為with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，about后跟how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，作介詞about的賓語。Sincebirdflufirstappearedin1997,ithastakenmorethanahundredlives.Manypeoplefearitcouldbethenextglobalepidemic,especiallyasscientistswhohavegoneintodetailstudyingtissuesamples[15]fromthebodiesofpeoplewhodiedofthe1918SpanishFluhaveprovedthatbirdfluisamodernadaptationofthatvirus【6】．【6】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中Manypeoplefear為句子主干；itcouldbethenextglobalepidemic為fear的賓語；as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，其中scientistshaveproved為句子主干，除含有兩個都由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行詞分別為scientists和people外，proved后還有一個賓語從句。Oneoftheearliestepidemicsonrecord[16]happenedbetweenabout500and550CE[17].Scientistsnowestimate[18]thatupto[19]50%ofthearea'spopulationdiedfromtheepidemic,makingitoneofthemaincausesofthefalloftheRomanEmpire【7】.Then,inthe1330s,thisepidemicreturned,thistimeinAsia.ItspreadrapidlytoEuropeandbecameknownas“TheBlackDeath”becauseonevisible[20]symptom[21]wasblackspotsonthebody.【7】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，makingitoneofthemaincausesofthefalloftheRomanEmpire為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語，表示一種自然而然的結(jié)果。Centurieslater,theGreatFluEpidemicof1918,alsocalledtheSpanishFlu,struck[22]neartheendofWorldWarⅠ.Familieswhohadonlyjustgotthrough[23]thewarnowhadtobury[24]theirlovedoneswhohaddiedofthedisease【8】．Asaresultof[25]thewar,morepeopleweretravellingandmovingperhapsthaneverbefore[26]inhistoryandthiscausedtheepidemictospreadworldwide.Havingkilledupto50millionpeoplein18months,theSpanishFluisbelievedtohavebeenthemostsevereepidemicinhistory【9】.Morepeoplediedofthefluthandiedinthewar.Initially[27],manypeoplebelievedthatsuchepidemicsnolongerposed[28]athreatuntilveryrecentlywhenSARSbecameacauseforconcern【10】．【8】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中句子主干為Familieshadtoburytheirlovedones；另外含有兩個定語從句，都由關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)，先行詞分別為Families和lovedones。【9】此句為簡潔句，其中Havingkilledupto50millionpeoplein18months為現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作狀語，句中tohavebeen表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，意思是“已經(jīng)成為”?！?0】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。TheSARSepidemicbeganin2002withacaseoflung[29]diseaseinGuangdongProvince.ItspreadtoCanada,VietnamandSingaporeandlasteduntil2003.SARSwasexaminedbyscientists,whowereconfusedbythisnewdiseaseandwantedtolearnmoreaboutitanditscauses【11】.Infectionrateswentup[30]steadily[31],andinthecourseof[32]theoutbreak[33],about8，000peoplewereinfectedoverninemonths.SincetheendoftheSARSepidemic,scientistshavebeendoingtrials[34]ontreatmentstopreventanyfutureoutbreaks【12】．【11】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句?！?2】此句為簡潔句，havebeendoing為現(xiàn)在完成進行時，表示該動作在過去就已經(jīng)發(fā)生，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還會持續(xù)下去。Then,from2013to2016,therewasthemostwidespreadoutbreakoftheEbolaVirusDisease(EVD)inWestAfrica,whichresultedin[35]amajorlossoflifeinanumberof[36]westAfricancountries【13】.11，310deathswereofficiallyrecorded,buttheactual[37]numberof[38]deathsisprobablymuchhigher.Theviruswasextremelyinfectiousandthesurvivalratewasaslowas30%insomeareas,indicatingthatveryfewpeoplegotoverit.【13】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代前面整個句子的內(nèi)容。Despite,orperhapsbecauseof,theepidemicstheworldhasfacedinrecentyears,governmentsworldwidehaveunderlined[39]thefactthattheywantthorough[40]andsystematic[41]medicalresearchonepidemicstogetatthecausesandcomeupwith[42]curesassoonaspossible【14】.Countrieswillneedtoworktogethertodothisbecauseteamworkamongnationsacrosstheglobe[43]cansavelives【15】．【14】此句為主從復(fù)合句，Despite，orperhapsbecauseof，theepidemicstheworldhasfacedinrecentyears為介詞短語作狀語，其中包含定語從句theworldhasfacedinrecentyears；主句為governmentsworldwidehaveunderlinedthefact，后跟that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，其中動詞不定式短語togetatthecausesandcomeupwithcuresassoonaspossible作目的狀語?！?5】此句為主從復(fù)合句，其中because引導(dǎo)緣由狀語從句。流行病(epidemic)是指在短時間內(nèi)(通常兩周或更短)快速在大量人群中傳播的傳染性疾病。自地球上有人類生活以來，流行病就始終存在。它們會由不同因素(factor)引起，例如病毒(virus)被帶入某個地區(qū)，或者由于人們生活方式的變更，比如說某一地區(qū)居住的人群增多，從而增加了接觸病毒或細菌(bacteria)的幾率。只有致死病例達到確定數(shù)量，某種疾病才會被正式(officially)定性(classify)為流行病。每種疾病的死亡數(shù)量各不相同。罕見(rare)疾病的基線(baseline)很低，即使某一地區(qū)只出現(xiàn)少數(shù)病例，也會被認(rèn)定為流行病；與此相反(opposed)，常見疾病的基線較高，如流感。一般感冒由一種廣泛傳播的(widespread)病毒引起，可感染數(shù)百萬人，但它并沒嚴(yán)峻到可以被稱為(classification)流行病。最近有新聞報道，吉姆·史密斯將禽流感和過去致命的流行病做對比(parallel)，在屢屢令人感到懊喪的(depressing)流行病史中找尋線索，從而創(chuàng)建一個遠離流行病的奇異將來。禽流感自1997年首次出現(xiàn)以來，已經(jīng)奪去了一百多人的生命。尤其是當(dāng)科學(xué)家們細致探討了1918年西班牙流感死亡者尸體的組織樣本(sample)，證明禽流感是該病毒的現(xiàn)代變異版本，很多人擔(dān)憂它可能會引起下一場全球流行病。人類有記載的最早的流行病，大約發(fā)生在公元(CE)500年至550年之間?，F(xiàn)今科學(xué)家們估計(estimate)發(fā)病區(qū)域多達50%的人口死于這一流行病，成為羅馬帝國衰落的一個主要緣由。接著，14世紀(jì)30年頭，這一流行病卷土重來，這次發(fā)生在亞洲，并快速傳播到歐洲。由于患者身上會出現(xiàn)明顯的(visible)黑斑癥狀(symptom)，這種流行病被稱為“黑死病”。幾個世紀(jì)后，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)快結(jié)束時爆發(fā)了1918年大流感，又稱西班牙流感。剛剛熬過斗爭的人們現(xiàn)在不得擔(dān)憂葬(bury)他們死于疾病的親人。斗爭引發(fā)的人口流淌前所未有，從而導(dǎo)致這一流行病擴散到全世界。西班牙流感在18個月內(nèi)造成5000萬人死亡，成為歷史上最嚴(yán)峻的流行病。死于該病的人比死于斗爭的人還要多。最初，人們以為這種大規(guī)模流行病不會再對人類構(gòu)成(pose)威逼，直至非典出現(xiàn)，再次讓全球陷入擔(dān)憂。非典疫情始于2002年廣東省的一例肺部(lung)疾病，后擴散到加拿大、越南和新加坡，并始終持續(xù)到2003年?？茖W(xué)家對這種新型疾病感到困惑，對SARS病毒進行檢測，以期了解該病與致病緣由的更多信息。非典的感染率不斷(steadily)上升，在爆發(fā)(outbreak)期九個月內(nèi)感染了約8000人。非典疫情結(jié)束后，科學(xué)家們始終在試驗(trial)各種治療手段，以防止將來疫情再爆發(fā)。隨后，2013年到2016年間，西非爆發(fā)了大規(guī)模傳染病——埃博拉出血熱(EVD)，奪去了這一地區(qū)多個國家的很多人的生命。官方統(tǒng)計的死亡人數(shù)為11310人，而實際(actual)死亡人數(shù)可能要更高。該病毒傳染性極強，一些地區(qū)的存活率低至30%，也就是說很少有人能康復(fù)。盡管(或者是因為)近年來全球爆發(fā)了流行病，世界各國政府都已經(jīng)強調(diào)(underline)，要對流行病進行徹底(thorough)和系統(tǒng)(systematic)的醫(yī)學(xué)探討，以便盡快找出緣由并找到治療方法。這須要各個國家的共同努力，因為全球(globe)各國之間的團隊合作才能挽救生命。Ⅰ.課文結(jié)構(gòu)圖示Ⅱ.課文預(yù)習(xí)自測1．Whatisanepidemic?A．Itisaninfectiousdisease.B．Itisadiseasethatspreadsrapidly.C.Itisadiseasethatkillsagreatnumberofpeople.D.Itisaninfectiousdiseasethatspreadsrapidly.2．Whichofthefollowingstatementsisrightaboutanepidemic?A．Adiseasewhichcausesdeathscanbeclassifiedasanepidemic.B．Adiseasewhichspreadsrapidlycanbeclassifiedasanepidemic.C．EpidemicshavebeenhappeningforaslongastherehavebeenpeoplelivingonEarth.D．Epidemicscanonlybecausedbyavirusorbacteria.3．Whichofthesediseasescanbeclassifiedasanepidemic?A．Commoncold. B．SARS.C．Cancer. D．Cough.4．WhydidtheSpanishFluspreadworldwiderapidly?A．TheWorldWarⅠspeededit.B．Peopleignoreditatfirst.C．ItstruckbeforeWorldWarⅠ.D．Themedicalconditionwaspoor.5．Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A．Entertainment. B．Health.C．Education. D．Science.Ⅲ.課文語法填空Anepidemicisaninfectiousdiseasethat1.________(rapid)spreadstoalargenumberofpeoplewithinashortperiodoftime.Epidemicscanbecausedbyseveraldifferent2.________(factor),suchasavirusorbacteria.Oneoftheearliest3.________(record)epidemicshappenedbetweenabout500and550CE.Itkilledcloseto50%ofthepopulation,4.________(make)itoneofthereasonsofthefalloftheRomanEmpire.In5.________1330s,theepidemicknownas“TheBlackDeath”returnedinAsiaandspreadtoEurope.Centurieslaterin1918,theSpanishFlu6.________(strike).In2002,SARSbegan7.________acaseoflungdiseaseinChina.ItspreadtoCanada,VietnamandSingaporeandlasteduntil2003.TheninWestAfricabetween2013and2016,therewasthemostwidespreadoutbreakoftheEbolaVirusDisease(EVD),8.________killedover11，000people.Governmentsworldwidehaveunderlinedthefactthattheyneed9.________(far)medicalresearchonepidemics10.________(get)atthecausesandcomeupwithcuresassoonaspossible.?第一版塊：核心單詞1．variationn．變更物，變體；差異，變動varyv．變更；相異；變更(教材P58)Anewepidemiccanbeadifferentvariationofavirusthatpeoplecaughtinthepast.一種新的流行病可能是過去人們感染的病毒的不同變種。varyfrom...to...從……到……變更varybetween...and...從……到……不等varyin在……方面不同varywith...隨……而變更varyfromplacetoplace各地不同varyfrompersontoperson因人而異varywiththeseasons隨季節(jié)而變更varyincolourandsize色調(diào)和大小各異?Thedialrecordsveryslightvariationsinpressure.該刻度盤能顯示很微小的壓力變更。?WhitebreadisreallyjustavariationofFrenchbread.白面包其實只是法式面包的一種變更物。?Thereisagreatdealofvariationamongtheresponses.反應(yīng)各不相同。?Weddingtraditionsandcustomsvaryfromonecountrytoanother.不同國家的婚禮傳統(tǒng)和習(xí)俗不同。?Buttheimportanceofnaturalfactorsandartificialfactorsvaryinplaces.但自然因素和人為因素的重要性因地而異。[詞語積累]varyv．變更；相異varietyn．種類；多樣性variousadj.各種各樣的avarietyof＝varietiesof(＝various)各種各樣的forvariousreasons出于種種緣由invarioussizes大小不一invariousways以各種各樣的方式variousfactors各種因素[詞語積累]avarietyof＝varietiesof＝various種類繁多的agreat/wide/largevarietyof各種各樣的avarietyofactivities/reasons各種各樣的活動/理由[即學(xué)即練]完成句子①Ourcustoms________________________________(各地不同).②有各種各樣的果樹和動物。Therearedifferentkindsoffruittreesaswellas________________________animals.單句語法填空③Peoplevary________preferenceforcolour.④There'snodoubtthatcustomsvary________thetimes.⑤Takeiteasy!Jacketsareavailablein________(vary)colours.⑥D(zhuǎn)isneyland,afantasyamusementpark,whichoffersa________(vary)ofattractionsfortourists,bringsyouintoamagicalworld.⑦Thissoupisaspicy________(vary)onatraditionalfavourite.⑧Thisdelicious________(vary)onchocolateflakesisquickandeasytoprepare.2.classifyvt.將……分類；把……歸入一類(教材P58)Eachdiseasecanonlyofficiallybeclassifiedasanepidemic...……某種疾病才會被正式定性為流行病。classify...as...把……歸類為……classify...accordingto...依據(jù)……把……分類o...把……分成……beclassifiedby/accordingto依據(jù)……分類beclassifiedinto被分成……beclassifiedas被劃分為……classificationmethod分類方法classificationsystem分類系統(tǒng)；分類制度?Inlaw,beerisclassifiedasafoodproduct.在法律上，啤酒歸為食品一類。?We'dclassifyDrabble'snovelsunder“Romance”．我們把德拉布爾的小說歸在“愛情小說”一類里。?Allemployeesareclassifiedaccordingtocompetence.全部員工是依據(jù)實力分類的。?Thesefilesareclassifiedintothreecategoriesaccordingtothecontents.依據(jù)內(nèi)容，這些文件被分為三種類型。?Onlyelevenoftheseaccidentswereclassifiedasmajor.這些事故中只有十一例被判定為重大事故。[詞語積累]classificationn．分類；類別，等級[學(xué)法點撥]-ify/-fy為動詞后綴，表示“……化”“使得，變成”。simple→simplifyvt.簡化pure→purifyvt.凈化beautiful→beautifyvt.美化identity→identifyvt.認(rèn)出，識別[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Itisrequiredthatthebooksinthelibraryshouldbe________(classify)bydifferenttopics.②Fromtheclassicalclass,thestudentwithglassesknowsthe________(classify)ofclassics.③Itmeanswehavenotallowedourselves________(classify)asobjects.④Theapplicationformhasnowbeen________(simple).完成句子⑤Meninthepostoffice________________(依據(jù)……將郵件分類)placesitistogo.⑥Weusually________typesofcharacters________(把……劃分為)goodandbad.3.rareadj.稀有的，罕見的，不常發(fā)生的(教材P58)Soaveryrarediseasewillhavealowbaseline...罕見疾病的基線很低……ararebook/coin/stamp寶貴的書/硬幣/郵票ararebreed/plant珍稀物種/植物Itisrarefortheseamantolivesuchaneasylifeonland.海員在陸地上過著如此安逸的生活是很少見的。[學(xué)法點撥]rare的副詞形式為rarely，更多的狀況下表示“很少，幾乎沒有”，為接近否定意義的詞，置于句首時，句子要用部分倒裝。RarelycanIhavetimetoglancethenewspaperintheoffice.我在辦公室里很少有時間閱讀報紙。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Itisrare________(find)suchloyaltythesedays.②Itwas________rarehonourtobemadeafellowofthecollege.③Thescientistabsorbedhimselfinstudiesand________(rare)caredaboutclothesandfood.4.opposedadj.與某事物相反的；反對某事物的，不贊成某事物的opposev．反對(教材P58)．..asopposedtomorecommondiseases,suchastheflu，thathaveahigherbaseline.……與此相反，常見疾病的基線較高，如流感。beopposedto(doing)sth.反對(做)某事asopposedto與……截然相反；而，相對于theopposingteam對方球隊aplayerfromtheopposingside 一名對方的運動員splitintotwoopposingcamps 分裂成兩個對立的陣營opposingviews 對立的觀點beoppositeto 與……相反intheoppositedirection 向相反的方向havetheoppositeeffect 起反作用theoppositeof...……的對立物exactly/justtheopposite恰恰相反liveopposite 住在對面sitopposite 坐在對面inoppositiontosb./sth.猛烈反對/抵制某人/某事物?Thisexercisedevelopssupplenessasopposedto(＝ratherthan)strength.這項熬煉不是增加力氣，而是增加柔韌性的。?Icameupwithaproposal,andnobodywasopposedtoit.我提出了一項建議，沒有人反對。?Ourviewsarediametricallyopposedonthisissue.在這個問題上，我們的觀點大相徑庭。[歸納拓展]①反對(做)某事beopposedto(doing)sth. objectto(doing)sth.oppose(doing)sth. beagainst(doing)sth.②同意(做)某事subscribeto(doing)sth. beforsth.agreeto(do)sth. beinfavourofsth.Hewasopposed/objectedtotakingtheriskoftryingoutthenewmethod.他反對冒險試驗這個新方法。Ihaveneversubscribedtotheviewthatfemalesarenotfitforthiskindofjob.我始終不贊同女性不適合這種工作的觀點。[詞語積累]opposingadj.對立的oppositeprep.在……對面adj.對面的；相反的adv.在對面n．相反的人(或物)；對立物oppositionn．反對，抗拒[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Manylocalpeopleopposed________(build)thenewairport.②Themajorityofmemberswereopposed________myproposal,whichupsetmegreatly.③Wearestrongly________(oppose)toracialprejudice.④Thereare200peoplewhoattended,asopposed________300thepreviousyear.⑤Totellthetruth,Iamstronglyopposedto________(clone)anykindofanimalsnomatterwhatcircumstances.同義句轉(zhuǎn)換⑥Iwasagainsttheunfairjudgement.＝________________________________________________________________________＝________________________________________________________________________＝________________________________________________________________________5.widespreadadj.分布廣的，廣泛流傳的；普遍的，廣泛的(教材P58)Thecommoncoldisawidespreadvirusthataffectsmillionsofpeople...一般感冒由一種廣泛傳播的病毒引起，可感染數(shù)百萬人……thewidespreaduseofchemicalsinagriculture化學(xué)品在農(nóng)業(yè)中的廣泛運用awidespreadhobby一種廣泛的愛好deepandwidespreadconcern深切而廣泛的關(guān)注widespreadsupport普遍支持widespreaddamage大面積的損壞?Widespreadfloodsstrucklargeareasofthevillage.泛濫的洪水侵襲了這個村莊的大片區(qū)域。?Thegovernmentactedquicklytorelievethewidespreaddistresscausedbytheearthquake.地震造成大范圍的災(zāi)難，政府快速實行行動賑濟災(zāi)民。[經(jīng)典例句]Thereiswidespreadsupportforthenewproposals.新提議獲得了廣泛的支持。Foodshortagesarewidespread．食物短缺的狀況很普遍。[即學(xué)即練]完成句子①Thehighcostprohibitsthe________________(廣泛應(yīng)用)ofthedrug.②Theplanreceived______________(普遍支持)throughoutthecountry.③Thenewlawsgained________________(普遍認(rèn)同).④Thisdiseasehas________________(廣泛的影響)insomeareas.6.depressingadj.令人懊喪的，讓人憂愁的(教材P58)．..JimSmithlooksatthesometimesdepressinghistoryofepidemicsforclues...……吉姆·史密斯在屢屢令人感到懊喪的流行病史中找尋線索……bedepressedabout對……感到懊喪theGreatDepression大蕭條adepressingsight/thought令人懊喪的景象/想法?Theapplicanthasbeendepressedthesedaysforhewasrejectedmorethanonce.這名申請者這幾天始終很懊喪，因為他已多次被拒絕。?Hungerandcoldcanmakepeoplefeeldepressedandloseconfidence.饑餓和寒冷能讓人感到懊喪，失去信念。?Heisdepressedbecausehehasn'tbuiltuphisowncompanyuptonow.他很懊喪，因為他至今還沒有成立自己的公司。[詞語積累]depressvt.使懊喪；使蕭條depressedadj.懊喪的；蕭條的depressionn．懊喪；不景氣[溫馨提示]跟其他-ed和-ing形式的形容詞一樣，depressed修飾人的聲音、表情、感受等，而depressing則修飾物。[相關(guān)鏈接]常見的v.-ing和v.-ed形容詞：eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(amazing令人驚異的,amazed感到驚異的))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(boring令人厭煩的,bored無聊的))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(embarrassing令人尷尬的,embarrassed尷尬的))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(disappointing令人悲觀的,disappointed感到悲觀的))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(encouraging令人鼓舞的,encouraged感到鼓舞的))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(exciting令人激烈的,excited感到激烈的))eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(delighting令人興奮的,delighted感到興奮的))[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Hearingthe________news,hefeltvery________.(depress)②Hewentintoadeep________(depress)afterhefailedtocomforthisfriend.③Hewasnotsatisfiedwiththesummercampbecausethewholeexperiencewas________(depress).④ItstruckmethatIshouldn'thavebeenso________(depress)forsuchanunimportantthing.⑤Icantellatfirstsightthatheismorethanalittle________(depress)bythefailure.7.estimatevt.估計，估算estimationn．估計(教材P59)Scientistsnowestimatethatupto50%ofthearea'spopulationdiedfromtheepidemic...現(xiàn)今科學(xué)家估計，發(fā)病區(qū)域多達50%的人口死于這一流行病……(1)n.估計，計算aroughestimate(＝notanexactcalculation)粗略估算aballparkestimate(＝anapproximateestimate)大致相近的估計?Icangiveyouaroughestimateoftheamountofwoodyouwillneed.我可以粗略估計一下你所須要的木材量。?officialgovernmentestimatesoftrafficgrowthoverthenextdecade政府對今后十年交通增長的正式估計(2)vt.估計，計算underestimatev．低估Itisestimatedthat...據(jù)估計……beestimatedtobeworth...估計價值……?Itisestimatedthattheprojectwilllasttenyears.據(jù)估計，這項工程將用時10年。?Policeestimatethecrowdat30，000.警方估計聚集的人有3萬。?Thedealisestimatedtobewortharound$1.5million.這筆交易估計價值150萬美元左右。?Evidently,overweightpeoplemayunderestimatethevolumeoffoodthattheyconsume.明顯，超重的人可能低估自己攝入食物的量。[歸納拓展]Itissaidthat... 據(jù)說……Itisreportedthat... 據(jù)報道……Itisannouncedthat... 據(jù)宣布……Itishopedthat... 人們希望……Itisbelievedthat... 人們信任……Itissuggestedthat... 有人建議……Itisconsideredthat... 有人認(rèn)為……Itisreportedthatthebuscontaining20passengerscrashedintotheriverduetothedriver'scarelessness.據(jù)報道，由于司機的馬虎，一輛載有20名乘客的公共汽車墜入河中。[學(xué)法點撥]以上結(jié)構(gòu)都可以改成“主語＋be＋過去分詞＋todo”結(jié)構(gòu)。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Itishard________(estimate)howmanychildrensufferfromdyslexia(誦讀困難).②It________(estimate)thathalfoftheparticipantswillbeopposedtotheplan.③Thesalesfigureofthismonthisestimated________(rise)by15%.④It________(say)thatcommunicatingmorewithyourchildrencanpreventthemfromdepression.⑤Theconstructionwork________(estimate)tocompletebytheendofnextmonth.同義句轉(zhuǎn)換⑥Itisestimated(that)theprojectwilllastfouryears.→________________________________________________________________________→________________________________________________________________________⑦ItissaidthatthenewChinesepandacoinismadeupof99.9%gold.→________________________________________________________________________→________________________________________________________________________8.visibleadj.看得見的(教材P59)．..becauseonevisiblesymptomwasblackspotsonthebody.由于患者身上會出現(xiàn)明顯的黑斑癥狀……Thehouseisclearlyvisiblefromthebeach.從海灘可以清晰地看到那所房子。[詞語積累]invisibleadj.無形的，看不見的visiblyadv.明顯地；易察覺地Thepasswordshouldbeinvisibletous.密碼對我們來說應(yīng)當(dāng)是不行見的。Walkthewalk,anddoitvisibly,sootherscanseewhatyou'redoing.走自己的路，正大光明，所以別人才能夠看到你正在做的。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Icaughtaglimpseofherinthecrowdbutsoonshewas________(visible).②Hewasvery________(visible)upsettohearofsomeofthethingsthatweretoldintheRyanReportandhowthechildrenhadsuffered.③Therearemanystarsinvisible________thenakedeye.完成句子④Heshowed________________(不露聲色).9.buryvt.安葬，安葬；埋藏(教材P59)Familieswhohadonlyjustgotthroughthewarnowhadtoburytheirlovedones...剛剛熬過斗爭的人們現(xiàn)在不得擔(dān)憂葬他們的親人……buryone'sface/headinsth.把臉/頭埋在某物里面beburiedin/buryoneselfin埋頭于，用心于?Shesatthere,buriedinthought.她坐在那兒，陷入了深思。?Sheburiedherfaceinherhandsandbegantocry.她雙手掩面起先哭泣。?HehasburiedhimselfinrecitingEnglishwordssincethewintervacationbegan.＝HehasbeenburiedinrecitingEnglishwordssincethewintervacationbegan.寒假一起先，他就埋頭于背英語單詞。[學(xué)法點撥]eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(beabsorbedin,bedevotedto,belostinfocus,concentrateon))用心于[經(jīng)典例句]Thegirlwassittingonaparkbench,buryingherselfin/buriedin/absorbedinherbook.女孩坐在公園的長椅上，用心致志地看書。Buryingherselfinthefilm,shedidn'tknowitwassnowingoutside.她埋頭看電影，不知道外面在下雪。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Theoldphotos________(bury)atthebottomofthesuitcaseremindedmeofthosehappyolddays.同義句轉(zhuǎn)換②________(bury)inthefiction,theboyhasforgottenallaroundhim.→________(bury)himselfinthefiction,theboyhasforgottenallaroundhim.完成句子③____________________(埋頭于)thefarmwork,Tomdidn'tnoticetheeruptionoccur.④Aftertheargument,she________________(用心于)herstudy.10.posevt.造成，引起，產(chǎn)生(問題、緊急、困難等)n．(為畫像、拍照等而擺的)姿態(tài)，姿態(tài)(教材P59)．..suchepidemicsnolongerposedathreat...……這種大規(guī)模流行病不會再對人類構(gòu)成威逼……poseathreat/challenge/danger/risk構(gòu)成威逼/挑戰(zhàn)/緊急/風(fēng)險poseassb.佯裝/冒充/假扮某人poseathreattosb./sth.對……構(gòu)成威逼?Theyposeaseriousthreattosecurity.他們對平安構(gòu)成嚴(yán)峻威逼。?Thephotographeraskedhertorearrangeherselfinanotherpose.攝影師要她重新擺一個姿態(tài)。[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Themanposedhimself________aspecialisttocheatthefarmertobuyhisproducts.②Thefellowenteredthebuilding________(pose)asaworkman.完成句子③Radiowavesthatmobilephonesemitmaynot________________(對……構(gòu)成威逼)health.11.trialn．試驗；審判，審理(教材P59)．..scientistshavebeendoingtrialsontreatmentstopreventanyfutureoutbreaks.……科學(xué)家們始終在試驗各種治療手段，以防止將來疫情再爆發(fā)。beontrial在試驗中；在受審中trialanderror反復(fù)試驗Thenewdrugisundergoingclinicaltrials.這種新藥正在進行臨床試驗。[歸納拓展]standtrial/goontrial受到審判bringtotrial送交法院審判cometotrial開庭審理[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①He's________trialformurder.完成句子②Theydidn'tknowhowtoputinacentralheatingsystem,buttheymanageditby________________(反復(fù)試驗).③Shewill________________(受到審判)forfraud.④Themanwhohurtthewhaleonpurposewill________________(送交法院審判).12.outbreakn．(斗爭或疾病)爆發(fā)，突然發(fā)生(教材P59)．..scientistshavebeendoingtrialsontreatmentstopreventanyfutureoutbreaks.……科學(xué)家們始終在試驗各種治療手段，以防止將來疫情再爆發(fā)。theoutbreakofflood洪水爆發(fā)theoutbreakoftyphoid傷寒爆發(fā)theoutbreakofepidemic流行病的爆發(fā)theoutbreakofwar斗爭的爆發(fā)?Thecholeraoutbreakhasbeencontained.霍亂的爆發(fā)已被遏制住。?Theareawasstruckbytheoutbreakofepidemic.這一地區(qū)突然發(fā)生了流行病。[歸納拓展]v.＋adv.→n.(由動詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化而來的合成名詞)breakdown出故障→breakdownn．故障Alwayscarryyourtoolboxincaseyouhaveabreakdownonthemotorway.隨身攜帶工具箱，以防汽車在高速馬路上拋錨。[即學(xué)即練]選詞填空(outcome/breakthrough/breakdown)①ThecauseofAIDSismadeclear,whichwillhelptomakeagreat________inthetreatmentofthedeadlydisease.②Havingconfidenceinyourselfwillhelpyoumakebetterchoicesbecauseyoucanseewhatthebest________wouldbeforyourwell-being.③Itdoesn'tcomeasashocktolearnthatthefuelandcoolingsystemsarethemostcommoncausesof________．13.actualadj.實際的，真實的(教材P59)．..buttheactualnumberofdeathsisprobablymuchhigher.……而實際死亡人數(shù)可能要更高。actualbuyingpower實際購買力actualcashvalue實際現(xiàn)金價值actualline實線actualshares(股票)實股actualsituation當(dāng)前狀況/實際狀況actualexperience實際閱歷inactualfact事實上，事實上?Theactualcostoftheconstructionwashigherthanweexpected.實際建立成本比我們預(yù)料的要高。?Inactualfact,theinformationisprocessedinarandomorder.事實上，信息是按隨機依次處理的。[歸納拓展]actuallyadv.事實上，說實在的；事實上actually＝in(actual)fact＝asamatteroffact＝inreality,ineffect事實上，事實上Thepresentsituationisactuallymorethanalittledepressing.＝Actually/Infact/Inactualfact/Asamatteroffact,thepresentsituationismore