高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解

高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)講解

引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為“引語(yǔ)”。直接引用別人的原話,兩邊用引號(hào)”“標(biāo)出,

叫做直接引語(yǔ)；用自己的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，不需要引號(hào)這叫做間接引語(yǔ)，實(shí)際

上間接引語(yǔ)大都是賓語(yǔ)從句（其中由祈使句轉(zhuǎn)換的間接引語(yǔ)除外，其轉(zhuǎn)換后是不

定式）。那么直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句和祈使句，轉(zhuǎn)換為間

接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等都要有變化，如何

變化呢？

1、人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變

1）直接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱，如：

Hesaid,“Iamverysorry."------>Hesaidthathewasverysorry.

2）直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述人說(shuō)的，轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱,

如：

“Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,“myfathertoldme.------>

MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime.

3）直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對(duì)第三人稱說(shuō)的，轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人

稱。如:

ShesaidtohersonJT11checkyourhomeworktonight.^^------>

Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight.

4）人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等，如：

Heaskedme,"Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethis

afternoon?”------>

HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhis

thatafternoon.

總之，人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的，具體情況，具體對(duì)待，要符合邏輯。

2、時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

直接引語(yǔ)改為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句（即間接

引語(yǔ)部分）的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化，變成過(guò)去時(shí)范疇的各種時(shí)態(tài)

（實(shí)際也是賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)要求），變化如下：

例如：

“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”,shesaid.------>

Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.

Tomsaid,"Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.^^------>

Tomsaidthattheywerelisteningtothepopmusic.

Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?”------>

MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.

Heaskedtheconductor,"WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?”------>

HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus.

“Whydidsherefusetogothere?"theteacherasked.------>

Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere.

Motheraskedme,"HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?”

---->

MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV.

Tomsaid,"Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.^^------>

Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore.

Hesaid,"Ihaven'theardfrommyparentsthesedays.”------>

Hesaidthathehadn'theardfromhisparentsthosedays.

3、直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)須改變的情況

1）當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)候，如：

Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout."------>Healwayssaysthatheistiredout.

2）當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候，如:

Hewillsay,"I'lltrymybesttohelpyou."------>Hewillsaythathewilltryhis

besttohelpme.

3）當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)部分帶有具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，如：

Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.”------>Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein

1994.

4）當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中有以when,while引導(dǎo)的從句，表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間時(shí)，如：

Hesaid,"WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.^^------>

Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool.

5）當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)，如：

Ourteachersaidtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.”------>

Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.

6）當(dāng)引語(yǔ)是諺語(yǔ)、格言時(shí)，如：

Hesaid,"Practicemakesperfect.^^------>Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect.

7）當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,

might,must,oughtto,usedto,need時(shí)，如：

例如：

Thedoctorsaid,“You'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater?9----->

ThedoctorsaidI'dbetterdrinkplentyofwater.

Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher."------>Hesaidthatshemustbeateacher.

Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.”------>

Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen.

Theteachersaid,"Youneedn'thandinyourcompositionstoday.^^------>

Theteachersaidweneedn't/didn'tneedto/didn'thavetohandinour

compositions.

Sheasked,"MustItakethemedicine?^^------>Sheaskedifshehadtotakethe

medicine.

〔注〕：此處用hadto代替must更好

Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon.

Student:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor?

Monitor:Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon.

4、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)及某些對(duì)比性的指示代詞和動(dòng)詞變化

1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：

直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)

nowthentomorrowthenext(following)day

todaythatdaynextweekthenext(following)week(month,year)

yesterdaythedaybeforetwodaysagotwodaysbefore

lastweek(month,year)theweek(month,year)beforethisweekthatweek

(month,year)

2)指示代詞：these變成those

3)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)：here變成there

Shesaid,"Iwon'tcomehereanymore.^^------>Shesaidthatshewouldn'tgo

thereanymore..

4)動(dòng)詞：come變成go,bring變成take

5、直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)，句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化

1)陳述句。用連詞that引導(dǎo)，that在口語(yǔ)中常省略。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可直

用接引語(yǔ)中的said,也可用told來(lái)代替，注意，可以說(shuō)saidthat,saidtosb.that,

toldsb.that,不可直接說(shuō)toldthat,如:

Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall."------>Hesaidtousthathehadbeento

theGreatWall.

Hesaid,"TilgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.">

HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.(不可說(shuō)told

that)

此外主句中的謂語(yǔ)還常有：

repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等，又如：

Hesaid,'Tmlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.------>Heexplainedtousthathe

waslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.

如果間接引語(yǔ)是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列從句，第一個(gè)連詞可以

省略，以后的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。

Thedoctorsaid,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.^^------>

Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon.

2)直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句，(也稱是否疑問(wèn)句，)間接引語(yǔ)用連詞whether

或if引導(dǎo)，原主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞said要改為asked(me/him/us等)，語(yǔ)序是陳述

句的語(yǔ)序，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。

Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?^^------>

Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.

Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,aren'tyou?”------>

HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.

3)直接引語(yǔ)為選擇疑問(wèn)句，間接引語(yǔ)用whether…or…表達(dá)，而不用

if...or...,也不用either…or….如：

Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?^^------>

HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench..

Iasked,"Willyoutakebusortaketrain?^^------>

Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.

4）直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句，改成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞作為間接引語(yǔ)

的連詞，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用ask（sb.）來(lái)表達(dá)，語(yǔ)序改為陳述句語(yǔ)序。如：

Heasked,"What'syourname?^^------>Heasked（me）whatmynamewas.

Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?^^------>

Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.

5）直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句時(shí)，改為間接引語(yǔ)，用帶to的不定式表達(dá)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。如asksb.todo,（由肯定祈使句

變成）asksb.nottodo（由否定祈使句轉(zhuǎn)變），并且在不定式短語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、

地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、人稱及時(shí)態(tài)都作相應(yīng)的變化。如：

Hesaid,“Beseated,please."------>Heaskedustobeseated.

“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.Hesaid.------>

Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting.

“Nevercomehereagain!”saidtheofficernearby.------>

Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain.

“Don'ttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission,“theteachersaid.------>

Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnotto