新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)Lesson+19+The+stuff+of+dreams+講義

Lesson19Thestuffofdreams話說夢(mèng)的本質(zhì)Whatisgoingonwhenapersonexperiencesrapideye-movementsduringsleep?Itisfairlyclearthatsleepingperiodmusthavesomefunction,andbecausethereissomuchofitthefunctionwouldseemtoeimportant.Speculations2aboutisnaturehavebeengoingonforliterally3thousandsofyears,andoneoddfindingthatmakestheproblempuzzlingisthatitlooksverymuchasifsleepingisnotsimplyamatterofgivingthebodyarest.'Rest',intermsofmusclerelaxation4andsoon,canbeachievedbyabriefperiodlying,orevensittingdown.Thebody'stissuesareself-repairingandself-restoringtoadegree,andfunctionbestwhenmoreorlesscontinuouslyactive.Infactabasicamountofmovementoccursduringsleepwhichisspecificallyconcernedwithpreventingmuscleinactivity.Ifitisnotaquestionofrestingthebody,thenperhapsitisthebrainthatneedsresting?Thismightbeaplausible5hypothesiswereitnotfortwofactors.Firsttheelectroencephalograph(whichissimplyadeviceforrecording6theelectricalactivityofthebrainbyattachingelectrodestothescalp)showsthatwhilethereisachangeinthepatternofactivityduringsleep,thereisnoevidencethatthetotalamountofactivityisanyless.Thesecondfactorismoreinterestingandmorefundamental.SomeyearsagoanAmericanpsychiatrist7namedWilliamDementpublishedexperimentsdealing8withtherecordingofeye-movementsduringsleep.Heshowedthattheaverageindividual'ssleepcycleispunctuated10withpeculiar11burstsofeye-movements,somedriftingandslow,othersjerkyandrapid.Peoplewokenduringtheseperiodsofeye-movementsgenerallyreportedthattheyhadbeendreaming.Whenwokenatothertimestheyreportednodreams.Ifonegroupofpeopleweredisturbedfromtheireye-movementsleepforseveralnightsonend,andanothergroupweredisturbedforanequalperiodoftimebutwhentheywerenoexhibitingeye-movements,thefirstgroupbegantoshowsomepersonalitydisorders13whiletheothersseemedmoreorlessunaffected.Theimplicationsofallthiswerethatitwasnotthedisturbance14ofsleepthatmattered,butthedisturbanceofdreaming.CHRISTOPHEREVANSThestuffofdreamsfromTheListenerNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)speculation1n.推測(cè)literallyadv.確實(shí)oddadj.奇特的tissuen.組織plausibleadj.似乎有理的hypothesisn.假說electroencephalographn.腦電圖儀electroden.電極scalpn.頭皮psychiatristn.精神病學(xué)家punctuate9v.不時(shí)介入jerkyadj.急動(dòng)的disorder12n.失調(diào)implicationn.表明參考譯文很清楚，睡眠必然具有某種作用。睡眠占去那么多時(shí)間，所以其作用似乎還是很重要。人們對(duì)睡眠作用的種種猜測(cè)，確實(shí)有數(shù)千年之久。一項(xiàng)使人對(duì)這個(gè)問題感到困惑的奇怪的發(fā)現(xiàn)是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不僅僅是為了使身體得到休息?！靶菹ⅰ?，從使肌肉得到放松等方面來看，只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能達(dá)到。人體組織在一定程度上有自我修補(bǔ)和自我恢復(fù)的能力，有張有弛地連續(xù)活動(dòng)時(shí)，其功能最佳。事實(shí)上，睡眠狀態(tài)下仍有著基本的活動(dòng)量，以防止肌肉活動(dòng)停止。如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身體得到休息，那么也許是讓大腦得以休息？若不是下面兩點(diǎn)，這種假使似乎是有道理的。第一點(diǎn)，腦電圖記錄儀（不過是一種把電極接到頭皮上記錄腦電活動(dòng)的儀器）顯示，人在睡眠時(shí)大腦活動(dòng)的方式有變化，但沒有跡象表明，其活動(dòng)總量有任何減少。第二點(diǎn)更有意思，也更重要。前些年，美國(guó)一位精神病學(xué)者發(fā)表了一篇報(bào)告，報(bào)告中記錄了眼球在睡眠時(shí)的活動(dòng)情況。他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不時(shí)伴有一陣陣奇怪的眼球隊(duì)活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)有的飄忽而緩慢，有的急劇而快速。在眼球活動(dòng)期間被叫醒的人都說自己在做夢(mèng)；在其他期間叫醒他們，則說沒有做夢(mèng)。如果有兩組人，一組人連續(xù)幾夜在眼球隊(duì)活動(dòng)時(shí)被叫醒；另一組人也是連續(xù)幾夜被叫醒，但是在眼球隊(duì)沒活動(dòng)時(shí)被叫醒的。結(jié)果，第一組人開始出現(xiàn)性格失常，而第二組人似乎沒受什么影響。這一切暗示我們：睡眠受到干憂沒關(guān)系，而做夢(mèng)受到干憂是有問題的。新概念英語(yǔ)正版圖書購(gòu)買點(diǎn)擊收聽單詞發(fā)音

1speculation

n.思索，沉思；猜測(cè)；投機(jī)參考例句：Hermindisoccupiedwithspeculation.她的頭腦忙于思考。Thereiswidespreadspeculationthatheisgoingtoresign.人們普遍推測(cè)他要辭職。2speculations

n.投機(jī)買賣(speculation的名詞復(fù)數(shù))；思考；投機(jī)活動(dòng)；推斷參考例句：Yourspeculationswereallquiteclosetothetruth.你的揣測(cè)都很接近于事實(shí)。來自《現(xiàn)代英漢綜合大詞典》Thispossibilitygivesrisetointerestingspeculations.這種可能性引起了有趣的推測(cè)。來自《用法詞典》3literally

adv.照字面意義，逐字地；確實(shí)參考例句：Hetranslatedthepassageliterally.他逐字逐句地翻譯這段文字。Sometimesshewouldnotsitdowntillshewasliterallyfaint.有時(shí)候，她不走到真正要昏厥了，決不肯坐下來。4relaxation

n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娛樂參考例句：Theministerhasconsistentlyopposedanyrelaxationinthelaw.部長(zhǎng)一向反對(duì)法律上的任何放寬。Shelistenstoclassicalmusicforrelaxation.她聽古典音樂放松。5plausible

adj.似真實(shí)的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的參考例句：Hisstorysoundedplausible.他說的那番話似乎是真實(shí)的。Herstorysoundedperfectlyplausible.她的說辭聽起來言之有理。6recording

n.錄音，記錄參考例句：Howlongwilltherecordingofthesongtake?錄下這首歌得花多少時(shí)間？Iwanttoplayyouarecordingoftherehearsal.我想給你放一下彩排的錄像。7psychiatrist

n.精神病專家；精神病醫(yī)師參考例句：Hewenttoapsychiatristabouthiscompulsivegambling.他去看精神科醫(yī)生治療不能自拔的賭癮。Thepsychiatristcorrectedhimgently.精神病醫(yī)師彬彬有禮地糾正他。8dealing

n.經(jīng)商方法，待人態(tài)度參考例句：Thisstorehasanexcellentreputationforfairdealing.該商店因買賣公道而享有極高的聲譽(yù)。Hisfairdealingearnedourconfidence.他的誠(chéng)實(shí)的行為獲得我們的信任。9punctuate

vt.加標(biāo)點(diǎn)于；不時(shí)打斷參考例句：Thepupilshavenotyetlearnedtopunctuatecorrectly.小學(xué)生尚未學(xué)會(huì)正確使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。Besuretopunctuateyoursentenceswiththecorrectmarksintherightplaces.一定要在你文章句子中的正確地方標(biāo)上正確的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。10punctuated

v.（在文字中）加標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，加標(biāo)點(diǎn)(punctuate的過去式和過去分詞)；不時(shí)打斷某事物參考例句：Herspeechwaspunctuatedbyburstsofapplause.她的講演不時(shí)被陣陣掌聲打斷。Theaudiencepunctuatedhisspeechbyoutburstsofapplause.聽眾不時(shí)以陣陣掌聲打斷他的講話。來自《簡(jiǎn)明英漢詞典》11peculiar

adj.古怪的，異常的；特殊的，特有的參考例句：Hewalksinapeculiarfashion.他走路的樣子很奇特。Helookedatmewithaverypeculiarexpression.他用一種很奇怪的表情看著我。12disorder

n.紊亂，混亂；騷動(dòng)，騷亂；疾病，失調(diào)參考例句：Whenreturningback,hediscoveredtheroomtobeindisorder.回家后，他發(fā)現(xiàn)屋子里亂七八糟。Itcontainedavastnumberoflettersingreatdisorder.里面七零八落地裝著許多信件。13disorders

n.混亂(disorder的名詞復(fù)數(shù))；凌亂；騷亂；（身心、機(jī)能）失調(diào)參考例句：Reportsofanorexiaandothereatingdisordersareont