串講01五大基本句型和句子成分（課件）高一英語下學(xué)期期末考點(diǎn)大串講（人教版2019）

和句子成分五大基本句型

2023-2024學(xué)年高一英語下學(xué)期期末考點(diǎn)大串講串講01Partone五大基本句型

串講

一、句型1：Subject(主語)＋Vi(謂語)這種句型中的動(dòng)詞大多是不及物動(dòng)詞，所謂不及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后不可以直接接賓語。常見的動(dòng)詞有：work,sing,swim,fish,jump,arrive,come,die,disappear,cry,happen等。如：1)LiMingworksveryhard.2)Springiscoming.拓展資料：少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞后面能跟一個(gè)相同意義的名詞作賓語這個(gè)名詞和前面的動(dòng)詞在詞根上是相同的或者在意義上是相近的這樣的賓語就叫做同源賓語。常見的能帶同源賓語的動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)ead,live,die,sleep,dream,breathe,smile,laugh,fight,run,sing等。如：1)UndertheleadershipofthePartyweleadahappylife.2)Idreamedaterribledreamlastnight.3)OursoldiersfoughtawonderfulfightagainstthefloodslastAugust.4)Hediedagloriousdeath.二、句型2：Subject(主語)＋Link.V(系動(dòng)詞)＋Predicate

(表語)這種句型主要用來表示主語的特點(diǎn)、身份等。系動(dòng)詞可分為6類：1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞：用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞Heisateacher.他是一名教師。（is與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。）2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞：用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep,remain,stay。Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他開會(huì)時(shí)總保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery.此事仍是一個(gè)謎。3）表像系動(dòng)詞：用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem,appear,look。Heseems(tobe)verysad.他看起來很傷心。4）感官系動(dòng)詞：主要有l(wèi)ook,feel,smell,sound,tasteHelookstired.他看起來很累。Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.Thisflowersmellsverysweet.5）變化系動(dòng)詞：表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come。Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后，他瘋了。Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.她沒多長時(shí)間就富了。Her

dream

has

come

true.

她的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。6）終止系動(dòng)詞：表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove,turnout,表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意Therumorprovedfalse.這謠言證實(shí)有假。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的計(jì)劃終于成功了。（turnout表終止性結(jié)果）三、句型3：Subject(主語)＋Vt(謂語)＋Object(賓語)此句型中的動(dòng)詞一般為及物動(dòng)詞,所謂及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后可以直接接賓語，其賓語通常由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等來充當(dāng)。例：1)Hetookhisbagandleft._____2)LiLeialwayshelpsmewhenIhavedifficulties.

______3)SheplanstotravelinthecomingMayDay.

______(名詞)

(代詞)

不定式4)Hemanagedtoescapesufferingfromthedisease._____5)Idon'tknowwhatIshoulddonext._____注意：英語中的許多動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞，又是不及物動(dòng)詞。如：start,answer,sing,close,consider,insist,read,learn,prepare,pay,hurt,improve,grow,beat,operate,smell,play,hang,ring,speak等。如：Everybody,ourgamebegins.Let’sbeginourgame.(動(dòng)名詞)(從句)四、句型4：Subject(主語)＋Vt(謂語)＋I(xiàn)ndirectobject(間接賓語)＋Directobject(直接賓語)此句型中，直接賓語是動(dòng)作直接承受者，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來充當(dāng)；間接賓語去掉之后，對(duì)整個(gè)句子的影響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔(dān)。如：Herfatherboughtheradictionaryasabirthdaypresent.TheoldmanalwaystellsthechildrenstoriesabouttheheroesintheLongMarch.常見能跟雙賓語的動(dòng)詞：(一)雙賓語易位時(shí)需借助介詞to的常用動(dòng)詞awardsb.sth.=awardsth.tosb.頒獎(jiǎng)給某人如：bring，hand，lend，mail，offer，owe，pass，post，read，return，send,sell,serve,show,take,teach,tell,throw,write,(二)雙賓語易位時(shí)需借助介詞for的常用動(dòng)詞book，buy，choose，cook，draw，fetch，find，fix，get，make,order，pick,prepare,save,sing,spare,steal,五、句型5：Subject(主語)＋Vt(動(dòng)詞)＋Object(賓語)＋Complement(補(bǔ)語)此句型中的“賓語＋補(bǔ)語”統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓語”。賓語補(bǔ)足語的主要作用或者是拓展資料、說明賓語的特點(diǎn)、身份等；或者表示讓賓語去完成的動(dòng)作等。擔(dān)任補(bǔ)語的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。如：1)Youshouldkeeptheroomcleanandtidy.______2)Wemadehimourmonitor.

_____3)Hisfathertoldhimnottoplayinthestreet.

______4)Myfatherlikestowatchtheboysplayingbasketball.

______5)YesterdayIhadapicturetakenwithtwoAmericans.

______6)Wewenttoherhousebutfoundherout.

______7)Ifoundhimintrouble.

______

(形容詞)(名詞)不定式(現(xiàn)在分詞)(過去分詞)(副詞)(介詞短語)●常見跟動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:tell,ask,advise,help,want,wouldlike,order,force,allow等。●注意：動(dòng)詞have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等后面所接的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不帶to。如：1)Thebossmadehimdotheworkallday.2)Iheardhersinginthenextroomallthetimelastnight.Parttwo句子成分

串講

構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語、同位語和插入語。1.主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。Duringthe1990s,American

countrymusic

hasbecomemoreandmorepopular.________（名詞）We

oftenspeakEnglishinclass._______One-third

ofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls._______Toswim

intheriverisagreatpleasure._______Smoking

doesharmtothehealth._______Therich

shouldhelpthepoor._______WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtest

hasnotbeendecided._______It

isnecessary

tomasteraforeignlanguage._______（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）（主語從句）（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）在“Therebe…”句型中，主語的位置在中間。如：Therearesomebottlesofmilkinthebox.▲在個(gè)別句型中，主語在整個(gè)句子后面，這時(shí)前面用it作形式主語。如：Itisveryinterestingtoplaythegamecalled“treatortrick”.Ittooktwoworkersaboutthreemonthstobuildthehouse.2．謂語:用來說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”，謂語必須是動(dòng)詞，謂語和主語在“人稱”和“數(shù)”兩方面必須一致。如：Heisverygenerous.ShelooksverysmartandcoolWehavefinishedthejob.HecanspeakGerman.3．表語:用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。OurteacherofEnglishisan

American._______Isit

yours_______Theweatherhasturned

cold._______（名詞）（代詞）（形容詞）Thespeechis

exciting._______（Threetimessevenis

twentyone_______Hisjobis

toteachEnglish._______Hishobbyis

playingfootball._______Themachine

mustbe

outoforder._______Timeis

up.Theclassis

over._______Thetruthis

thathehasneverbeenabroad._______（形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（介詞短語）（副詞）（表語從句）4．賓語:是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語或從句來充當(dāng)，它和謂語動(dòng)詞一起說明主語是什么，通常放在謂語動(dòng)詞后面。有時(shí)，會(huì)有雙賓語。如：Theywenttoseean

exhibition（展覽）yesterday._______Theheavyrainprevented

me

formcomingtoschoolontime.______（名詞）（代詞）HowmanydictionariesdoyouhaveIhave

five._______Theyhelped

theold

withtheirhouseworkyesterday.._______Hepretended

nottoseeme._______Ienjoy

listeningtopopularmusic._______Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.._______（數(shù)詞）（名詞化形容詞）（不定式短語）（動(dòng)名詞短語）（賓語從句）5．賓語的補(bǔ)足語:在英語的句子中有些句子里只有賓語并不能表達(dá)完整的意思，還必須在賓語后面加上賓語的補(bǔ)足語才能表達(dá)完整的意思?！百e語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語”合起來稱為復(fù)合賓語。復(fù)合賓語所表達(dá)的意思相當(dāng)于一個(gè)ju句子。名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都可以作賓語補(bǔ)足語.在英語中,常見的“賓語＋賓語補(bǔ)足語”的結(jié)構(gòu)有：▲“賓語+名詞”常用于改結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等。WecallhimJack.TheymadeLiLeitheirmonitor.▲“賓語+形容詞”常見的動(dòng)詞有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等。如：DoyouthinkhisideawrongWemustkeepourclassroomclean.Wecan’tleavehimalone.CanyougeteverythingreadyforthepartybeforeFriday▲“賓語+副詞”。副詞作賓補(bǔ)常表示賓語的狀態(tài)，與賓語有邏輯上的主表關(guān)系。常見的副詞有：down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等。如：Lethimin/out.Mr.Lidroveushome.Whengotthere,wefoundhimout.▲“賓語+介詞短語”。介詞短語作賓補(bǔ)常表示其邏輯主語（即賓語）所處的狀態(tài)，兩者有主表的關(guān)系。如：Wefoundeverythingingoodorder.Weregardhimasourgoodfriend.Heopenedthedoorandfoundsomeofhisfriendsintherain.▲“賓語+不定式”。充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的不定式有三種：

A要求帶to的不定式Thecoolwaterofthelakeinvitedustoswim.

B要求不帶to的不定式let,make,see,hear,watch等Thebossmadetheworkerswork12hoursaday.IoftenhearhimreadEnglishinhisroom.

C單詞help后可加to或不加toShesometimeshelpshermother(to)dohousework.▲“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”。現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，此時(shí)在該句型中的賓語即為現(xiàn)在分詞邏輯上的主語，有著主謂關(guān)系。Isawthemplayingontheplayground.IheardMarysingingintheclassroom.▲“賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞”。現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)，此時(shí)在該句型中的賓語即為現(xiàn)在分詞邏輯上的主語，有著主謂關(guān)系。Isawthemplayingontheplayground.IheardMarysingingintheclassroom.▲“賓語+過去分詞”。賓語和賓補(bǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成。Ihadmybikestolen.Theteacherexplainedagainandagaintomakehimselfunderstood.▲形式賓語＋形容詞WefounditimpossibletogettherebeforeSaturday.▲賓語+what從句Callmewhatyoulike.Mr.Lihasmadethefactorywhatitistoday.Themountainvillageisdifferentfromwhatitwastenyearsago.6．定語▲定語用來修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式、分詞短語或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等都可以充當(dāng)定語。因?yàn)樗切揎椕~或代詞的，而名詞和代詞可以作主語、表語或賓語，所以定語的位置很靈活，凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。。如：Guilinisa

beautiful

city.（形容詞）Chinaisa

developing

country;Americaisa

developed

country.（分詞）Therearethirty

women

teachersisourschool.（名詞）His

rapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代詞）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirst

toentertheclassroom.（不定式短語）The

teaching

planfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（動(dòng)名詞）Heisreadinganarticle

abouthowtolearnEnglish.（介詞短語）ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter.（從句）▲在英語中，并不是所有的定語都放在被修飾詞的前面，有的是放在被修飾詞的后面，故稱“后置定語”?！揎棽欢ù~something,anything,nothing,something,anyone,somebody,anybody,nobody的定語必須后置。如：We’llgotohavesomethingEnglish.Ifyoudon’tknowtheanswer,asksomeoneelse.Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme▲介詞短語作定語時(shí)要后置。如：DoyouknowtheboybehindthetreeThestudentsintheroomareallmyfriends.Ithinkthepictureontheleftisbetterthantheoneontheright.▲分詞短語作定語時(shí)要后置。如：Thebridgebuiltin1898isbeingrepairingnow.▲動(dòng)詞的不定式作定語時(shí)要后置WhataboutsomethingtodrinkIhavenotimetotraveltoChinaisinAutumnorinSpring.注動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí)，to后面的動(dòng)詞必須是及物動(dòng)詞或相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語。如果時(shí)短語時(shí)，那么與動(dòng)詞搭配的介詞或副詞是不能少的。Doyouhaveanypieceofmusictolistento▲nearby,below,downstairs等個(gè)別方位詞作定語時(shí)要后置。如：Weareatthetopofthehill.CanyouseethevillagebelowThepeopledownstairsarelisteningtoatalknowTheytooktheboytothehospitalnearbyatonce.7．狀語狀語用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。它表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等，可用作狀語的有副詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。副詞（短語）作狀語：▲副詞最常用作狀語，位置比較靈活，可置句末、句首和句中。Theboyneedsapenverymuch./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）Theboyneedsverymuchthepenboughtbyhismother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長則狀語前置）Theboyreallyneedsapen./男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）Theboyneedsapennow./Now,theboyneedsapen./Theboy,now,needsapen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。（時(shí)間狀語）介詞短語作狀語：Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點(diǎn)狀語）Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子.(條件狀語)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom./星期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生.(時(shí)間狀語)分詞（短語）作狀語：Hesitsthere,askingforapen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen./因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly./（因?yàn)椋┦芰梭@嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語）不定式作狀語：Theboyneedsapentodohishomework.男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness./為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想,湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣.名詞作狀語：Comethisway!Waitaminute.從句作狀語：時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、方式狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句。如：Itwasrainingwhenwearrived.Shefoundhercalculatorwhereshelostit.Heworkedhardsothathepassedtheexam.Hewalkedslowlyasifhehadhurthisleg.▲狀語按用途來分，可以分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等(1).時(shí)間狀語，多位于句末和句首，有時(shí)亦可置于句中。ShallwedotheshoppingtodayortomorrowChinanowleadstheworld.(2).地點(diǎn)狀語，多置于句末，有時(shí)也位于句首和句中。Thereareplentyoffishinthes