英語論文格式參考范文

英語論文格式參考范文第1篇英語論文格式參考范文第1篇Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis.Igratefullyacknowledgethehelpofmysupervisor,Ms.SunYanlan,whohasofferedmevaluablesuggestionsintheacademicstudies.Inthepreparationofthethesis，shehasspentmuchtimereadingthrougheachdraftandprovidedmewithinspiringadvice.Withoutherpatientinstruction,insightfulcriticismandexpertguidance,thepletionofthisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.

IalsooweaspecialdebtofgratitudetoalltheprofessorsinForeignLanguagesInstitute,fromwhosedevotedteachingandenlighteninglecturesIhavebenefitedalotandacademicallypreparedforthethesis.

Ishouldfinallyliketoexpressmygratitudetomybelovedparentswhohavealwaysbeen.

1.簡短畢業(yè)論文致謝詞

英語論文格式參考范文第2篇1，求職信首先要標(biāo)明信息來源，說明自己的寫作意圖，然后介紹自己的工作經(jīng)歷，學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，以及自己對該職業(yè)的看法和規(guī)劃等，并證明自己能夠勝任該職位。

2，投訴信主要寫明自己投訴的原因，并展開論述該問題的具體情況和對自己造成的損失，最后表達(dá)對上述問題需要及時(shí)得到解決的強(qiáng)烈愿望。

3，邀請信開篇表明寫作意圖，向某人發(fā)出邀請。然后說明邀請的具體原因，邀請的內(nèi)容。最后表明強(qiáng)烈的期盼，并希望盡快得到答復(fù)。

4，訂購信開篇點(diǎn)出寫信的目的，定購你要的東西。接著詳細(xì)說明你訂購貨物的規(guī)格、大小、顏色、尺寸等。最后表示對方回函以便確認(rèn)。

5.詢問信首先明確寫信的目的，說明寫這封信的目的`是尋求某信息或幫助。然后詢問具體問題，強(qiáng)調(diào)所需信息的重要性。最后表達(dá)獲取信息的強(qiáng)烈愿望，提供聯(lián)系方式以便收信人與你聯(lián)系，并對有關(guān)人員表示感謝。

同學(xué)們在寫小作文的時(shí)候還要注意簡化描述語言。用簡短的語句代替冗長的語句。在作文完成的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該檢查、修改，以免遺漏一些需要表達(dá)清楚的要點(diǎn)和細(xì)節(jié)。

Somepeoplethinkthatthebestwaytoadvisepeopleissimplytofindwhattheywantandhelpthemattainit?Inmyview,thismethodisgenerallynotthebestwaytoproceedinadvisingothers;itignorestheplaintruththatmanypeopledonotknowwhattheywantanddonotknowwhatisbestforthem.

Mymainreasonforrejectingthistechniqueisthatpeopleveryrarelyhaveanyclearideaofwhattheywant.Thisappliesnotonlytoconsumeritemssuchasclothing,carsandluxuryitemsbutalsotowhattheywantoutoflifeingeneral.Infact,numerousstudieshaveshownthatmostpeoplecannotlistthetenthingstheywantmostoutoflife,evenifgivenconsiderabletimetothinkaboutit.

Mysecondreasonforrejectingthismethodisthatmoreoftenthannotwhatpeoplewantisnotwhatisbestforthem.Parentscontinuallyfacethisproblemwhenadvisingtheirchildren.Forexample,supposeachildwantstoquitschoolandgetajob.Surely,theparentswouldbederelictinhelpingtheirchildattainthiswantinsteadofconvincingthechildthatcontinuingeducationwouldbeinhisorherbestinterest.

Admittedly,followingtheproposedadvisingmethodwouldresultinahighrateofcompliance,sincethepersonbeingadvisedwouldactconsistentlywithhisorherownwillbyfollowingtheadvice.However,asnotedabove,actingaccordingtowhatonewantsisnotnecessarilydesirable.Proponentsofthismethodmightalsopointtocollegecounselorsasmodelsofthistechnique.However,collegecounselorsshouldnotnecessarilybeheldupasmodelsforadvisingpeoplegenerally,letaloneasmodelsforadvisingstudents.

英語論文格式參考范文第3篇Acknowledgements:

Iwouldliketoexpressmysincereanddeepgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorSunJisheng,forherinspiringinstructions,earnestencouragementandgreatpatienceshehasofferedtome.Iwasespeciallytouchedandencouragedtohaveherdetailedcommentsandsuggestionswhenrevisingthethesis.What'smore,Ilearnedfromherthespiritofrigorousscholarshipinmycontactwithherinthepastseveralmonths.

Withouthersupervisionandinstruction,Iwouldnothavebeenabletocompletethisthesis.

IwouldalsoliketoextendmygratitudetotheotherprofessorsofChinaForeignAffairsUniversityduringmytwo-yearpostgraduatestudythere.TheirinstructivelectureshaveprovidedmewithanenjoyableandprofitablelearningexperienceatCFAU,whichhasgreatlyimprovedmyacademicinterestandability.

IalsoowemygratitudetomycolleaguesintheMinistryofForeignAffairswhereIwork.Mygratitudealsogoestomydepartmentforthesupporttothislearningjourney.

Myheartfeltthanksalsogotomywifeandmydaughter,whohavealwayssupportedmeduringmypostgraduatelearning,preparationfornationalqualificationexamsandthisthesiswriting.Theirloveandsmileeverydayarethemostvaluablethingstomeonthisjourney.

Acknowledgements:

Ittakesmeawholeyeartofinishthispaper,andtheprocessisdefinitelynoteasy.

Fortunately,mysupervisor,ProfessorZhangLei,keepsgivingmevaluableinstructionandencouragementwithhergreatpatienceandcarefulness.EachtimeIsentheradraftofmypaper,shewouldnotonlycheckitsoverallstructureandlogicclosely,butalsocorrectalltheerrorswordbyword,whichhelpedmetoimprovemypapersteadilyandmademefeelmoreconfidentdaybyday.Withoutherguidance,thispapercanneverbefinishedintime.Andbesidesthepaperitself,ProfessorZhangalsogavemeusefuladviceonhowtoapproachthefieldofinternationalrelationswhichwillbequiteconducivetomyfurtherstudy.Therefore,IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoProfessorZhangLeiforherkindhelp.

IalsowanttothankallmyEnglishteachersatChinaForeignAffairsUniversity.

Duringmytwoyears'studyoncampus,theygavemeprofessionalandpatientinstructiononEnglishlearning,whichprovedtobeanecessarybasisforthewritingofthispaper.

Acknowledgement:

Thisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.

Firstandforemost,IwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,ProfessorLvHui,forhisinvaluableinstruction,incessantinspirationandconstantencouragement.Shehasspentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.Withoutheracademicguidance,Icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.HerenergyandpassionforknowledgeandeducationhavehadsuchagreatinfluenceonmethatIamsuretheyalwaysremainabeaconinmyfuturecareer.

IamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,especiallytoProfessorZhangXiaoLi,Ms.ShiYi,Ms.MeiQiong,ProfessorSunJisheng,ProfessorWangYan,ProfessorSongAiqunandProfessorHeQunforeverythingIhavelearnedfromthemduringthetimeatthisuniversity.

IwouldliketoexpressmythankstomyfriendsLiuYingandJinXiaoQingfortheirsinceresupport.

Inaddition,Iwishtosaythankstomyfamilyandrelatives,especiallymyelderbrotherLiuWenFeng,whogavemealotofusefulinformationforme.

Intheend,I'mgratefultomymother.Withoutherhelpandencouragement,Iwouldneverhavefinishedthisthesisontime.

Acknowledgements:

Thisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutconstructiveadviceandhelpfrommanypersons.

Firstandforemost,IwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,ProfessorRanJijun,forhisgreatadviceandguidanceonthecontentandformatofthisthesis,whichiscriticalforrevision.

Withouthisacademicguidance,Icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.

IwouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,especiallytoProfessorHeYinghong,ProfessorGuoLiqiu,ProfessorSunJisheng,ProfessorZhangLei,ProfessorSongAiqun,ProfessorWeiLameiandProfessorHeQunforeverythingIhavelearnedfromthemduringthetwoyearsatthisuniversity.

Also,theemotionalsupportfrommyparentsandmyhusbandisnolessimportantthantheacademicassistance.

Intheend,Iwouldliketoexpressmythankstomycolleagueswhohelpedcollectusefulreferencebooksandmaterialsforme.

AcknowledgementsThisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.

First,I'dliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,ProfessorZhangXiaoli,whogavemealotofusefulandconstructiveadviceonmythesis.Withhisprofessionalandacademicknowledge,hetaughtmehowtodoresearch,howtorevisethethesis.WheneverIsenthimane-mailconcerningmythesis,herepliedsoon.Hespentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.OnlyunderhisguidanceandencouragementcouldIfinishthisthesis.

IamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofChinaForeignAffairsUniversity.Asateachermyself,Ilearnedalotaboutinterpretation,translation,cultureandteachingmethodsfromthem,whichishelpfultomyjob.

Iwishtoexpressmythankstomyleader,deanoftheDepartmentofAppliedLinguistics,CapitalMedicalUniversity.Sheencouragedmeconstantlytofinishthestudy.

Atlast,Iwanttothankmyhusbandandotherfamilymembersandrelatives,whoshowedtheirconcernandsupportwhenIpursuedmystudy.

英語論文格式參考范文第4篇英文論文引用格式

英文法學(xué)論文的文獻(xiàn)引用格式是怎么樣的?一篇法學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)論文往往在在大量文獻(xiàn)引用和邏輯分析基礎(chǔ)上得出的研究成果，下面一起看看吧!

引用規(guī)范包括兩個(gè)要求：一是對于參考借鑒必須注明出處，二是引用形式要統(tǒng)一

1.參考借鑒必須注明出處

無論是中文還是英文論文的寫作，引用的功能是完全一致的，主要包括三個(gè)方面：(1)幫助讀者識別和調(diào)用相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)資源：Helpreadersidentifyandrelocatethesourcework。

(2)證明論文的觀點(diǎn)是經(jīng)過充分研究得出的;Provideevidencethatthepositioniswell-researched。

此外，在閱讀一些論文的時(shí)候，我們經(jīng)?？吹揭粋€(gè)引用泛化的現(xiàn)象，就是引用沒有體現(xiàn)上述功能。

例如，將學(xué)界通識引用為個(gè)別知名教授的觀點(diǎn)，將一些基本事實(shí)、常識引用為個(gè)別文章的成果，等等。

2.引用形式要統(tǒng)一

引用形式要統(tǒng)一，是指引用的格式必須按照標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的要求做到全文統(tǒng)一，并遵循有關(guān)要求。

在英文論文寫作中，引用的格式有多種參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

在GoogleScholar檢索中自動(dòng)生成的Citation形式里面，就有MLA、APA和GB/T7714三種可選，其中第三個(gè)是中國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化管理委員會(huì)發(fā)布的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)《文后參考文獻(xiàn)著錄規(guī)則》，在國內(nèi)高校的畢業(yè)論文引用規(guī)范和理工科學(xué)術(shù)期刊中采用較多。

此外，國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(ISO)還發(fā)布了文獻(xiàn)引用格式的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO690:(Informationanddocumentation--Guidelinesforbibliographicreferencesandcitationstoinformationresources)，致力于推動(dòng)文獻(xiàn)引用格式的國際協(xié)調(diào)一致。

文獻(xiàn)引用格式的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，有利于促進(jìn)文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的信息化處理，進(jìn)而服務(wù)于學(xué)術(shù)影響力評價(jià)等諸多方面。

目前，各種類型文獻(xiàn)引用規(guī)范都是推薦性的。

各個(gè)研究機(jī)構(gòu)、學(xué)術(shù)期刊往往會(huì)根據(jù)本領(lǐng)域文獻(xiàn)的特征，選擇其中一種或者自創(chuàng)一種格式作為采用格式。

在法學(xué)論文引用格式中，以《哈佛法律評論》等為主的期刊聯(lián)盟就自行制定了文獻(xiàn)引用體系的藍(lán)皮書，也即TheBluebook，該引用格式目前是英文世界法學(xué)文獻(xiàn)的主流引用格式。

此外，APA、Martin也被諸多法學(xué)研究機(jī)構(gòu)和學(xué)術(shù)期刊采用，故此，本文就分別介紹一下TheBluebook、APA、Martin的基本情況。

1、TheBluebook文獻(xiàn)引用格式

TheBluebook的英文全稱為TheBluebook:AUniformSystemofCitation，中文全稱為《藍(lán)皮書：統(tǒng)一注釋體系》。

在使用過程中，一般直接稱為藍(lán)皮書(TheBluebook)，它是一本在美國使用最為廣泛的法律引用指南。

藍(lán)皮書是由《哈佛法律評論》、《哥倫比亞法律評論》、《賓夕法尼亞法律評論》、《耶魯法律評論》的編委會(huì)共同參與編寫。

藍(lán)皮書第一版出版于1926年，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)出到了第二十版。

藍(lán)皮書是美國絕大多數(shù)法學(xué)院進(jìn)行引用時(shí)參考的指南，也是美國絕大多數(shù)聯(lián)邦法院使用的引用格式。

當(dāng)然，美國最高法院有自己的引用格式，每個(gè)州在自己的法院系統(tǒng)里也只遵守自己制定的引用格式。

TheBluebook全書共計(jì)560頁，詳細(xì)的列舉了各類文獻(xiàn)的引用形式。

在書中，你可以看到中文文獻(xiàn)的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一本文獻(xiàn)的多種引用形式。

英語論文格式參考范文第5篇1.標(biāo)題

即標(biāo)題，它的首要作用是歸納全部論文的中心內(nèi)容。標(biāo)題要切當(dāng)、恰當(dāng)、明顯、簡略、精粹。

XXXX

(標(biāo)題：二號，黑體，加粗，居中，除了英語小詞外，別的單詞首字母都要大寫;別的：除了標(biāo)題外，論文中一切英文的字體均選用“TimesNewRoman”)

XX學(xué)院XX級

學(xué)號XXXXX輔導(dǎo)老師：XXX

2.摘要

摘要是論文的高度歸納，是長篇論文不行短少的組成有些。請求用中、英文分別書寫，一篇摘要不少于200字。要注明3-5個(gè)要害字。

【Abstract】XXXX……

(英文摘要：上空二行;標(biāo)題選用五號“TimesNewRoman”字體，加粗，置于粗體方括號內(nèi)，頂格放置;隨后的內(nèi)容與前面的粗體方括號之間空一格，不必別的任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號;選用五號“TimesNewRoman”字體，不加粗;單倍行距。)

3.要害字

是標(biāo)明文獻(xiàn)要害主題內(nèi)容，但盡量少用不標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的主題詞或新造詞。要害字是為了文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)引作業(yè)，從論文中選取出來，用以表示全文首要內(nèi)容信息款目的單詞或術(shù)語。

【KeyWords】XX;XX;XX;XX

(英文要害字：標(biāo)題選用五號“TimesNewRoman”字體，加粗，兩個(gè)單詞的首字母要大寫，置于粗體方括號內(nèi)，頂格放置;隨后的內(nèi)容與前面的粗體方括號之間空一格，不必任何別的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，

選用五號“TimesNewRoman”字體，不加粗，除了專有名詞外，別的單詞的首字母不大寫，各單詞之間用分號“;”離隔，分號以后空一格;最終一個(gè)要害字以后不必任何標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號;單倍行距。)

4.正文

英語論文格式參考范文第6篇1.正反觀點(diǎn)式議論文模板

導(dǎo)入：

第1段：Recentlywe’vehadadiscussionaboutwhetherweshould...（導(dǎo)入話題）

Ouropinionsaredividedonthistopic.（觀點(diǎn)有分歧）

正文：

第2段：Mostofthestudentsareinfavourofit.（正方觀點(diǎn)）

Herearethereasons.First...Second...Finally...(列出2~3個(gè)贊成的理由)

第3段：However,theothersarestronglyagainstit.（反方觀點(diǎn)）

Theirreasonsareasfollows.Inthefirstplace...What’smore...Inaddition...(列出2~3個(gè)反對的理由)

結(jié)論：

第4段：Personallyspeaking,theadvantagesoverweighthedisadvantages,foritwilldousmoreharmthangood,soIsupportit.（個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)）オ

2.“A或者B”類議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：

第1段：SomepeopleholdtheopinionthatAissuperiortoBinmanyways.Others,however,arguethatBismuchbetter.Personally,IwouldpreferAbecauseIthinkAhasmoreadvantages.

正文：

第2段：TherearemanyreasonswhyIpreferA.Themainreasonisthat...Anotherreasonisthat...(贊同A的原因)

第3段:Ofcourse,Balsohasadvantagestosomeextent...(列出1~2個(gè)B的優(yōu)勢)

結(jié)論：

第4段:Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,AismuchbetterthanB.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat...(得出結(jié)論)オ

3.觀點(diǎn)論述類議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：

第1段：提出一種現(xiàn)象或某個(gè)決定作為議論的話題

Asastudent,Iamstronglyinfavourofthedecision.（亮明自己的觀點(diǎn)是贊成還是反對）

Thereasonsforthismaybelistedasfollows.（過渡句，承上啟下）

正文：

第2段：Firstofall...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3個(gè)贊成或反對的理由)

結(jié)論：

第3段：Inconclusion,Ibelievethat...（照應(yīng)第1段，構(gòu)成xxx總—分—總xxx結(jié)構(gòu)）

toxxx類議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：

第1段：提出一種現(xiàn)象或某種困難作為議論的話題

正文：

第2段：Manywayscanhelptosolvethisseriousproblem,butthefollowingmaybemosteffective.Firstofall...Anotherwaytosolvetheproblemis...Finally...(列出2~3個(gè)解決此類問題的辦法)

結(jié)論：

第3段：Thesearenotthebestbuttheonlytwo/threemeasureswecantake.Butitshouldbenotedthatweshouldtakeactionto...(強(qiáng)調(diào)解決此類問題的根本方法)

英語論文格式參考范文第7篇Idiomsuniversallyexistineverylanguage.AnIdiomisawordoranexpressionthatcannotbeliterallytranslatedfromthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguagebecauseitsidiomaticmeaningcannotbeunderstoodbyliterallydefiningitscomponentparts.(Background)Inabroadsense,idiomscontainsetphrases,proverbs,colloquialisms,slangs,maxims,allusions,etc.(YinLi,2007:9)InChinese,theyalsoincludeenigmaticfolksimiles.Newmark,aBritishtranslationtheorist,inhisworkATextbookofTranslation,said,_Idefineasculturethewayoflifeandhismanifestationthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesapeculiarlanguageasitsmeansofexpression._(Previousresearch)EnglishIdiomsderivesfromEnglishculturesanddailylife.Inrealcontext,idiomsexplainthemselves:ninetimesoutoftentheycarrytheirownexplanations.Ifweareunawareofthese,wewillfindourselvesinastateofconfusionsincewewillassignliteralmeaningtothem.TheChineseIdioms,especiallythefour-characteridioms,havetheirownuniqueoriginswhicharecloselycorrelativetotheChinesehistoryandcultures.Inviewofthedifficultiesinunderstandingidioms,weshouldpaydueattentionandeffortstounderstandtheirculturesandcustoms.ThisthesisisdesignedtodigintotheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishandthenelaboratesonthetranslationtheoriesappliedtoidioms.(Subject+Method)

英語論文格式參考范文第8篇Abstract

Businessnegotiationsunderdifferentculturalconditionsareculturalnegotiations.Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandfrequentbusinesscontacts,culturaldifferenceshavebecomeveryimportant.Iftheyareneglected,theycouldcauseunnecessarymisunderstanding,orevenunderminetheresultofbusinessnegations.Therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetoknowdifferentculturesofdifferentcountriesaswellaswaystoavoidculturalconflictsinthecontextofinternationalbusinessnegotiations.Thepaperbeginswiththedefinitionofculture,analyzesthecausesofculturaldifferencesandexplainstheimpactofculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiationsfromthreeperspectivesofcommunicationprocess,negotiationstyleandvaluesconcept.Finally,itanalyzeseffectivewaystodealwiththeproblemarisingfromculturaldifferencesinthenegotiationprocess.Thepaperstressesthatinbusinessnegotiationsbetweendifferentcountriesnegotiatorsshouldaccepttheotherpartysculture,trytomakehimbeacceptedandmakeacorrectevaluationwithhelpofeffectivecommunications.Inaword,forsuccessfulculturalnegotiations,culturaldifferencesneedtobeperceived,acceptedandmostimportantlyplayeddown.

Keywords:cultureculturaldifferencebusinessnegotiationimpact

Contents

1.Culturaldifference…….………..……...…………...…......4

Thedefinitionofculture……..............….....4

Thecausesofculturaldifferences……………..………......4

Geographicaldifferences………..………………....….....4

Ethnicdifferences…………..………………....................4

Politicaldifferences…………..………….………….…...4

Economicdifferences…………………..….……….…....4

Religiousdifferences……..………….......4

Theconceptofdifference…………………...……….......5

ImportanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiationsonCulturaldifferences…………….…..5

2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations…………………..………...........5

Communicationprocess……………...…...……...…....…..5

Negotiatingstyle…...…..……..……………...……….…...8

Values………………...…………....….……..…….......…..8

Ethics………..……..………………...…..8

Sense………..……………..……….…....8

ConceptofCollective…………………....8

Conceptoftime……….....8

3.Howtodealwithinternationalbusinessnegotiationsandculturaldifferences……..…………........9

Tolearnmoreabouttheformerinthenegotiationsoftheculturaldifferencesthatmayarise………...…..……………….…..9

Inthenegotiationsnecessarytocorrectlyhandletheculturaldifferences………………...9

Negotiationstodoagoodjoboffollow-upfortheexchangeofculturaldifferences…………...…………......……10

4.References…...………….………….……....11

Businessnegotiationininterpersonalrelationshipsasaspecialform,relatetodifferentgeographical,ethnic,socialandculturalexchangesandcontacts,whichhavetakenplaceincross-culturalnegotiations.Incross-culturalnegotiations,thedifferentgeographical,ethnic,culturaldifferenceswillaffectthethinkingofthosenegotiations,thenegotiationstyleandbehavior,thusaffectingtheentirenegotiationprocess.Therefore,toengageinbusinessactivities,especiallyforthecross-borderbusinessactivitiesmustunderstandandmasterthelinksbetweendifferentculturesanddifferences.Conductingnegotiationswiththeorganization,alsohavetounderstandthatculturaldifferencesimpactonthenegotiations,onlythefaceofsuchapositiveimpactonthedesiredobjectivescanbeachieved.

1.Culturaldifferences

thedefinitionofculture

Nationalcultureisacountry-specificconceptsandvaluesystems,whichconstitutetheconceptofpeopleslivesandworkbehavior.Thenationsoftheworldasaresultofspecifichistoricalandgeographicalandgraduallyformeditsownuniqueculturaltraditionsandculturalpatterns.AsthedifferenceofChineseandWesterntraditionalcustoms,values,religiousbeliefs,differentwaysofthinking,etc,makingthedifferentperformanceofChineseandWesterncultures.

thecausesofculturaldifferences

Culturaldiversitycausedbymanyreasons,Tosumup,themainsourceofculturaldifferencesareinthefollowingareas:

geographicaldifferences

Referstothegeographicaldifferencesindifferentgeographicregionsduetothegeographicalenvironment,thelevelofeconomicdevelopmentandtraditionaldifferencesinhabits,peopleoftenhavedifferentlanguage,lifestyleandhobbies.Andthesewillaffecttheirbehavior.Forexample,theWestandtheAmericanpeopleinsomecountriestreatChristmasimportant,butinareassuchasneartheequatordonothavesnowalltheyearround,thepeopleofsomeAfricancountriesmaynothavetheconceptofChristmasbecausethebestmodifiedChristmasissnow,astothepeopleintheregionthatarenotlong-termsnow,thereislittleconcentrationofChristmasthanAmericanStates.

nationaldifferences

Ethnicdifferencesisthedifferentethnicgroupsinthedevelopmentoflong-termprocess,theformationoftheirownlanguage,customsandpreferences,habits.Theirdiet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeoftheirowncharacteristics.TakethehistoryofourcountryandourHunHan,theXiongnupeoplearevaliant,characteristicsoftypicalnomads.AndwetametheHancharacter,thetypicalcharacteristicsoffarmingnation.WhichledtotheHunsinthediet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifearedifferentwithHan.

thepoliticaldifferences

Politicaldifferencesareduetothepoliticalsystemandthepoliciesandregulationsonpeoplesbehaviorwiththeroleofastandardized,sothatallpeoplesinthepoliticalaspectsontheconceptoftheexistencearedifferences.TaketheUnitedStatesandFranceasexample,theUnitedStatesbytheConstitutionthepowersofthePresidentofthesevererestrictionsonthetwomajorpowerswithotherinstitutionsofCongressandtheSupremeCourtofstrongconstraints.WhileFrancealsohadtosetwasreadytoroyalistrestorationofthemonarchyoftheThirdRepublictoamendtheConstitutionalittlefurtherexpandthepowersofthepresident.

economicdisparities

Economicdifferencesareresultoftheeconomicfactorsofareflectionofculturaldifferences.Forexample,thepeopleintheWesterndevelopedcountriesarerichlivesandhighlevelofeducation,peoplewillpaymoreattentiontothequalityoflife,securitymeansmoregenerally.AndeconomicbackwardnessoftheThirdWorld,peoplecaremoreaboutfoodandclothing.

religiousdifferences

Religionisthedevelopmentofhumansocietytoacertainstageofhistoricalphenomenon,Religionhasitsown(Catholic)MajorepidemicinWesternEuropeandSouthAmerican;IslamisthescopeofthewholeoftheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.BuddhismismoreprevalentinAsiancountries.Theworldhasthreemajorreligions:Christianity,BuddhismandIslam.Christian(Protestant)ismajorepidemicinNorthernEurope,NorthAmericaandAustralia;peopleinmanypartsofAsiabelieveinBuddhist.Differentreligionshavedifferentculturaltendenciesandprecepts,whichaffectthewayofpeopleunderstandthings,codesofconductandvalues.

theconceptofValuesdifference

Valuesaremeansofobjectiveevaluationcriteriaofthings.Itincludestheconceptoftime,wealth,theattitudetowardslife,theattitudetoriskandsoon.Differentsocieties’peopletothesamethingsandproblemswillcometodifferentandevenoppositeconclusions.

Geographicaldifferences,ethnicdifferences,politicaldifferences,economicdifferences,religiousdifferencesanddifferencesinconceptshavetheimpactonpeoplespenetrationinthefood,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeinallitsaspects.Thusaffectingpeoplesbehavior,values,religiousbeliefsandmodesofthoughthavealotofdifference,Finallyhasformedthevariouscountriesandareasofculturaldifferences.

culturaldifferencesontheimportanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiations

Practiceinthenegotiations,manynegotiatorsoftendonotunderstand,ortooknoteoftheculturalimportanceofthesignificantimpactonnegotiations.Negotiatingpartiesforforeignculture,somenegotiatorsmayhavenoticedsomeoftheothernegotiations,“different”or“hardtounderstand”theconcretemanifestationofnegotiations,butthatisnotimportant.Somepeopleblindlybelievethatnegotiationistheuseofforeign-relatedfactsandfigurestospeak,andthefactsanddataarecommon.Similarly,someforeigncountries’negotiatorstonegotiationswitheachothertomaintainharmoniousrelations,theywillnoticethesimilaritiesbetweenbothcultures,whileignoringtheirdifferences.Letslookatanexample.

In1992,negotiatorsfromChinaandother12expertsofdifferentprofessionstoformadelegationtotheUnitedStatespurchasesabout30million.dollarsofchemicalequipmentandtechnology.TheUSnaturallydoeseverythingpossibletosatisfythem.Oneofthemisnegotiationsinthefirstroundofthedelegationsenttoeachofthemasmallsouvenir.TheSouvenirspackagingisveryparticularisabeautifulredbox,redforadvanced.Butwhenthedelegationwaspleasedtoopentheboxwhenface-to-faceinaccordancewiththeAmericans,Everyonesfaceappearsverynotthenatureactually--thereisagolfcap,butthecolorisgreen.Americanbusinessmansintentionis:aftersigningthecontract,andeveryonetoplaygolf.Buttheydon’tknowthe“beacuckold”isthebiggesttabooinChinesemen.Finallythedelegationdidnotsignthecontract,notbecausetheAmericans“insult”people,butbecausetheyworkcareless,andevendon’tknowthecommonsensethatChinesementaboo“beacuckold”.Howcanwefeelfreetotensofmillionsofdollarsprojecttothem?ItcanbeseenthatthefailureoftheAmericansnegotiationisduetotheydonotunderstandtheChineseculture.

Fromtheaboveexamples,wecanlearninbusinessnegotiations,ifwedonotattachimportancetoeachothersculturaldifferences,thenegotiationsarelikelytoleadtofailure.

2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations

Theimpactofcultureonnegotiationsisextensiveandprofound,anddifferentcultureswillnaturallydividedpeopleintodifferentgroups,thisregion,thedifferencebetweentheirrespectivegroupsarebringingpeopleofdifferentculturalgroupstendtoalienateeachother;Ontheotherhand,differentculturalcommunicationandexchangesbetweenpeoplearealsoobstacles.Therefore,therequirementsofthenegotiatorstoaccepteachothersculture,butalsobyculturaldifferences,unmistakablyrevealsthatthepurposeofunderstandingofeachothersbehavior,andtheyhavebeenacceptedbytheotherparty,andultimatelyreachaconsensusagreement.

Overall,theimpactonculturenegotiationsareinfollowingseveralaspects:

thecommunicationprocess

Culturaldifferencesonthecommunicationprocessofthenegotiations,firstofallistheperformanceofthecommunicationlanguageinthenegotiationprocess.Languageisabridgeofanycountry,anyregionandanynation.Statescompanies,individualstoconductbusinessnegotiations,wemustfirsthavethelanguagetothis.Thedifferenceslanguageofinternationalbusinessactivitiesisthemostdirectandclear.SuchasChinas“whiteelephant”brandbatteries,totheEnglish“WhiteElephant”itwouldcausebadassociations.

Becausethe“WhiteElephant”Inadditiontothenameofanimalsthathavetwomeanings:“Theownerdidnotuse,butmaybeusefultoothers;donotreusethings.”Solvethelanguageproblemisverysimple,youcanhireatranslatororuseacommonthirdlanguagetotalk.Whilethenegotiatorsofthelanguageusedinavarietyofcultureswithhigherfitness,butnomatterwhat,thedifferenceisobvious.SuchasJapan,BrazilandFranceCulture,theJapanesestyleofbusinesscommunicationisthemostpolite,morepositivecommitmenttotheuseofrecommendedandguarantees,andlessuseofthreats,commandsandwarningsoffreedomofspeech,theirmannersofspeechstyle,Themostprominentisthattheydonotoftenuse“no”,“you”andfacialgaze,buttomaintainaperiodofsilence;Brazilianbusinessmentouse“no”and“you”atthehigherfrequency,theirnegotiationstyleseemsmorepresumptuous,anditseemsnotlonelyinthenegotiations,togazeateachotherand