英語詞匯學(xué)各個(gè)章節(jié)的內(nèi)容

Introduction

部分：Lexicology

這門課算哪一種學(xué)科的分支:

Lexicology

is

a

branch

of

linguistics.

Lexicology和那些重要的學(xué)科建立了聯(lián)系:1)Morphology

2)

Semantics

3)

Stylistics

4)

Etymology

5)

Lexicography研究lexicology

的兩大方法:1)

Diachronic

approach

:

歷時(shí)語言學(xué)2)

Synchronic

approach

:

共時(shí)語言學(xué)e.g.

wife

縱觀歷時(shí)語言學(xué)的方法論，woman

詞義的變化算是詞義變化的哪一種模式？Woman

的詞義的變化算Narrowing

or

specialization

第一章：What

is

word

?詞具有哪些特點(diǎn)？詞的特點(diǎn)也就是對詞的名詞解釋。1)

A

word

is

a

minimal

free

form

of

a

languagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.2)

A

sound

unity

or

a

given

sound

;3)

a

unit

of

meaning;4)

a

form

that

can

function

alone

in

a

sentence.

以上詞的四個(gè)特點(diǎn)也就是詞的名詞解釋詞的分類（classification

of

a

word）

詞根據(jù)發(fā)音可以分為哪兩種詞？或者說詞根據(jù)拼寫可以分為哪兩類詞？1)

simple

words

2)

complex

words

單音節(jié)詞例子：e.g.

Man

and

fine

are

simple多音節(jié)詞例子：

e.g.

Management,

misfortune,

blackmail

management

可以次劃分為manage

和

-ment

misfortune

可以次劃分為mis-

和

fortune

blackmail

次劃分為black

和

mail

What

is

the

relationship

between

sound

and

meaning?1)There

is

‘no

logical

relationship

between

the

sound

and

actual

thing.e.g.

dog.

cat2)The

relationship

between

them

is

conventional.3)

In

different

languages

the

same

concept

can

be

represented

by

different

sounds.What

is

relationship

between

sound

and

form?1)The

written

form

of

a

natural

language

is

the

written

record

of

the

oral

form.

Naturally

the

written

form

should

agree

with

the

oral

form,

such

as

English

language.2)This

is

fairly

true

of

English

in

its

earliest

stage

i.e.

Old

English

3)With

the

development

of

the

language,

more

and

more

differences

occur

between

the

two.

What

are

the

great

changes

that

causes

illogical

relationship

or

irregularity

between

sound

and

form?1)

The

internal

reason

for

this

is

that

the

English

alphabet

was

adopted

from

the

Romans,

which

does

not

have

a

separate

letter

to

represent

each

sound

in

the

language

so

that

some

letters

must

do

double

duty

or

work

together

in

combination.2)

Another

reason

is

that

the

pronunciation

has

changed

more

rapidly

than

spelling

over

the

years,

and

in

some

cases

the

two

have

drawn

far

apart.

3)

A

third

reason

is

that

some

of

the

differences

were

created

by

the

early

scribes.4)

Finally

comes

the

borrowing,

which

is

an

important

channel

of

enriching

the

English

vocabulary.要記住以上四句話中的關(guān)鍵詞：

1)

influenced

by

Romans

2)

Pronunciation

changed

3)

early

scribes4)

borrowing

你能不能舉出外來語對英語發(fā)音、拼寫造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.

stimulus

(L)

,fiesta

(Sp)

,eureka

(Gr),

kimono

(Jap)外來語對英語造成的最大的影響就是‘sound

and

form

’不一致。What

is

vocabulary?Vocabulary

refers

to

the

total

number

of

the

words

in

a

language,

but

it

can

stand

for

all

the

words

used

in

a

particular

historical

period.Vocabulary

also

refers

to

all

the

words

of

a

given

dialect,

given

book,

a

given

discipline

and

the

words

possessed

by

an

individual

person.

Classification

of

Words

(本課的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),

年年考試都考)What

is

the

classification

of

words?

How

to

classify

words

in

linguistics?Three

criteria

:

1)

By

use

of

frequency2)

By

notion

3)

By

origin

By

use

of

frequency

可劃分為：1)

The

basic

word

stock2)

Nonbasic

word

vocabularyBy

notion

可劃分為：1)

Content

word2)

Functional

word

Content

words

are

also

known

as

notional

words

.

(Content

words

的別稱)Functional

words

are

also

known

as

empty

words,

or

form

words.

(

Functional

words

的別稱)Functional

words

possesses

a

characteristic

of

basic

word

stock,

i.e.

stabilityAccording

to

Stuart

Robertson

,et

al

(1957),*

(年年考試必考)

the

nine

functional

words

,

namely

,and

,

be

,

have

,

it

,

of

,

the

,

to

,

will

,youWhat

are

the

characteristics

of

basic

word

stock?1)

All

national

character

2)

Stability

3)

Productivity

4)

Polysemy

5)

Collocability

要把握住‘All

national

character’的詞,就是和我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钕⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的，最普通的詞穩(wěn)定性是基本詞的一個(gè)很大特點(diǎn)，請你舉例說明？e.g.

man,

woman

,

fire,

water

…e.g.

machine,

video,

telephone

…e.g.

bow,

chariot

,

knight

Stability

is

relative,

not

absolute.根據(jù)詞的use

frequency

劃分出的基本詞之外，還有一類詞叫作None

basic

vocabulary,

非基本詞有幾大特點(diǎn)？或者是幾大分類？1)

Terminology

e.g.

sonata,

algebra

2)

Jargon

e.g.

Bottom

line

(

Jargon

)

3)

Slang

e.g.

smoky,

bear

(

Slang

)

4)

Argote.g.

persuader

5)

Dialectal

words

e.g.

station

(

AusE

=

ranch

)

bluid

(

ScotE=

blood)6)

Archaisms

e.g.

wilt

(will)

7)

Neologisms

e.g.

email

(

Neologisms

)

beaver

是girl

的slang

表達(dá)方式，但是二者之間存在著Stylistic

differenceWhich

constitutes

the

larger

number

among

English

vocabulary,

content

words

or

functional

words

?Answer

:

Content

words

What

is

native

words?

Answer

:

(1)

By

origin,

English

words

can

be

classified

into

native

words

and

borrowed

words.(2)

Native

words

are

words

brought

to

Britain

in

the

fifth

century

by

the

German

tribes:

the

Angles,

the

Saxons,

and

the

Jutes,

thus

know

as

Anglo-Saxon

words.(3)

Words

of

Anglo-Saxon

origin

are

small

in

number,amounting

to

roughly

50,000

to

60,000,

but

they

form

the

mainstream

of

the

basic

word

stock

and

stand

at

the

core

of

the

language什么叫borrowed

words?

Answer:

(1)

words

taken

over

from

foreign

languages

are

known

as

borrowed

words

or

loan

words

or

borrowings

in

simple

terms.(2)

It

is

estimated

that

English

borrowings

constitute

80

percent

of

the

modern

English

vocabulary(3)

The

English

language

has

vast

debts

.In

any

dictionary

some

80%

of

the

entries

are

borrowed.什么叫Denizens?Denizens

are

words

borrowed

early

in

the

past

and

now

are

well

assimilated

into

the

English

language.

In

other

words

they

have

come

to

conform

to

the

English

way

of

pronunciation

and

spelling,

such

as

port

from

portus

(L).‘Denizens’的例子都要記：Port

from

portus

(L),

cup

from

cuppa

(L),

shift

from

skipta

(ON),

shirt

from

skyrta

(ON),

change

from

changier

(F),

pork

from

porc

(F).什么叫Translation-loans

?Translation-loans

are

words

and

expressions

formed

form

the

existing

material

in

the

English

language

but

modeled

on

the

patterns

taken

from

another

language,

such

as

‘

long

time

no

see

from

haojiumeijian

(Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans

?words

of

this

category

are

not

borrowed

with

reference

to

the

form

,But

their

meaning

are

borrowed

,

in

other

words,

English

has

borrowed

a

new

meaning

for

an

existing

word

in

the

language

,such

as

the

word

dream

,which

originally

meant

’joy’

and

‘music

’,

and

its

modern

meaning

was

borrowed

later

from

the

Norse.

第二章：The

development

of

the

English

vocabularyThe

Indo-European

Language

Family

It

is

assumed

that

the

world

has

approximately

3,000(some

put

it

5,000)languages

,which

can

be

grouped

into

roughly

300

language

families

on

the

basis

of

similarities

in

their

basic

word

stock

andgrammar

.

(重點(diǎn)：語系劃分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）What

is

the

criteria

to

divide

language

families

?The

answer

:

1.

the

basis

of

similarities

in

their

basic

word

stock

2.

grammar(重點(diǎn))The

Balto-Slavic

comprises

such

modern

languages

as(選擇題內(nèi)容：)

Prussian,

Lithuanian

,

Polish

,Czech,

Bulgarian

,Slovenian

and

Russian.

‘Indo-European’

兩大分支：1.Eastern

set2.Western

set

Eastern

set:

Balto-Slavic,

Indo-Iranian,

Armenian

and

Albanian

Western

set

:

Celtic,

Italic

,

Hellenic,

Germanic.In

the

western

Set,

Greek

is

the

modern

language

derived

from

Hellenic.Celtic

：Scottish,

Irish,

Welsh,

BretonThe

five

Romance

languages,

namely

,Portuguese,

Spanish,

French,

Italian

,

Romanian

all

belong

to

the

Italic.The

Germanic

family

consists

of

the

four

Northern

European

Languages:

Norwegian

,Icelandic,

Danish

and

Swedish

,which

are

generally

known

as

Scandinavian

languages.

Then

there

is

German,

Dutch

,Flemish

and

English.With

Vikings’

invasion,

many

Scandinavian

words

came

into

the

English

language.

It

is

estimated

that

at

least

900

words

of

Scandinavian

origin

have

survived

in

modern

English.

Old

English

has

a

vocabulary

of

about

50,000

to

60,000

words.

It

was

a

highly

inflected

language

just

like

modern

German.

重點(diǎn)句:

Modern

English

began

with

the

establishment

of

printing

in

England

古英語最大的模糊性的概念來自于

(scripts

)

古英語正因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)印刷術(shù)才打破了

(

early

scripts)

Sound

and

form

真正達(dá)到統(tǒng)一是在什么時(shí)期？.Sound

and

form

reached

their

concord

in

(

Modern

English

period

)

如果從詞匯變化的角度而言，Modern

English

又可以細(xì)劃分為

early

period

,

modern

period.

*現(xiàn)代英語早期階段屬于哪一種文化現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展時(shí)期

（重要的選擇或填空內(nèi)容）Early

modern

English

appeared

in

the

Renaissance

Modern

English

period

有什么樣的外來語的進(jìn)入？The

Latin

words

swarmed

into

English

in

early

modern

English

period

現(xiàn)代英語時(shí)期，英語詞匯大量豐富還有另外一個(gè)原因是

(colonization)

The

richness

of

Modern

English

in

vocabulary

also

arises

from

(Colonization

)

The

English

language

has

evolved

from

a

synthetic

language

to

the

present

analytic

language

(

重要選擇或填空內(nèi)容)Growth

of

Present-day

English

Vocabulary

Three

main

sources

of

new

words

:

1)The

rapid

development

of

modern

science

and

technology

2)Social,

economic

and

political

changes;3)The

influence

of

other

cultures

and

language2.4

Modes

of

Vocabulary

Development

1)creation

2)

semantic

change

3)

borrowing

2)Semantic

change

（還包括外來詞的Semantic

loans

）Elevation,

degradation,

extension,

narrowing,

transfer外來詞可以被稱作borrowed

words

,

因此又可以被稱作

.重點(diǎn)句：borrowed

words

are

also

known

as

loaned

words

.恢復(fù)古英語的用詞是美國英語的一大特色Reviving

archaic

or

obsolete

words

also

contributes

to

the

growth

of

English

vocabulary

though

quite

insignificant.

This

is

especially

true

of

American

English.

英語從synthetic

language

發(fā)展到present

analytical

language

是在英語的哪一個(gè)階段完成的？答案：Modern

English

period

文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，恰逢英語發(fā)展的哪個(gè)階段?答案：Early

Modern

English

period

在英語發(fā)展過程

在哪個(gè)階段出現(xiàn)三語鼎立的現(xiàn)象？French,

Latin,

English

in

Middle

English

period

easel,

port,

freight,

出現(xiàn)于英語發(fā)展的哪個(gè)階段，屬于哪一種外來詞的引入？答案：Middle

English

,

Dutch

在英語發(fā)展的某一個(gè)階段，有一種語言進(jìn)入英語，它一共帶來了2500

個(gè)詞匯，這種語言是什么？答案：Dutch

(前年考題)據(jù)現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)家的統(tǒng)計(jì)，英語中目前所占本族詞的數(shù)量有多少?答案：50,000

to

60,000他們的來源是(Anglo_Saxon

tongue

)

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，大量外來詞進(jìn)入英語中，如：Mao

jackets

,

black

belt

,

kongfu,

這些詞屬于英語詞匯發(fā)展的Present

-

day

English

Vocabulary

注意：第二章出大題的內(nèi)容無非就是請簡述印歐語系的發(fā)展與組成。Old

English

和

Middle

English

最大的striking

distinction

存在于哪一個(gè)方面?答案：Old

English

was

a

language

of

full

endings,

Middle

English

wasone

of

leveled

endings.文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，哪兩種文化得到了復(fù)興，這對英語詞匯的豐富具有什么樣的影響?答案：Greek

,

Roman

culture

某些希臘詞被引入到了英語是在什么階段?答案：Modern

English十六世紀(jì)，有一種新工業(yè)出現(xiàn)對詞匯的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要的影響，這是哪一種industry?Printing

這導(dǎo)致sound

and

form

出現(xiàn)concord

,

出現(xiàn)standardization.第三章復(fù)習(xí):The

smallest

unit

in

the

English

language

refers

to

(morphemes)The

minimal

free

form

in

the

English

language

refers

to

(word)In

the

plural

form

changing,

some

of

the

words

will

take

internal

vowel

change

,

this

internal

vowel

change

is

called

(allomorphs)

Deer

復(fù)數(shù)沒有變,還是deer,

sheep

復(fù)數(shù)沒有變,還是sheep,

因此,這種變化被稱作(zero

derivation)

名詞解釋:Morphemes

:

The

minimal

meaningful

units

in

a

language

are

known

as

morphemes.In

other

words,

the

morphemes

is

’the

smallest

functioning

unit

in

composition

of

words

Allomorphs

:

The

alternative

morphs

are

known

as

allomorphs,

e.g.the

morpheme

of

plurality

{-s}

has

a

number

of

allomorphs

in

different

sound

context,

e.g.

in

cats

in

bags,

matchesIt

can

be

realized

by

the

change

of

an

internal

vowel

as

in

foot-feet,

man-men,

goose-geese

or

by

zero

morphs

as

in

deer-deer,

fish-fish簡答題：

what

are

the

types

of

morphemes

?

(

答簡答題時(shí),名詞解釋)答案：Free

morphemes

and

bound

morphemes

Free

morphemes

:

1)

Free

morphemes

are

independent

of

other

morphemes

and

are

considered

to

be

free.

2)

These

morphemes

have

complete

meanings

in

themselves

and

can

be

used

as

free

grammatical

units

in

sentences.

3)

They

are

identical

with

root

words,

as

each

of

them

consists

of

a

single

free

root

words

,as

each

of

them

consists

of

a

single

free

root

.4)

free

morphemes

are

free

roots.bound

morphemes:

1)

Morphemes

which

cannot

occur

as

separate

words

are

bound..2)

They

are

bound

to

other

morphemes

to

form

words.

3)

Bound

morphemes

include

two

types:

bound

root

and

affix

affix

分為兩類:

inflectional

and

derivational

affixes.Inflectional

affixes

:

Affixes

attached

to

the

end

of

words

to

indicate

grammatical

relationships

are

inflectional,

thus

known

as

inflectional

morphemes.

Derivational

affixes:

1)derivational

affixes

are

affixes

added

to

other

morphemes

to

create

now

words.

2)

Derivational

affixes

can

be

further

divided

into

prefixes

and

suffixes.

root

:

1)

a

root

is

the

basic

form

of

a

word

which

cannot

be

further

analyzed

without

total

loss

of

identity.2)

the

root,

whether

free

or

bound,

generally

carries

the

main

component

of

meaning

in

a

word3)

a

’root

is

that

part

of

a

wordform

that

remains

when

all

inflectional

and

derivational

affixes

have

been

removed’stem

:

1)

a

stem

may

consist

of

a

single

root

morpheme

as

in

iron

or

of

two

root

morphemes

as

in

a

compound

like

handcuff.

2)

It

can

be

a

root

morpheme

plus

one

or

more

affixationalmorphemes

as

in

mouthful,

underestimate.3)

Therefore,

a

stem

can

be

defined

as

a

form

to

which

affixes

of

any

kind

can

be

added.

問題：Stem

和

root

有一個(gè)最大的區(qū)別在哪里?

(

連著兩年沒有考過)答案：

a

stem

can

be

defined

as

a

form

to

which

affixes

of

any

kind

can

be

added.

問題：請加以區(qū)別下面兩個(gè)詞的特征:

nation

,

dict

請加以理論的分析?Both

nation

and

dict

belong

to

roots,

nation

is

free

root,

which

can

function

alone

in

a

sentence,

Nation

as

a

free

root,

has

complete

meaning,

when

both

prefixes

and

suffixes

attached

to

it

are

removed,

nation

as

a

free

root,

still

remains

Dict

is

a

bound

root,

which

can

not

function

alone

grammatically

,

dict

carries

the

fundamental

meaning

of

words,

dict

has

to

combine

with

the

other

morphemes

to

create

new

words

,

for

example

,

dictionary

,

contradiction

.問題：分析下面一句話:

He

is

much

cleverer

than

any

other

one

in

the

village,

too

heads

are

better

than

one.

請從構(gòu)詞角度分析以上的例子,

cleverer

,

better

cleverer

(-er

:

inflectional

affixes

better

(

good

,

well

的特殊變化)

It

is

allomorph

of

good

and

well.第四章:

問題：在英語中,主要的構(gòu)詞法分為哪幾種?答案:有七種:1)

Affixation

2)

Compounding

3)

conversion

4)

shortening5)

clipping

6)

acronymy

7)

blending

有三種最常用:

affixation

,

compounding

and

conversion

問題：由專有名詞變?yōu)槠胀~是詞義變化的哪一種?答案：Extension問題：由普通名詞變?yōu)閷Ｓ忻~是詞義變化的哪一種模式?答案：Narrowing

問題：Affixation

又被稱為什么?

它分為哪兩類？答案：Affixation

is

also

known

as

derivation

Affixation

falls

into

two

subclasses

:

prefixation

and

suffixation要點(diǎn):

有哪些前綴屬于什么樣的類別:

a-,

non,

ir

:

negative

prefixes

de-

,

dis-

(

既屬于negative

,

也屬于reversative

prefixes

)mal-,

pseudo-,

mis-

:

pejorative

prefixes

super

,

sur-,

extra

：

prefixes

of

degree

or

sizeanti-,

contra-,

counter-,

pro-

:

prefixes

of

orientation

and

attitudetrans-,

fore-

tele-

:

locative

prefixes

fore-,

post-

:

prefixes

of

time

and

order

bi-,

uni-,

semi-

:

number

prefixes

pan-,

vice

-

:

miscellaneous

prefixes

suffixation

:1.

Noun

suffixes

1)

Denominal

nouns

2)

Deverbal

nouns

3)

De-adjective

nouns:

ity,

-ness,4)

Noun

and

adjective

suffixes

注意Compounding,

acoronymy

,

blending

,

conversion

,

clipping

的名詞解釋.要點(diǎn):

復(fù)合詞分為哪三類:

1)solid

2)

hyphenated

3)

open

簡答題:

what

are

the

characteristics

of

compounds

?

1)

phonetic

features

2)

Semantic

features

3)

Grammatical

features

最常見的三種詞性

:

1)

Noun

compound

2)

Adjective

compounds

3)

verb

compounds

What

are

the

difference

between

compounds

and

free

phrases

?問題：在名詞性復(fù)合詞中有哪幾種有多產(chǎn)性,

哪兩種不具有多產(chǎn)性?在形容性復(fù)合詞當(dāng)中,

哪三類有多產(chǎn)性?動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合詞是靠哪兩種方法復(fù)合在一起的?

*名詞解釋:Conversion

(

重點(diǎn)，還沒考過)

Conversion

is

the

formation

of

new

words

by

converting

words

of

one

class

to

another

class.

Functional

shift

=

conversion

Zero-derivation

(

選擇或填空要點(diǎn))Adjective

to

noun

:

(1)

full

conversion

(2)

partial

conversion

問題：形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞分為哪兩類？答案：由Adjective

to

verbs

:

(1)

Transitive

(2)

Intransitive

簡答題:

形容詞變動(dòng)詞的三種類別(

沒考過)問題：請你舉出由conjunction

變?yōu)閚oun

的一個(gè)例子?答案：

Ifs

and

buts

blending

are

also

called

blends

or

portmanteau

words

(

選擇或填空要點(diǎn))問題：‘blending’

分為哪四類合成詞？1.

head

+

tail

2.

head

+

head

3.

head

+

word

4.

word

+

tail

問題:

絕大多數(shù)blending

都是什么詞性?答案：nouns

The

overwhelming

majority

of

blends

are

nouns;very

few

are

verbs

and

adjectives

are

even

fewer.

問題：截短法clipping

分為哪四類？答案：There

are

four

common

types

of

clipping

:1)

Front

clipping2)

Back

clipping

3)

Front

and

back

clipping

4)

Phrase

clipping

要注意clipping

的例子有一個(gè)特殊變化：fridge

(

refrigerator

截短之后在i,

g

中間加一個(gè)d

)

,

還有拼寫發(fā)生變化，比如說：coke

(

coca

cola)

問題：什么是acronymy？Acronymy

is

the

process

of

forming

new

words

by

joining

the

initial

letters

of

neames

of

social

and

political

organizations

or

special

noun

phrases

and

technical

termsAcronymy

包含兩類:1)

initialisms

(不發(fā)音)

e.g.

BBC,

VOA,

TB2)

acronyms

(形成新的發(fā)音)e.g.

CORE,

TEFL

`Words

from

proper

names

有四大類:1.

Names

of

people

e.g.

bobby

:

Names

of

people2.

Names

of

placese.g.

champagne,

rugby

3.

Names

of

books

e.g.

utopia4.

Tradenames

e.g.

cabal

問題：以下的詞采用哪種構(gòu)詞法？e.g.

diagnosis

diagnose

:

(先有診斷的名詞,后有了診斷的動(dòng)詞,這種構(gòu)詞被稱作)

backformationbloomers

(它的構(gòu)詞法滿足哪一種詞法):

屬于Words

from

proper

names

中的Names

of

people

VJ-day

:(這種構(gòu)詞法是由哪一種構(gòu)成的)屬于Initialisms

中的AcronymsPop:

(采用哪一種構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)成的)

:

clipping

Sitcom

:

blending

FORTRAN

:

head

+

head

Bath

(名詞)

-----

bathe

(

動(dòng)詞)

Bath

和

bathe

存在一種什么關(guān)系?

(

Conversion

)

重點(diǎn)句：Conversion

is

also

known

as

functional

shift.問題：Noun

+

v-ing,

這類詞構(gòu)成的詞是什么詞

？答案：compounding

問題：Record-breaking

,

它是屬于復(fù)合法中的哪一種？答案：Adjectives

compounds

問題：請說出Adjectives

compounds

中多產(chǎn)性強(qiáng)的有幾類？答案：

有三類1)

n

+

v-ing

2)

n

+

a3)

n

+

v-ed

問題：up-bringing

是屬于哪一類構(gòu)詞法構(gòu)成的詞？答案：noun

compounds

(adv

+

v-ing

)問題：復(fù)合詞與自由短語的最大的區(qū)別是什么?答案：區(qū)別也就是復(fù)合詞的特點(diǎn):

1)

Phonetic

features

2)

Semantic

features

3)

Grammatical

features

問題：red

meat,

green

horn,它們是復(fù)合詞的哪一個(gè)特點(diǎn)構(gòu)成的詞?答案

：Semantic

features

(也就是從構(gòu)詞上推不出它的涵義）問題：Compounding又被稱作什么法？答案：composition

問題：由compounding

或composition

構(gòu)成的詞被稱作什么？答案：compounds

問題：復(fù)合詞分為幾類？分別舉例加以說明？答案：分為三類：solid,

hyphenated,

open

solid

:

blackmail

,

blackmarkethyphenated:

brother-in-law,

open

:

green

horn

,

green

hand

問題：當(dāng)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞時(shí)分為幾類：Adjectives

to

verbs

答案：有三類：1)

Both

transitive

and

intransitive

2)

Only

transitive

3)

Only

intransitive

問題：由人的行為所造成的結(jié)果進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)類之后，轉(zhuǎn)成了什么詞性?答案：verb

to

noun

e.g.

catch

問題：形容詞可不可以轉(zhuǎn)類，轉(zhuǎn)成名詞分為幾個(gè)類別?答案：分為兩類：1)

full

conversion

e.g.

black

,

white

2)

partial

conversion

e.g.

the

rich

,

the

poor

問題：名詞再變成名詞分為幾類？分別舉例說明？答案：1)

Concrete

2)

abstract

e.g.

host

:

（可加-ess

變成具體名詞）friend

:

(加-ship

可變成抽象名詞）問題：(只作了解)

A

word

is

unity

of

sound

and

meaning

(

true

or

false

)答案：true

問題

Most

loaned

words

are

borrowed

from

foreign

languages

without

anychange

in

sound

and

spellingtrue

外來詞分為四類：1)

Denizens

e.g.

cup

from

cuppa

,

port

form

portus

2)

Aliens

e.g.

garage

,

decor

3)

Translation

-loans

e.g.

long

time

no

see

4)

Semantic-

loans.

e.g.

dream

判斷對錯(cuò)題：1．Conversion

means

transfer

of

a

word

from

one

class

to

anther

.答案：true

2The

relationship

between

a

word

symbol

and

its

meaning

is

mostly

arbitrary

and

conventional.T3.a

word

used

in

different

contexts

may

contrast

with

different

antonyms

答案：true

4.

an

allomorph

is

any

of

the

variant

forms

of

morphemes.答題：

false

重點(diǎn)句：A

word

which

has

more

than

one

meaning

can

have

more

than

one

antonym.E.g.

fast

（fast

在不同的語境中對應(yīng)著不同的概念）選擇題：Chinese

is

our

native

language,

but

we

can

not

say

the

Chinese

is

our

?

.a)mother

tongue

b)

first

language

c)

mother

language

d)

official

language

C問題：以下的哪一個(gè)詞

is

not

an

expression

used

by

American?A)

tube

B)

bar

C)

Mailbox

D)

Congress

A問題：‘smog’它是‘smoke

,

fog’

合在一起形成的詞，它是采用了下面哪一種構(gòu)詞法？

A)

clipping

B

)

compounding

C)

blending

D)

backformation

答案：

C

)

blending問題：以下的詞哪些屬于：A)simple

word

B)

compound

word

C)

derived

word

D)

shortened

form.

e.g.

goldmine

(compound

word

)

bike

(

shortened

form

)

process

(derived

word

:

cess

是一個(gè)不可分割的bound

root，pro

它是一個(gè)前綴)

supermarket

(

derived

word

)language

(

simple

word

)driver

(

derived

word

)dorm

(

shortened

form,

clipping

)

modernize

(

derivation

)

blackboard

(

compound

)bus

(

shortened

form

)

(omnibus

多選)

What

is

the

difference

between

content

words

and

functional

words,

illustrate

your

point

with

examples

?

(

未考過)(可能會出現(xiàn)的題)注意：答題時(shí)先答名詞解釋，再加以例子說明。What

is

the

difference

between

denotative

meaning

and

connotative

meaning?(復(fù)習(xí)要考慮的題)(論述題)

What

are

the

fundamental

features

of

the

basic

word

stock

of

the

English

vocabulary?

(

未考過)答題時(shí)先答名詞解釋basic

word

stock

再答五大特點(diǎn)并配以例子加以說明。(關(guān)鍵答好第一個(gè)特點(diǎn):‘All

national

character

，它又分為五個(gè)特點(diǎn))前四章復(fù)習(xí)的內(nèi)容：問題：Which

of

the

following

words

is

not

formed

through

clipping?A)

dorm

B)

Motel

C)

gent

D)

zoo

答案：Motel:

(blending)

問題：Old

English

has

vocabulary

of

about

how

many

words

?答案：50,000

to

60,000

問題：詞素分為自由詞素和粘著詞素，自由詞素又被稱作自由詞根，粘著詞素分為哪兩類？答案：粘著詞素分為：Bound

root

和

affixes

選擇題或填空：

Besides

French

words,

English

also

absorb

as

many

as

2,500

words

in

the

Middle

English

Period.

(Dutch

)

A

word

is

a

symbol

that

B

.A

)

is

used

by

same

community

B)

represents

something

else

in

the

world

C)

both

simple

and

complex

in

nature

D)

Show

different

ideas

in

different

sounds

The

opposite

of

semantic

elevation

in

meaning

change

is

called

degradation

or

pejoration.Pronouns

and

numerals

enjoy

nationwide

use

and

stability,

but

has

limited

Productivity問題：以下的這些詞是粘著詞素嗎，

以下的這些詞是什么樣的構(gòu)詞法？1)

heart

and

soul

(

Adverbial

in

nature

)

2)

father

-

male

parent

(

conceptual

meaning

)

3)

City-bred

(

noun

+

v-ed

)

4)

Lip-reading

-

lip

read

(backformation

)

5)

headache

(compound

n

+

v

)

6)

antecedent

(

下劃線的這一部分是什么：

bound

morphemes

)

7)

preview

(

prefix

:

前綴)8)

receive

(

bound

root

)

9)

called

(

inflectional

affixes

)

第五章：WordMeaningThemeaningsof‘Meaning’指的是哪三個(gè)層次的內(nèi)容?意義中的含義的三個(gè)層次的劃分:Whatarethemeaningsof‘Meaning’?1)Reference(有reference的詞必然具有sense,也必然具有Concept)2)Concept(能夠形成Concept的詞必然有reference)3)Sense(有sense的詞未必具有concept,也未必具有reference)(Conjunction,prepositions,adverbs,它們都是具有sense的詞,但是未必具有reference,也未必具有concept,例如：if,but,probably:它們有sense,但沒有concept)Whatistherelationshipbetweenthereferenceandthethingoutsidethelanguage?（等同于：Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform）答:Arbitraryandconventional名詞解釋:reference名詞Concept:1.Meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.2.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.3.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.4.aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.重點(diǎn):sense的名詞解釋：Sense:1.‘sense’denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’2.Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.*3.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)重點(diǎn)：Whatarethetypeofmotivation？1)Onomatopoeicmotivation2)MorphologicalMotivation3)SemanticMotivation4)EtymologicalMotivation填空:1.someofthewordswheneditedwithprefixesandsuffixes,itwillbecomeanothernewword,eithernewinmeaningornewinsense,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)2.Compoundsaretotallydifferentinthemeaningbeforeitwascarriedoutwithdifferentelements,sothemeaningofacompoundcannotbededucedfromcomponentconstitutedthiscompound,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)3.peninoldEnglish,referstothefeather,butwiththedevelopmentoftechnology,fountainwasinvented,butthenameofthismaterialwaskeptuptothisday,peoplestillusedthepentorefertowrittingtool,thismotivationiscalled(etymologicalmotivation)4.Conceptualmeaningalsoknowas(denotativemeaning)4.laconicanswer(簡短回答),laconic的形成是屬于哪一種理據(jù)(etymologicalmotivation)問題:pingpongball,cuckoo是靠哪一種理據(jù)形成的新詞?答案:OnomatopoeicMotivation問題:atthefootofmountain,themouthofriver,此時(shí)采用了哪一種理據(jù)構(gòu)成?答案:Semanticmovtivation論述題:1.Whatarethetypesofmotivation?2.Whatarethetypesofmeaning?按大的分支來分分為:(1)grammaticalmeaning(2)Lexicalmeaning分析題:*’Thedogischasingacat’,analyzethesentencebasedongrammaticalmeaning.Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.(語法意義上分析沒考過,但從詞匯意義上分析考過)語法意義指一個(gè)詞的詞性,句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?句子的時(shí)態(tài),單復(fù)數(shù)形式等.1)’Dog,cat’arenouns,and’chase’istransitiveverb.2)Thesentenceisusedinpresentcontinuoustense.3)’Thedog,acat’aresingularform.問題:Thepenismightierthansword?請從語法意義的角度上分析這句話?Both’penandsword’arenouns.’mightier’isanadjective,and’than’ispreposition.Thesentenceisinsimplepresenttense.這是現(xiàn)在時(shí)中采用的哪一種語法結(jié)構(gòu)?’Mightierthan’iscomparativedegree.’penandsword’areinsingularform.’Thepen’issubject,and’sword’functionsasanobjecttopreposition’than’.’mightier’ispredictive.重點(diǎn)名詞解釋:Conceptualmeaning:1)Conceptualmeaning(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.2)Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommuniationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaingtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.*Associativemeaning:(一定要把它的四種分支答上)1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.問題:Connotativemeaningisnotthesametoeverybody,everysituationandeverytime,analyzethestatement?答案:e.g.Achildisprejudicedagainst,oftenjeeredat,beatenorscoldedathome,thenhometohisisnothingbut’ahell’,henceunfavourableconnotatitions,問題:某些貶義詞是不是任何時(shí)候都是貶義詞？答案：e.g.Aphraselike’sonofabitch’whichnormallyhasanassociativemeaningofcrudevulgaritymayconveytheconnotationof’friendliness’and’intimacy’usedbetweentwoclosefriendswhentheymeetaftersomeprolongedperiodoftime.問題:Stylisticmeaning根據(jù)字典上的劃分有幾種劃分?根據(jù)TheFiveClocks劃分,有幾種劃分?答案:Insomedictionaries,stylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas’formal’,’informal’,’literary’,’archaic’,slang’.MartinJoosinhisbookTheFiveClockssuggestsfivedegreesofformality:’frozen’,’formal’,’consultative’,’casual’and’intimate’.問題:在日常生活中,人們把文體只簡單地劃分為哪三類?答案:1)formal2)neutral3)informal注意:要把書中89頁中例子[22][23]分析要記好.在情感意義affectivemeaning,考試往往要落腳在affectivemeaning的兩個(gè)分類:(年年affectivemeaning例子都考)(1)appreciativemeaning(2)pejorativemeaningCollocativemeaning中的例子要記好:pretty,handsomeGreen搭配的例子記好:greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedmonster.復(fù)習(xí):問題:Blackmail從發(fā)音的角度被劃分成什么詞,從理據(jù)的角度被劃分成什么詞?答案:ComplexMorphologicalmotivation問題:有reference的詞必然具有senseandconcept(正確)有sense的詞一定具有reference.(錯(cuò)誤)Thewordwhichhavemeaningdoesnothavenecessarilyreference.問題:’Forget,forgot,forgetting,forgotten,forgets’這是從哪一個(gè)角度來界定這個(gè)詞的分支?答案:Grammaticalmeaning問題:‘frozen,‘formal’,‘consultative’,‘casual’and‘intimate’這五個(gè)詞是總結(jié)了什么的劃分，是根據(jù)什么的劃分?答案:stylisticmeaning,是根據(jù)TheFiveClockswrittenbyMartinJoos.問題:Butindailylife,wealwaysreferto(formal),(neutral),(informal).問題:’Prettyboy,prettywoman,prettygarden,prettygarden,prettycar’，請解釋這些詞的意義一樣不一樣？如果不一樣請加以理論分析？答案:Collocativemeaning,whenprettyisusedtomodifydifferentnounsbothanimateandinanimate,theircollocativemeaningaretotallydifferent.問題：Tabletenniscanbereplacedbypingpongballandthenameofthebirdisalsocalledcuckoo,whichcanalsobereusedtorefertothesoundofthebird,sotheirtwowordsare(onomatopoeically)motivated.問題：’Unexpected,expectation,expecting’,thesethreewordsare(morphologically)motivated.問題：’Hopeless,jobless,dislike’,這三個(gè)詞是靠什么motivated.(morphologicallymotivated)問題：’Eastorwest,homeisbest’and’thereisnoplacelikehome’.這兩話是使用了什么樣的意義構(gòu)成的？答案:Connotativemeaning第六章:SenseRelationsandSemanticFieldpolysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymyand