(11本)英譯漢Chapter-1-Introduction(2)解析

TheoryandTechniquesofTranslationLecture1CourseDescriptionThiscourseprovidesanintroductiontothetheoryandtechniquesofEnglish-Chinesetranslationwithspecialreferencetoandfocusonthecommontranslationstandardsandprinciples,commonly-usedtranslationtechniques,andhowtoapplythemtotranslationpracticesoastohelpthestudentsacquirethetranslationabilityaswellastranslationknowledge.2024/8/17Whatobjectivemustwesetandreach?高等學(xué)校英語專業(yè)高年級(jí)教學(xué)大綱（試行本）第9頁規(guī)定“通過各種問題的翻譯實(shí)踐、運(yùn)用翻譯基礎(chǔ)理論，訓(xùn)練學(xué)生在詞義、語序、語法形式、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、習(xí)慣表達(dá)法、修辭手段等方面對(duì)比漢、英兩種不同語言，掌握翻譯的基本技巧，從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生獨(dú)立從事英譯漢的……能力?！監(jiān)urfinalobjectiveshouldbe:Thestudentsmustacquirethetranslationabilitythatallowthemtotranslateapassageconsistingof300EnglishwordsintoacceptableChinesewithmistakesminimizedtolessthan10%.Whatobjectivemustwesetandreach?2024/8/17TimeAllotment:48periods(3periodsperweek,fallsemester)Textbook:《新編大學(xué)英譯漢教程》（華先發(fā)、邵毅編，上海外語教育出版社）Supplementaryreadings:

張培基等：《英漢翻譯教程》（上海外語教育出版社，1999）；陳廷佑：《英文漢譯技巧》（外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1982）；林相周：《英語理解與翻譯講話》（上海譯文出版社，1985）；錢歌川：《翻譯的基本知識(shí)》（中外出版社，1984）；喬海清：《翻譯新論》（北京語言學(xué)院出版社，1993）；喻云根：《英美名著翻譯比較》（湖北教育出版社，1996）Assessment:Studentswillbeassessedonclassparticipation,assignments,classattendance(30%)andfinalexam(70%).2024/8/17Howdowelearntranslation?ReadtheTextbookcarefullyfromthefirstpagetothelastpageandtrytogetyourselvesfamiliarwiththetheories,principlesandtechniquesdiscussedormentionedinit,andatthesametimedoasmanyaspossibleexercisesdesignedbothbytheteacherandyourselvesaftereachpartofanychapter.Trytodigestthetheories,principlesandtechniqueswhilereadingthebookbyintegratingthemwiththeexamplesdiscussedinthetextbook.Trytodoalltheexercisesofferedinthetextbookandcompareyourversionswiththosesuppliedforreferenceinthebackofthetextbook.Trytodoasmanytranslationexercises(passagesorwholetexts)outsidetheclassasyoucanandcompareyourversionswithourfamoustranslators’versionstoseewhatstrongpointsandwhatweakpointsandwhatproblemsyouhaveinyourversions.Chapter1Introduction2024/8/17Questions:Whatistranslation?Whatisthenatureoftranslation?Andwhatistheroleoftranslationinourlife?Howmanytypesoftranslationandhowtoclassifythem?Whataretheprerequisitesforqualifiedtranslators?Howmanytypesoftranslationstandardsorprinciples?Andwhatarethey?Whatarethetranslationprocedures?2024/8/17Whatistranslation?Translationmeans“representingaccuratelyandcompletelyinthetargetlanguagewhatisexpressedinthesourcelanguage.”Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle(Nida,1969:12).2024/8/17Whatisthenatureoftranslation?Translationcanbeviewedfromdifferentstandpointswhichresultindifferentanswerstothisquestion:ScienceArtCraft/skillAmatteroftasteAcomprehensivecoursesubjectwhichiscloselyrelatedtosuchdisciplinesaslinguistics,literature,informationtheory,psychology,sociology,philosophyandeducation.2024/8/17Whatistheroleoftranslationinourlife?Translationplaysaveryimportantroleintheinternationalpolitical,economic,culturalandscienceandtechnologyexchange;Translationisaveryimportantmethodoftenusedinforeignlanguageteaching;Translationplaysaveryimportantroleincomparativeliteratureandcomparativelinguistics;Translationcanhelpenrichourcultureandlanguageandlearnforeignnewthingssuchasadvancedscienceandtechnology.(cf.pp.1-2)2024/8/17Howmanytypesoftranslationandhowtoclassifythem?Bylanguagesinvolvedintranslation,translationcanbeclassifiedintotranslationfromthenativelanguageintotheforeignlanguageorviceversa(cf.p.1)Bysignsinvolvedintranslation,translationcanbeclassifiedintointralingualtranslation,interlingualtranslationandintersemiotictranslation.Bymediumusedintranslation,translationcanbeclassifiedintowrittentranslation(translation),oraltranslation(interpretation),andmachinetranslation(computer-aidedtranslation,CAT).Bygenres,translationcanbeclassifiedintospecialized-subjecttranslation,literarytranslationandgeneraltranslation.Bymodes,translationcanbeclassifiedintoabsolutetranslation,selectivetranslationandtranslationwithreconstruction(edition-translation).Whataretheprerequisitesforqualifiedtranslators?

Languagecompetence:Atranslatormusthaveanexcellentcommandofbothsourceandtargetlanguagestoensurethathis/hercomprehensionisaccurateandhis/herrenderingsaresmoothandfaithfultotheoriginaltext.Goodexpressionsshouldbegrammaticallycorrect,rhetoricallysound,logicallyacceptable,andculturallyappropriate.Multi-dimensionalcontrastivestudiesofEnglishandChineseareveryimportantforatranslatortodevelophis/herinterlingualawarenessofthedifferentfeaturesbetweenthetwolanguages.2024/8/17

Examples:Improveorcorrectthefollowingtranslations:

(1)Poortranslationsduetoinaccuratecomprehension:1.Thiswillgoalongwaytowardsovercomingthedifficulty.在克服困難上要走很遠(yuǎn)的路。改：這對(duì)克服困難很有幫助。（goalongwaytowardssomething/doingsomething=helpgreatlyin[achieving]something）

2.Goitwhileyouareyoung.去吧，當(dāng)你年輕的時(shí)候。改：趁你還年輕的時(shí)候，加油吧！/青春不再，趁早努力。（goit=actinamannerthatisquicker,morelively,impatient,etc.,thanisusual）2024/8/173.Icoulddowithmoreleisuretime.

有更多的空閑時(shí)間我就能做了。

改：我需要更多空閑的時(shí)間。（coulddowithsomething=needorwantsomething）4.Thisfailurewasthemakingofhim.這次失敗是他造成的。改：這次失敗促使他成功。（[themakingof]=ameansofgaininggreatimprovementorsuccess）5.Iwishpeacecouldbesavedattheeleventhhour.

我希望在第十一點(diǎn)鐘和平可以得救。

改：我盼望在最后一刻可以挽救和平。（theeleventhhour=theverylastmoment）2024/8/17（2）Poortranslationsduetoinappropriaterepresentation:1.Thisisa100-hourreliableengine.

這是一臺(tái)100小時(shí)可靠的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。

改：這是一臺(tái)可以連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)100小時(shí)而不出毛病的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。（原譯只注意字面對(duì)應(yīng)，沒有根據(jù)意思增補(bǔ)）2.TheOEDisthefinalcourtofappealinallmattersconcerningEnglishwords.

牛津英語詞典是有關(guān)英語單詞一切問題的最后申訴法院。

改：《牛津英語詞典》是有關(guān)英語單詞的一切問題的最高權(quán)威。/有關(guān)英語單詞的一切問題，只有《牛津英語詞典》才能解決。（原譯注意字面對(duì)應(yīng)，沒有適當(dāng)引申）2024/8/173.Hewantedtolearn,toknow,toteach.(BrianCrozier:DeGaule)a)他要學(xué)習(xí)，知道和教。b)他渴望博學(xué)廣聞，喜歡追根窮源，并且好為人師。

改：他想學(xué)習(xí)，增長知識(shí)，也愿意教人。

/他想學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)，增長知識(shí)，也想傳授知識(shí)。（原譯a）只注意字面機(jī)械對(duì)應(yīng)；b)發(fā)揮過頭）4.Lindaisagoodsingerandagooddancer,agreatactressandagreatjoker.

琳達(dá)是一位好歌手、好舞蹈家、一位偉大的演員和偉大的開玩笑家。

改：琳達(dá)能歌善舞，很會(huì)演戲，又很會(huì)開玩笑。（原句的名詞應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞）5.Somehowourpathtookustowardsthepark.

不知怎么搞的，我們的路把我們帶到公園了。

改：我們不知不覺地朝公園走去。（非人稱主語宜轉(zhuǎn)換為人稱主語）2024/8/17

Assignment:Improveorcorrectthefollowingtranslations:

(1)Poortranslationsduetoinaccuratecomprehension:1.Sheknewathingortwoaboutit.

她對(duì)此事略知一二。

改：她對(duì)此事很了解。（knowathingortwo[aboutsomebody/something]=knowalot[aboutsomebody/something]）2.Sheistooreadytospeak.

她準(zhǔn)備得太充分以至于講不出來。

改：她真是愛說話。/她太喜歡說話了。（ready=willingtodo）3.Newscamethroughonthewirelessofarichoilfielddistrict.

從該地區(qū)某一豐富油田的無線電中傳來了消息。

改：無線電傳來了該地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)大油田的消息。（of-短語修飾news,也可修飾wireless）2024/8/174.Hewasconvincedonthebasisofwhathadbythenappearedthattherewouldbealongandadifficultstruggle.

他深信當(dāng)時(shí)已出現(xiàn)以后會(huì)有場漫長而艱苦的斗爭的基礎(chǔ)。

改：他根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)已出現(xiàn)的情況，深信以后會(huì)有一場漫長而艱難的斗爭。（wasconvinced+that-從句，onthebasisof…短語修飾convinced）5.WhataretheperspectivesofthenationalliberationmovementandtherelationsbetweenChinaandtheThirdWorldcountries?

民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)的前途以及中國同第三世界國家之間的關(guān)系是怎樣的呢？

改：民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)的前景以及中國同第三世界國家之間的關(guān)系的前景是怎樣的呢？/民族解放運(yùn)動(dòng)以及中國同第三世界國家之間的關(guān)系，其前景是怎樣的呢？（perspectives是復(fù)數(shù)形式，被2個(gè)修飾語修飾）2024/8/17（2）Poortranslationsduetoinappropriaterepresentation:1.How’stheworldtreatingyou?

世界如何對(duì)待你？

改：你最近過得如何？/近來還可以吧？/近況如何？（宜改變說法）2.TheMayFourthMovementof1919sawthebeginningsofthe“NewRedology”representedbyscholarssuchasHuShiandYuPing-bai.1919年的“五四”運(yùn)動(dòng)看到了由像胡適、俞平伯這樣的學(xué)者所代表的“新紅學(xué)”（研究《紅樓夢(mèng)》）的開始。

改：1919年“五四”運(yùn)動(dòng)以后，開始了“新紅學(xué)”時(shí)代，代表人物有胡適、俞平伯等這樣一些學(xué)者。（應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，拆譯）2024/8/173.Thelittlechap’sgood-naturedhonestfacewonhiswayforhim.(VanityFair)

這小伙子的老實(shí)、脾氣又好的臉蛋為他開辟了一條路。

改：這小伙子面相老實(shí)，性情隨和，（因此）到處吃得開（有人緣）。（應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，引申詞義）4.Greatwastheexcitementasprocessionafterprocessionpoureditseagermassesintothetown.

當(dāng)一隊(duì)又一隊(duì)把熱心的群眾傾倒到鎮(zhèn)上時(shí)，激動(dòng)是很劇烈的。

改：一批又一批的熱切群眾涌入鎮(zhèn)里，情緒非常激動(dòng)。（應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，引申詞義）5.Thecolorfulsurroundingsoftherestoredtowninspiredthephotographersintheteamastheylineduptheping-pongplayersinfrontofthecamerastoshoutencouragementsof“Xiao!Xiao!”(“Smile!Smile!”)

這座復(fù)興城鎮(zhèn)的五彩繽紛的環(huán)境激勵(lì)隨隊(duì)的攝影記者在他們把乒乓球選手們列隊(duì)在照相機(jī)前的時(shí)候高聲鼓勵(lì)他們要“笑！笑！”。

改：這座色彩繽紛、古意盎然的城鎮(zhèn)，觸發(fā)了隨隊(duì)攝影記者的靈感。他們要乒乓球選手列隊(duì)拍照，不時(shí)高聲要他們“笑！笑！”（應(yīng)拆譯）2024/8/17CulturalCompetenceAqualifiedtranslatorshouldbenotonlybilingual,butalsobicultural.Itisalwaysassumedthattranslatorsareatleastbilingual,butthisisreallynotenough.Tobeafullycompetenttranslator,onealsoneedstobebiculturalinorderto“readbetweenthelines”.Atranslatormustbeabletosensewhatispurposelyleftimplicitinthesourcetextandwhatcanandshouldbemadeexplicitinthetranslatedtext.Biculturalismissomethingthatmustbeabsorbedandexperiencedinalivingsituation.Thereare,however,somecompetenttranslatorswhohaveneverhadtheprivilegeoflivinginthecountryinwhichthesourceortargetlanguageisspoken,andaccordingly,theyhavehadtodependuponvoluminousreading(Nida2001:99)

Multi-dimensionalcomparativestudiesofWesternandChineseculturesareveryimportantforatranslatortodevelophis/herinterculturalawarenessofthedifferentfeaturesbetweenthetwocultures.2024/8/17Examples:1.Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.他忠實(shí)得齋日不吃葷，凡事都循規(guī)蹈矩。2.Didn’tsheswearshe’dneveragainbelieveanythingintrousers?(BetrayedSpring)她不是發(fā)誓從此以后再也不相信男子了嗎？3.AsthewisestoftheCommissionershimselfremarked,somepartofwhattheywereshowninCeylonsmackedalittlebitofPotemkin.正如調(diào)查團(tuán)中最精明的一位團(tuán)員所說的那樣，他們?cè)阱a蘭被邀請(qǐng)參觀的地方，其中一部分不免多少使人聯(lián)想到波將金的虛假浮夸作風(fēng)。2024/8/17Drills:Translatethefollowing,payingattentiontotheknowledgeinvolved:1.TheJapaneseimperialiststriedtomakehellwhilethesunshines.日本帝國主義者想趁著末日來到之前抓緊時(shí)機(jī)，垂死掙扎。（makehellwhilethesunshines從諺語makehaywhilethesunshines[=makegooduseofopportunitieswhiletheylast]變來，含雙關(guān)意義）2.NotwithoutreasonMr.DulleswascalledabullintheIndo-Chinashop.難怪人們說杜勒斯先生在印度支那問題上像一頭闖進(jìn)瓷器店里的公牛，一動(dòng)就闖禍。（abullintheIndo-Chinashop從習(xí)語abullinachinashop[=apersonwhoisroughandclumsywhenskillandcareareneeded]變來）3.ThegovernmentofGabonconsidersthisquestionofadmissionofthePeople’sRepublicofChinatotheUnitedNationsasoftheutmostimportance,callingforspecificactionunderArticle18oftheU.N.Charter.(FromtheUnitedNationsdocuments,1970)加蓬政府認(rèn)為，聯(lián)合國接納中華人民共和國是一個(gè)極其重要的問題，這必須按照聯(lián)合國憲章第18條的規(guī)定，采取特定的行動(dòng)。（句中的措辭“admission”而不是“restorationofthelawfulright”，以及聯(lián)合國憲章第18條關(guān)于接納新成員國的規(guī)定，可以看出加蓬政府當(dāng)時(shí)的政治立場：把恢復(fù)中華人民共和國在聯(lián)合國的合法席位看作是聯(lián)合國接納新成員國的問題。譯時(shí)要注意發(fā)言人的立場，不能犯政治性的錯(cuò)誤。）2024/8/174.HiswritingsaredevouredbyArabsfromthecastlesofMoroccototheoilderricksofthePersianGulf,bydiplomatsfromFoggyBottomtoPeking.從摩洛哥城堡到波斯灣油井架旁的阿拉伯人，從華盛頓到北京的外交人士，都如饑似渴地閱讀他的作品。（FoggyBottom≠霧都≠倫敦＝霧谷，美國國務(wù)院。FoggyBottom是美國華盛頓特區(qū)一沼澤地名，國務(wù)院等政府機(jī)構(gòu)所在地，用以稱國務(wù)院，也有影射其某些政策的朦朧隱晦之意，此處譯為華盛頓，與北京相稱。）5.HewastheactingpresidentoftheOrganizationofAfricanUnity.他當(dāng)時(shí)是非洲統(tǒng)一組織的執(zhí)行主席。（這里不是“代理主席”，因該組織無固定主席，主席輪流擔(dān)任。Acting在兩本詞典里有兩種解釋：1）appointedtocarryoutthedutiesofanofficeorpositionforashorttime被委派短期執(zhí)行官方或某項(xiàng)職務(wù)；2）doingthedutiesofanotherpersonforatime暫時(shí)代理別人職務(wù)。）2024/8/17KnowledgeofTranslationTheoryandTechniques&KnowledgeofReferenceBooksPracticemakesperfect.Onlyintranslationpracticecanatranslatorexperiencethejoyandfrustrationofhisprofession,summarizethesuccessesandfailuresofhisexperienceandbecomemoreandmoreskilledinthisactivity.Translationpracticeincludes:basictraininginsentencetranslationandcomprehensivepracticeinpassagetranslation;frequentdrillsTranslatorswithagoodskillininformationtechnologycanproducemoretranslationsinashortertime:theproficiencyisthusimproved,andthetime,effort,andcostareless.Maximumresultsmaybeachievedwithminimumwork.2024/8/172024/8/17TranslationCriteriaandPrinciplesFivetranslationprinciplesorstandards:Thesource-language-orientedtranslationprinciple;Thetarget-language-orientedtranslationprinciple;Theauthor-and-reader-orientedtranslationprinciple;Theaesthetic-orientedtranslationprinciple;Thesociosemiotic-orientedtranslationprinciple.2024/8/171.Thesource-language-orientedtranslationprincipleTranslatingbysacrificingtheformalelementsoftheTLandeventheintelligibilityoftheTLforthesakeofpreservingwhatthetranslatorregardsastheintegrityoftheST.ItiskeenlyorientedtowardstheSTstructureoftenwithscholarlyfootnotes,allowingthereceptortogaincloseaccesstotheSLandcultureasithasgreaterfocusuponthesourcetextthanthereadersoftheTT.Thisorientationisoftenconnectedwith“l(fā)iteraltranslation”(word-for-word,line-for-line)andtransliterationanditsstrategyisforeignization.2024/8/17TranslationCriteriaandPrinciplesRepresentativesofthisorientation中國西晉時(shí)期的佛經(jīng)翻譯家竺法護(hù)（約230-309）、15世紀(jì)德國翻譯家尼古拉斯﹒封﹒維爾（NicolasvonWyle,生卒年不詳）、近代的美國作家賽珍珠（PearlBuck,1892-1973）。Thisorientationhasbeenparticularlypopularamongthetranslatorsofclassicliterature,fortheyhavevaluedgreatlytheformofsuchtexts.Peopleengagedintranslatingreligiousdocumentshavealsotendedtosacrificethetargetlanguageforthesakeofreflectingtheformofthesourcetextsincereligionoftentendstopromotewordworship.Thesamethingisalsotrueoftranslatingpoliticalorlegaldocuments.2024/8/17CommentsonthisorientationStrengths:IthelpsborrownewthingsfromSLintoTLifappropriatelyused.Eg.poker(撲克),tank(坦克)，humor(幽默).Weaknesses:Itisrelatedtotheoveruseofforeignizationandnegligenceofthereceptorsofthetargetlanguageandculture.2024/8/17Healwayslivesaheadofhissalary.他總是生活在他的工資之前。改譯：他的生活開銷總是超過他的工資收入。Hevisitedmanyplaces,inallofwhichhewasreceivedwithunusualenthusiasmwhichattendedhisarduouslabor.他訪問了許多地方，他在所有這些地方都受到了對(duì)他的艱苦努力所一貫表示的熱情歡迎。改譯：他訪問了許多地方，到處受到熱情的歡迎。他的艱苦努力是經(jīng)常受到歡迎的。2024/8/172）Thetarget-language-orientedtranslationprincipleTranslatingbysacrificingtheformofthesourcelanguageforthesakeofeleganceandintelligibilityinthetargetlanguage.Thisorientationhasgreaterfocusuponthereceptorsofthetargetlanguagethanthesourcelanguageandisoftenconnectedwith“free/liberaltranslation”.Andthestrategyforitisdomestication.2024/8/17Representativesofthisorientation我國古代三國時(shí)期的支謙和康曾會(huì)、東晉時(shí)期的鳩摩羅什、古羅馬的西塞羅（MarcusTulliusCicero,公元前106-43）、賀拉斯（QuintusHoratius

Flaccus,公元前65-8）以及歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的文學(xué)翻譯家。美國當(dāng)代翻譯理論家尤金．奈達(dá)（EugeneNida）早年提出的以讀者反應(yīng)對(duì)等（equivalentresponsefromthereceptors）的原則基本上也是以讀者為取向的。2024/8/17CommentsonthisorientationStrengths:Thisprincipleissuitabletothetranslationofpopularnews,advertisinglanguage,TVprogramsorseriesandmovies,etc.Weaknesses:Thisprincipleiscloselyconnectedwiththeoveruseofdomestication,thussacrificingalltheforeignflavoroforaddingsomethingofthetranslatorhimselfordeletingsomethingordistortingthemessageofthesourcetextsoastomaketheversionsuitthetasteofthetargetlanguagereadersandculture.2024/8/17Examples:Spring,thesweetspring,istheyear’spleasantking.

春，甘美之春，一年之中的堯舜。（郭沫若譯）WhenGreekmeetsGreek,thencomesthetugofwar.Version1.張飛殺岳飛，殺得滿天飛。Version2.兩雄相遇，其斗必烈。2024/8/173）Theauthor-and-reader-orientedtranslationprincipleTranslatingbypreservingthemessageoftheSLforthesakeofbothfaithfulnesstotheSLandintelligibilitytotheTLreaders.Thisorientationisfocusednotonlyont