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考點(diǎn)04指對冪函數(shù)(核心考點(diǎn)講與練)1.冪函數(shù)(1)冪函數(shù)的定義一般地,形如y=xα的函數(shù)稱為冪函數(shù),其中x是自變量,α為常數(shù).(2)常見的5種冪函數(shù)的圖象(3)冪函數(shù)的性質(zhì)①冪函數(shù)在(0,+∞)上都有定義;②當(dāng)α>0時,冪函數(shù)的圖象都過點(diǎn)(1,1)和(0,0),且在(0,+∞)上單調(diào)遞增;③當(dāng)α<0時,冪函數(shù)的圖象都過點(diǎn)(1,1),且在(0,+∞)上單調(diào)遞減.2.分?jǐn)?shù)指數(shù)冪(1)規(guī)定:正數(shù)的正分?jǐn)?shù)指數(shù)冪的意義是aeq\f(m,n)=eq\r(n,am)(a>0,m,n∈N+,且n>1);正數(shù)的負(fù)分?jǐn)?shù)指數(shù)冪的意義是a-eq\f(m,n)=eq\f(1,\r(n,am))(a>0,m,n∈N+,且n>1);0的正分?jǐn)?shù)指數(shù)冪等于0;0的負(fù)分?jǐn)?shù)指數(shù)冪沒有意義.(2)有理指數(shù)冪的運(yùn)算性質(zhì):aras=ar+s;(ar)s=ars;(ab)r=arbr,其中a>0,b>0,r,s∈Q.3.指數(shù)函數(shù)及其性質(zhì)(1)概念:函數(shù)y=ax(a>0且a≠1)叫做指數(shù)函數(shù),其中指數(shù)x是自變量,函數(shù)的定義域是R,a是底數(shù).(2)指數(shù)函數(shù)的圖象與性質(zhì)a>10<a<1圖象定義域R值域(0,+∞)性質(zhì)過定點(diǎn)(0,1),即x=0時,y=1當(dāng)x>0時,y>1;當(dāng)x<0時,0<y<1當(dāng)x<0時,y>1;當(dāng)x>0時,0<y<1在(-∞,+∞)上是增函數(shù)在(-∞,+∞)上是減函數(shù)4.對數(shù)的概念一般地,對于指數(shù)式ab=N,我們把“以a為底N的對數(shù)b”記作logaN,即b=logaN(a>0,且a≠1).其中,數(shù)a叫做對數(shù)的底數(shù),N叫做真數(shù),讀作“b等于以a為底N的對數(shù)”.5.對數(shù)的性質(zhì)、換底公式與運(yùn)算性質(zhì)(1)對數(shù)的性質(zhì):①alogaN=N;②logaab=b(a>0,且a≠1).(2)對數(shù)的運(yùn)算法則如果a>0且a≠1,M>0,N>0,那么①loga(MN)=logaM+logaN;②logaeq\f(M,N)=logaM-logaN;③logaMn=nlogaM(n∈R);④logamMn=eq\f(n,m)logaM(m,n∈R,且m≠0).(3)換底公式:logbN=eq\f(logaN,logab)(a,b均大于零且不等于1).6.對數(shù)函數(shù)及其性質(zhì)(1)概念:函數(shù)y=logax(a>0,且a≠1)叫做對數(shù)函數(shù),其中x是自變量,函數(shù)的定義域是(0,+∞).(2)對數(shù)函數(shù)的圖象與性質(zhì)a>10<a<1圖象性質(zhì)定義域:(0,+∞)值域:R當(dāng)x=1時,y=0,即過定點(diǎn)(1,0)當(dāng)x>1時,y>0;當(dāng)0<x<1時,y<0當(dāng)x>1時,y<0;當(dāng)0<x<1時,y>0在(0,+∞)上是增函數(shù)在(0,+∞)上是減函數(shù)7.指數(shù)、對數(shù)、冪函數(shù)模型性質(zhì)比較函數(shù)性質(zhì)y=ax(a>1)y=logax(a>1)y=xn(n>0)在(0,+∞)上的增減性單調(diào)遞增單調(diào)遞增單調(diào)遞增增長速度越來越快越來越慢相對平穩(wěn)1.冪函數(shù)y=xα(α∈R)圖象的特征α>0時,圖象過原點(diǎn)和(1,1)點(diǎn),在第一象限的部分“上升”;α<0時,圖象不過原點(diǎn),經(jīng)過(1,1)點(diǎn)在第一象限的部分“下降”,反之也成立.2.判斷指數(shù)函數(shù)圖象上底數(shù)大小的問題,可以先通過令x=1得到底數(shù)的值再進(jìn)行比較.3.指數(shù)函數(shù)的單調(diào)性取決于底數(shù)a的大小,當(dāng)?shù)讛?shù)a與1的大小關(guān)系不確定時應(yīng)分0<a<1和a>1兩種情況分類討論.4.對數(shù)值取正、負(fù)值的規(guī)律當(dāng)a>1且b>1或0<a<1且0<b<1時,logab>0;當(dāng)a>1且0<b<1或0<a<1且b>1時,logab<0.5.利用單調(diào)性可解決比較大小、解不等式、求最值等問題,其基本方法是“同底法”,即把不同底的對數(shù)式化為同底的對數(shù)式,然后根據(jù)單調(diào)性來解決.6.比較冪、對數(shù)大小有兩種常用方法:(1)數(shù)形結(jié)合;(2)找中間量結(jié)合函數(shù)單調(diào)性.7.多個對數(shù)函數(shù)圖象比較底數(shù)大小的問題,可通過比較圖象與直線y=1交點(diǎn)的橫坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行判定.指數(shù)函數(shù)一、單選題1.(2022·江蘇·金陵中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測)已知SKIPIF1<0是正實(shí)數(shù),函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象經(jīng)過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.9 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.22.(2022·江西上饒·二模(理))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的大致圖像為(

)A. B.C. D.3.(2022·河北秦皇島·二模)設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.(2022·浙江嘉興·二模)已知集合SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0二、多選題5.(2022·廣東汕頭·二模)設(shè)a,b,c都是正數(shù),且SKIPIF1<0,則下列結(jié)論正確的是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0三、填空題6.(2022·江蘇南通·模擬預(yù)測)若SKIPIF1<0SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的最小值為_________.7.(2022·遼寧錦州·一模)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值域?yàn)镽,則實(shí)數(shù)a的取值范圍是___________.8.(2022·山西·二模(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0給出下列結(jié)論:①SKIPIF1<0是偶函數(shù);②SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上是增函數(shù);③若SKIPIF1<0,則點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0與原點(diǎn)連線的斜率恒為正.其中正確結(jié)論的序號為______.9.(2022·福建龍巖·一模)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,若方程SKIPIF1<0有解,則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是_________.10.(2022·海南·模擬預(yù)測)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)镾KIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0_________.對數(shù)函數(shù)一、單選題1.(2022·遼寧錦州·一模)若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則x,y,z的大小關(guān)系為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.(2022·廣東惠州·一模)中國的5G技術(shù)領(lǐng)先世界,5G技術(shù)的數(shù)學(xué)原理之一便是著名的香農(nóng)公式:SKIPIF1<0,它表示:在受噪聲干擾的信道中,最大信息傳遞速率C取決于信道帶寬W?信道內(nèi)信號的平均功率S?信道內(nèi)部的高斯噪聲功率N的大小,其中SKIPIF1<0叫做信噪比.當(dāng)信噪比比較大時,公式中真數(shù)中的1可以忽略不計,按照香農(nóng)公式,若不改變帶寬W,而將信噪比SKIPIF1<0從1000提升至5000,則C大約增加了(

)(附:SKIPIF1<0)A.20% B.23% C.28% D.50%3.(2022·北京順義·二模)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域?yàn)椋?/p>

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.(2022·河南新鄉(xiāng)·二模(文))函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的部分圖象大致為(

)A. B.C. D.5.(2021·吉林·東北師大附中模擬預(yù)測(理))已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上為減函數(shù),則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<06.(2022·山西·二模(理))已知SKIPIF1<0是SKIPIF1<0的一個零點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0是SKIPIF1<0的一個零點(diǎn),SKIPIF1<0,則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0或SKIPIF1<0二、多選題7.(2021·河北石家莊·模擬預(yù)測)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0是偶函數(shù),則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上是單調(diào)函數(shù)C.SKIPIF1<0的最小值為1 D.方程SKIPIF1<0有兩個不相等的實(shí)數(shù)根8.(2020·全國·模擬預(yù)測)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0三、雙空題9.(2022·河北石家莊·二模)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,若存在實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0.滿足SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0___________,SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是___________.四、填空題10.(2022·海南·模擬預(yù)測)若對任意的SKIPIF1<0且SKIPIF1<0,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象恒過定點(diǎn)P,則點(diǎn)P的坐標(biāo)為___________.11.(2022·江西贛州·二模(理))若函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上是減函數(shù),則SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是___________.五、解答題12.(2020·全國·一模(文))(1)已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,證明:SKIPIF1<0;(2)已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,若SKIPIF1<0恒成立,求實(shí)數(shù)k的最大值.冪函數(shù)一、單選題1.(2022·北京·一模)下列函數(shù)中,定義域與值域均為R的是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.(2021·河北衡水中學(xué)模擬預(yù)測)已知冪函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0是定義在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0上的奇函數(shù),則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.8 B.4 C.2 D.13.(2021·江西·模擬預(yù)測)已知冪函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.0 B.2 C.4 D.54.(2021·四川·樂山市教育科學(xué)研究所一模(理))已知冪函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0,其中SKIPIF1<0,則有下列說法:①SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0圖象都過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0;②SKIPIF1<0和SKIPIF1<0圖象都過點(diǎn)SKIPIF1<0;③在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0上,增長速度更快的是SKIPIF1<0;④在區(qū)間SKIPIF1<0上,增長速度更快的是SKIPIF1<0.則其中正確命題的序號是(

)A.①③ B.②③ C.①④ D.②④5.(2022·全國·貴陽一中二模(文))下列函數(shù)中是減函數(shù)的為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<06.(2022·陜西寶雞·三模(理))若SKIPIF1<0,則下列結(jié)論正確的是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<0二、多選題7.(2022·全國·模擬預(yù)測)已知實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則下列判斷正確的是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<08.(2021·山東·模擬預(yù)測)已知實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0滿足SKIPIF1<0,則下列不等式恒成立的是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0B.若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0D.若SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<09.(2021·全國·模擬預(yù)測)已知e為自然對數(shù)的底數(shù),則下列判斷正確的是(

)A.3e﹣2π<3πe﹣2 B.πl(wèi)og3e>3logπeC.logπeSKIPIF1<0 D.πe<eπ10.(2021·山東濰坊·三模)已知函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0(SKIPIF1<0且SKIPIF1<0)的圖象如下圖所示,則下列四個函數(shù)圖象與函數(shù)解析式對應(yīng)正確的是(

)A. B.C. D.三、填空題11.(2022·內(nèi)蒙古赤峰·模擬預(yù)測(文))寫出一個同時具有下列性質(zhì)①②③的函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0______.①SKIPIF1<0;②當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時,SKIPIF1<0;③SKIPIF1<0;12.(2022·四川瀘州·模擬預(yù)測(文))已知當(dāng)SKIPIF1<0時,函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的圖象與SKIPIF1<0的圖象有且只有一個公共點(diǎn),則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的取值范圍是________.13.(2022·北京通州·一模)冪函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞增,SKIPIF1<0在SKIPIF1<0上單調(diào)遞減,能夠使SKIPIF1<0是奇函數(shù)的一組整數(shù)m,n的值依次是__________.一、單選題1.(2021·全國·高考真題)已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則下列判斷正確的是(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<02.(2021·全國·高考真題(文))青少年視力是社會普遍關(guān)注的問題,視力情況可借助視力表測量.通常用五分記錄法和小數(shù)記錄法記錄視力數(shù)據(jù),五分記錄法的數(shù)據(jù)L和小數(shù)記錄表的數(shù)據(jù)V的滿足SKIPIF1<0.已知某同學(xué)視力的五分記錄法的數(shù)據(jù)為4.9,則其視力的小數(shù)記錄法的數(shù)據(jù)為(

)(SKIPIF1<0)A.1.5 B.1.2 C.0.8 D.0.63.(2020·天津·高考真題)設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0的大小關(guān)系為(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.(2020·全國·高考真題(理))若SKIPIF1<0,則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.(2020·全國·高考真題(理))已知55<84,134<85.設(shè)a=log53,b=log85,c=log138,則(

)A.a(chǎn)<b<c B.b<a<c C.b<c<a D.c<a<b6.(2020·全國·高考真題(文))Logistic模型是常用數(shù)學(xué)模型之一,可應(yīng)用于流行病學(xué)領(lǐng)域.有學(xué)者根據(jù)公布數(shù)據(jù)建立了某地區(qū)新冠肺炎累計確診病例數(shù)I(t)(t的單位:天)的Logistic模型:SKIPIF1<0,其中K為最大確診病例數(shù).當(dāng)I(SKIPIF1<0)=0.95K時,標(biāo)志著已初步遏制疫情,則SKIPIF1<0約為(

)(ln19≈3)A.60 B.63 C.66 D.697.(2020·全國·高考真題(文))設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<08.(2020·全國·高考真題(文))設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,則SKIPIF1<0(

)A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<09.(2020·全國·高考真題(理))設(shè)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0,則f(x)(

)A.是偶函數(shù),且在SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增 B.是奇函數(shù),且在SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減C.是偶函數(shù),且在SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞增 D.是奇函數(shù),且在SKIPIF1<0單調(diào)遞減二、多選題10.(2020·海南·高考真題)信息熵是信息論中的一個重要概念.設(shè)隨機(jī)變量X所有可能的取值為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,定義X的信息熵SKIPIF1<0.(

)A.若n=1,則H(X)=0B.若n=2,則H(X)隨著SKIPIF1<0的增大而增大C.若SKIPIF1<0,則H(X)隨著n的增大而增大D.若n=2m,隨機(jī)變量Y所有可能的取值為SKIPIF1<0,且SKIPIF1<0,則H(X)≤H(Y)三、填空題11.(2020·山東·高考真題)若SKIPIF1<0,則實(shí)數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的值是______.12.(2020·北京·高考真題)函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的定義域是____________.13.(2020·江蘇·高考真題)已知y=f(x)是奇函數(shù),當(dāng)x≥0時,SKIPIF1<0,則f(-8)的值是____.一、單選題1.(2022·全國·模擬預(yù)測)開普勒(JohannesKepler,1571~1630),德國數(shù)學(xué)家、天文學(xué)家,他發(fā)現(xiàn)所有行星運(yùn)行的軌道與公轉(zhuǎn)周期的規(guī)律:所有行星繞太陽運(yùn)動的軌道都是橢圓,且所有行星軌道的半長軸的三次方跟它的公轉(zhuǎn)周期的二次方的比都相等.已知金星與地球的公轉(zhuǎn)周期之比約為2:3,地球運(yùn)行軌道的半長軸為a,則金星運(yùn)行軌道的半長軸約為()A.0.66a B.0.70a C.0.76a D.0.96a2.(2022·全國·模擬預(yù)測)已知SKIPIF1<0是函數(shù)SKIPIF1<0的零點(diǎn),則SKIPIF1<0的值()A.為正數(shù) B.為負(fù)數(shù) C.等于0 D.無法確定正負(fù)3.(2022·全國·模擬預(yù)測)已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<04.(2022·廣東汕頭·一模)已知SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則以下不等式正確的是()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<05.(2022·河北·模擬預(yù)測)設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0則SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0的大小關(guān)系為()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0 C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<06.(2022·山東·模擬預(yù)測)已知非零實(shí)數(shù)m,n滿足SKIPIF1<0,則下列關(guān)系式一定成立的是()A.SKIPIF1<0 B.SKIPIF1<0C.SKIPIF1<0 D.SKIPIF1<07.(2022·全國·模擬預(yù)測)分形幾何學(xué)的創(chuàng)立為解決傳統(tǒng)科學(xué)眾多領(lǐng)域的難題提供了全新的思路.圖1是長度為1的線段,將圖1中的線段三等分,以中間部分的線段為邊,向外作等邊三角形,再將中間部分的線段去掉得到圖2,稱為“一次分形”;用同樣的方法把圖2中的每條線段重復(fù)上述操作,得到圖3,稱為“二次分形”……,依次進(jìn)行“n次分形”(SKIPIF1<0).規(guī)定:一個分形圖中所有線段的長度之和為該分形圖的長度,要得到一個長度不小于20的分形圖,則n的最小值是()(取SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0)A.9 B.10 C.11 D.128.(2022·全國·模擬預(yù)測)設(shè)SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,SKIPIF1<0,則a,b,c的大小關(guān)系為()A.SKIPI

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