《計算機專業(yè)英語》課件第27章

What’sanIntranet?

AnIntranetissimplytheapplicationofInternettechnologywithinaninternalorclosedusergroup.IntranetsarecompanyspecificanddonothavetohaveaphysicalconnectiontotheInternet.However,theunderlyingprinciplebehindIntranettheoryisinformationdemocracy.Usedproperly,anIntranetisahighlyeffectivecorporatetool,capableofregularlyupdatinginformationtoempowertheworkforcewiththeinformationneededtoperformtheirroles.1Usedinthisway,Intranetsrepresentasteptowardsthepaperlessoffice,replacingprinteddocumentationwithelectronicdata.

Untiltheearly’90s,Intranettechnologywasmainlyusedbygovernments,academicsandtechnologists.2ThencametheWorldWideWebandthedramaticexpansionoftheInternetuserbase.TheWWWenablestransferanddisplayofmultimediadocumentsbetweenserverswhichholdtheinformation,andclientsorusers.TheWWWwasquicklyfollowedbythedevelopmentofWebserverswhichintegratewithdatabasesandlegacysystemstoprovidedistributedplatformindependentapplications.

ThebeautyofanIntranetliesinplatformindependence.3BasedonInternettechnology,IntranetsofferaUtopianapproachtoapplicationsandoperatingsystems,enablingaccess

toandfromvirtuallyanycomputer.4Whenapplyingplatformindependencetoaclosedcorporateenvironment,theheadacheofcomplexnetworkoutingandbridgingmultipleproprietaryproductsiseliminated.

ThetypicalcorporateinfrastructureisaLAN.AnIntranetdeliversthesamelevelofpowertousersasaLAN,butoffersgreatlysimplifiednetworkmanagement.5IntranetsworkwithinanorganizationovertheexistingLANinfrastructure,makingcostofownershipveryattractive.

CorporateIntranetholdinformationcentrallyinaWebserver.6AllIntranetrelateddocumentsarewritteninhypertextmark-uplanguage(HTML),theindustrystandardmethodofencodingadocumentwhichcontainstextandgraphicstomakeittotallyplatformindependent.InformationcanbesentandreceivedtoandfromtheWebserverusingTCP/IPwithaWebbrowser.Thebrowserissoftwarewhichsourcesdocumentsimages,sound,videofilesandapplications.7Itenablesuserstoaccessanendlessvarietyofcorporateinformationfromtheserverrangingfromupdatedshareprices,personnelandcorporatepolicydocumentstocompanybulletinboards.Organizationalsoutilizebrowsersfordatacollectionfromemployees,includingtime-sheetlogs,holidayrequestformsandexpensesreports.

BecauseWebserversareplatformandapplicationindependent,theycansendorrequestdatafromlegacyorexternalapplicationsincludingdatabases.8Allreplies,onceconvertedintoHTML,canthenbetransmittedtoabrowser.Usedinthisway,Intranetscanofferlowerdesktopsupportcosts,easylinkwithlegacyapplicationsanddatabasesand,aboveall,easeofuse.NewWords

intranetn.企業(yè)內聯(lián)網(wǎng)internaladj.內部的user-groupn.用戶群underlyingadj.根本的,基本的democracyn.民主corporaten.公司empowerv.授權workforcen.勞動力representv.代表documentationn.文檔,文件academicsn.學術界technologistn.技術人員dramaticadj.急劇的expansionn.擴張,擴展multimedian.多媒體Integratev.使結合databasen.數(shù)據(jù)庫approachn.方法,途徑virtuallyadv.虛假地proprietaryadj.專用的infrastructuren.基礎設施simplifyv.簡化hypertextn.超文本mark-upn.標記encodev.編碼graphicsn.圖形utilizev.利用time-sheetn.時間表legacyadj.傳統(tǒng)的externaladj.外部的transmitv.傳送PhrasesandExpressions

baseon在……基礎上rangefrom...to與……不同replace...with用……替換TheExplanationofDifficultStatements

1.Usedintheway,intranetsrepresentasteptowardsthepaperlessoffice,replacingprinteddocumentationwithelectronicdata.

分析:“usedinthisway”為過去分詞作狀語?！皉eplacingprinteddocumentationwithelectronic”為現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。

句意:這樣使用,內部網(wǎng)是邁向無紙辦公的一步,即用電子數(shù)據(jù)代替印刷文檔。

2.ThencametheWorldWideWebandthedramaticexpansionoftheInternetuserbase.

分析:此句為倒裝句,正常語序應該為:TheWorldWideWebcamethen...在英語中,如果here,there,now,then等副詞置于句首時,句子通常用倒裝。例如:

Thencamethedaywehadbeenlookingforwardto.

Theregoesyourlastchance.

句意:后來出現(xiàn)了環(huán)球網(wǎng)(簡稱WWW),互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶急劇擴張。

3.BasedonInternettechnology,InternetsofferaUtopianapproachtoapplicationsandoperatingsystems,enablingaccesstoandfromvirtuallyanycomputer.

分析:“BasedonInternettechnology”為過去分詞作狀語。句意:基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術,內部網(wǎng)為應用程序和操作系統(tǒng)提供了烏托邦式的方法,這樣能使(用戶)實際上對任何一臺計算機進行訪問或從(任何一臺計算機)進行訪問。

4.Whenapplyingplatformindependencetoaclosedcorporateenvironment,theheadacheofcomplexnetworkoutingandbridgingmultipleproprietaryproductsiseliminated.

分析:“Whenapplyingplatformindependencetoaclosedcorporateenvironment”為現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。

句意:當將平臺獨立性應用于封閉的公司環(huán)境時,多個專有產(chǎn)品的復雜的網(wǎng)絡路由連接和橋接等令人頭疼的問題就迎刃而解了。

5.IntranetsworkwithinanorganizationovertheexistingLANinfrastructure,makingcostofownershipveryattractive.

分析:“makingcostofownershipveryattractive”為現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語。

句意:內部網(wǎng)在已有的局域網(wǎng)基礎設施上,運行于一個機構的內部,這使擁有的成本相當?shù)汀?/p>

6.AllIntranetrelateddocumentsarewritteninhypertextmake-uplanguage(HTMI),theindustry-standardmethodofencodingadocumentwhichcontainstextandgraphicstomakeittotallyplatformindependent.

分析:“relateddocuments”為過去分詞作定語;“makeittotallyplatformindependent.”句型應為“make+n.+adj/n.”,表示“使某人或某物成為某種狀態(tài)”,例如:Thesmellofcookingmakesmehungry.

句意:所有與內部網(wǎng)有關的文檔均用超文本標記語言(HTML)編寫,這是業(yè)界標準的編制含有文本與圖形的文檔方法,以便文檔完全獨立于平臺。

7.Itenablesuserstoaccessanendlessvarietyofcorporateinformationfromtheserverrangingfromupdatedshareprices,personnelandcorporatepolicydocumentstocompanybulletinboards.

分析:“enablesomebodytodosomething”意為“使某人做某事”;“rangefrom...to”意為“(范圍)從……到”。

句意:使用戶能訪問服務器上各種各樣的公司信息,從最新的股票價格、人事和公司政策文檔到公司的公告牌等。

8.Allreplies,onceconvertedintoHTML,canthenbetransmittedtoabrowser.

分析:“onceconvertedintoHTML”為過去分詞作狀語。

句意:一是轉換成HTML格式,所有的應答都能傳送給瀏覽器。GrammarTranslationSkills增詞的翻譯方法

由于英漢兩種語言在結構與表達方式上存在差異,有時在英譯漢過程中,為了表達準確,需增加一些原文中雖無其詞,但有其意的詞,或需加上英語句式中可以省略,而漢語句式不可以省略的詞。例如:

(1)Thelatesttypeofcarsarefast,efficientandhandy.這種新型汽車速度快,效率高,操作方便。

(2)Englishisthelanguageofcommerceandthesecondlanguageofmanycountries.英語是國際貿(mào)易中的通用語言,也是許多國家的第二語言。(3)Manypersonslearnedtoprogramwithlittleunderstandingofcomputersorapplicationstowhichcomputerscouldorshouldbeapplied.許多人雖然已經(jīng)學會了編程序,但對計算機以及計算機能夠或必備的種種用途所知甚少。

(4)Noteagainthatconsiderablesimplificationinsolvingtheabovecanbeachievedifthedataismadesymmetrically.還要注意,在解決上述問題時,如果使數(shù)據(jù)對稱,就能得到很大程度的簡化。

2.減詞的翻譯方法

減詞譯法也是經(jīng)常采用的翻譯技巧之一。它與上面講述的增詞譯法正好相反,即它并是從原文中刪詞減意,而是減詞存意。例如:

(1)Sincecopperpossessesgoodconductivity,itiswidelyusedinelectricalengin-eering.由于銅具有良好的導電性,所以被廣泛應用于電氣工程。(2)Wehavefoundamethodforsolvingthisproblem.我們已經(jīng)找到解決這個問題的辦法。

(3)Whenshortwavesaresentoutandmeetanobstacletheyarereflected.短波發(fā)射出去,遇到障礙就反射回來。

(4)Machinesenablestoperformsuchtasksaswouldotherwisebeunthinkable.機器使我們能執(zhí)行那些如果沒有機器就無法完成的任務。ExercisesⅠ.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext:(1)______________issimplytheapplicationofInternettechnologywithinaninternalorcloseduser-group.(2)Usedinthisway,Intranetsrepresentasteptowardsthe______________,replacingprinteddocumentationwithelectronicdata.(3)Basedon______________,IntranetsofferaUtopianapproachtoapplicationsandoperatingsystems,enablingaccesstoandfromvirtuallyanycomputer.(4)AnIntranetdeliversthe______________tousersasaLAN,butoffersgreatlysimplifiednetworkmanagement.(5)______________issoftwarewhichsourcesdocumentsimages,sound,videofilesandapplications.Ⅱ.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalseaccordingtothetext:(1)TheWWWenablestransferanddisplayofmultimediadocumentsbetweenserverswhichholdtheinformation,andclientsorusers.(2)Whenapplyingplatformindependencetoaclosedcorporateenvironment,theheadacheofcomplexnetworkoutingandbridgingmultipleproprietaryproductsiseliminated.(3)IntranetsworkwithinanorganizationovertheexistingLANinfrastructure,notmakingcostofownershipveryattractive.(4)AllIntranetrelateddocumentsarewritteninhypertextmark-uplanguage(HTML).(5)BecauseWebserversareplatformandapplicationindependent,theycansendorrequestdataonlyfromexternalapplicationsincludingdatabases.Ⅲ.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese:(1)Atthebeginningofthe1970s,thetotalpopulationofthecitywas150,000,andattheendofit,abouthalfamillion.(2)Theoryissomethingbutpracticeiseverything.(3)Supposeyougotintoafruiter’sshopwantinganapple—youtakeupone,and,onbitingit,youfinditsour;youlookatit,andseethatitishardandgreen.(4)Morerecently,Americanshavebeenmovingfromthecitiestothesuburbs.(5)Thefinishedproductsshouldbesampledtocheckthembeforetheyleavethefactory.Ⅳ.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese:

WhileitisnotessentialforanIntranettohaveaphysicalconnectionintotheInternet,thebenefitscanoftenoutweightherisks.AssoonasanInternetlinkhasbeenestablished,theinternalcompanyinfrastructurebecomesextremelyvulnerable.Ithasbeenopeneduptoaccessfromthepublicdomainwhichisinturnopentoaccessand(intheory)abusefromanyone.Whilethismaysounddramatic,theimplementationofstringentsecuritymeasuresinessentialtoavoidsensitivedatabeingaccessedbynon-authorizedpers-onnel.

AconnectionbetweentheInternetandanIntranetcreatesavirtualprivatenetwork(VPN),andconstitutesamajorsecurityrisk.Itshouldnotbetakenlightly.Whilethebenefitsofaccess,availability,performanceandcostofownershipareallhighprioritiesforIntranetimplementation,securityissuesusuallytoptheprioritylist.ReadingMaterialsWhat’sanIntranet?

Intranetsareanidealsolutiontotheproblematicissueofcost-effectiveremoteaccessconnectivity.OneofthemostsignificantbenefitsanIntranetcanofferistoprovideahighlyefficientandcost-effectivemethodofcommunicatingwithgeographicallydisparateofficeorremoteworkers.Manylargecorporatedependheavilyontheregulardistributionofdataintensivematerialtolocalandremoteemployees.ThisisanareawherecorporateIntranetsreallycomeintotheirown,easingthecommunicationsheadache.

RemoteaccessintoacorporateIntranetcanbeachievedthroughavarietyofmethods.Generally,branchandremoteofficearelinkedtothecorporateLANviaadedicatedleasedlinewhichremainsopenallthetime.Leasedlinesareusedinthisinstanceasthedatarequirementsbetweenbranchofficesandtheheadquarterstendtobemuchhigherthanthatoftele-workers,makingthemarginalcostsubstantiallylower.Incontrast,remotetele-workerswillgenerallyusedialuptechniques,eitherusingamodem(runningatspeedsofupto28.8kbps)oranISDNlink(runningatspeedsupto128kbps).However,duetothelargefilesizesusuallyassociatedwithIntranets,ISDNisthemorelikelychoiceofconnection.Remotetele-workersalsohavetheoptiontohaveanISDNlineinstalledtotheirhomeorofficelinkingthemtothecorporateIntranetviaalocalInternetserviceprovider(ISP).Thisreducesthecostbyreplacinglong-distancecallchargeswithalocalcallrate.

WhileitisnotessentialforanIntranettohaveaphysicalconnectionintotheInternet,thebenefitscanoftenoutweightherisks.AssoonasanInternetlinkhasbeenestablished,theinternalcompanyinfrastructurebecomesextremelyvulnerable.Ithasbeenopeneduptoaccessfromthepublicdomainwhichisinturnopentoaccessand(intheory)abusefromanyone.Whilethismaysounddramatic,theimplementationofstringentsecuritymeasuresinessentialtoavoidsensitivedatabeingaccessedbynon-authorizedpersonnel.

AconnectionbetweentheInternetandanIntranetcreatesavirtualprivatenetwork(VPN),andconstitutesamajorsecurityrisk.Itshouldnotbetakenlightly.Whilethebenefitsofaccess,availability,performanceandcostofownershipareallhighprioritiesforIntranetimplementation,securityissuesusuallytoptheprioritylist.

TheadventofVPNsandopennetworkspresentorganizationswithmajorsecurityconcerns.Asmostcompanies,andinparticularthoseinthefinancialsector,retainconfidentialinformationonelectronicmedia,theyarejustifiablypreventdatafallingintothewronghands.Theprovisionof‘open’accesspipesbetweentheInternetandthecorporatenetworkjustcompoundstheirfearsandconcerns.However,benefitsofthisapproachincludelowcostaccesstoth