專業(yè)英語八級（閱讀）練習(xí)試卷1（共75題）

專業(yè)英語八級（閱讀）練習(xí)試卷1（共9套）（共75題）專業(yè)英語八級（閱讀）練習(xí)試卷第1套一、常規(guī)閱讀理解(本題共7題，每題1.0分，共7分。)Theproblemwiththenature-nurturedebateisthatthisisaninadequatewayofunderstandinghumanfreedom.Likeeveryotherorganism,humansareshapedbybothnatureandnurture.Butunlikeanyotherorganism,wearealsodefinedbyourabilitytotranscendboth,byourcapacitytoovercometheconstraintsimposedbothbyourgeneticandourculturalheritage.Itisnotthathumanbeingshavefloatedfreeofthelawsofcausation.Itisratherthathumansarenotsimplythepassiveendresultofachainofcauses,whethernaturalorenvironmental.Wehavedevelopedthecapacitytointerveneactivelyinbothnatureandculture,toshapebothtoourwill.Toputthisanotherway,humans,uniquely,aresubjectsaswellasobjects.Wearebiologicalbeings,andunderthepurviewofbiologicalandphysicallaws.Butwearealsoconsciousbeingswithpurposeandagency,traitsthepossessionofwhichallowustodesignwaysofbreakingtheconstraintsofbiologicalandphysicallaws.Allnon-humananimalsareconstrainedbythetoolsthatnaturehasbequeathedthemthroughnaturalselection,andbytheenvironmentalconditionsinwhichtheyfindthemselves.Noanimaliscapableofaskingquestionsorgeneratingproblemsthatareirrelevanttoitsimmediatecircumstancesoritsevolutionarilydesignedneeds.Whenabeaverbuildsadam,itdoesn'taskitselfwhyitdoesso,orwhetherthereisabetterwayofdoingit.Whenaswallowfliessouth,itdoesn'twonderwhyitishotterinAfricaorwhatwouldhappenifitflewstillfurthersouth.Humansdoaskthemselvestheseandmanyotherkindsofquestionsquestionsthathavenorelevance,indeedmakelittlesense,inthecontextofevolvedneedsandgoals.Whatmarksouthumansisourcapacitytogobeyondournaturallydefinedgoalssuchastheneedtofindfood,shelteroramateandtoestablishhuman-createdgoals.Ourevolutionaryheritagecertainlyshapesthewaythathumansapproachtheworld.Butitdoesnotlimitit.Similarly,ourculturalheritageinfluencesthewaysinwhichwethinkabouttheworldandthekindsofquestionsweaskofit,butitdoesnotimprisonthem.Ifmembershipofaparticularcultureabsolutelyshapedourworldview,thenhistoricalchangewouldneverbepossible:IfthepeopleofmedievalEuropehadbeentotallydeterminedbytheworldviewsustainedbymedievalEuropeanculture,itwouldnothavebeenpossibleforthatsocietytohavebecomeanythingdifferent.Itwouldnothavebeenpossible,forinstance,tohavedevelopednewideasaboutindividualismandmaterialism,ortohavecreatednewtotalsoftechnologyandnewpoliticalinstitutions.Humanbeingsarenotautomatawhosimplyrespondblindlytowhatevercultureinwhichtheyfindthemselves,anymorethantheyareautomatathatblindlyrespondtotheirevolutionaryheritage.Thereisatensionbetweenthewayacultureshapesindividualswithinitspurviewandthewaythatthoseindividualsrespondtothatculture,justasthereisatensionbetweenthewaynaturalselectionshapesthewaythathumansthinkabouttheworldandthewaythathumansrespondtoournaturalheritage.Thistensionallowspeopletothinkcriticallyandimaginatively,andtolookbeyondaparticularculture'shorizons.InthesixmillionyearssincethehumanandchimpanzeelinesfirstdivergedoneithersideofAfrica'sGreatRiftValley,thebehaviourandlifestylesofchimpanzeeshavebarelychanged.Humanbehaviourandlifestylesclearlyhave.Humanshavelearnedtolearnfrompreviousgenerations,toimproveupontheirwork,andtoestablishamomentumtohumanlifeandculturethathastakenusfromcavearttoquantumphysicsandtotheunravelingofthegenome.Itisthiscapacityforconstantinnovationthatdistinguisheshumansfromallotheranimals.Allanimalshaveanevolutionarypast.Onlyhumansmakehistory.Thehistorical,transformativequalityofbeinghumaniswhytheso-callednature-nurturedebate,whilecreatingconsiderablefriction,hasthrownlittlelightonwhatitmeanstobehuman.Tounderstandhumanfreedomweneedtounderstandnotsomuchwhetherwearecreaturesofnatureornurture,buthow,despitebeingshapedby'bothnatureandnurture,wearealsoabletotranscendboth.1、Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthethemeofthepassage?A、Humanbeingsareculturalanimalsratherthannaturalanimals.B、Humanbeingsareneithernaturalnorculturalanimals.C、Humanbeingsarelesssusceptibletonaturallawsthannon-humananimals.D、Humanbeingsarenotboundbynaturalandculturalheritages.標準答案：D知識點解析：該文的主題通過主題句(thesissentence)來表達(分別出現(xiàn)在第1段第3句和最后一段最后一句)。因此，選項D為正確答案。2、Abeaverbuildsadambecause______.A、itimitateshumanbehaviorB、ittriestofindabetterwayoflivingC、dam-buildingisrelevanttoitsevolvedneedsandgoalsD、adamhelpsabeavertogobeyonditsevolutionarilydeterminedcircumstances標準答案：C知識點解析：根據(jù)第4、5段，其他動物受到自然選擇所帶來的工具和環(huán)境的束縛；沒有動物能夠超脫周圍的環(huán)境和進化所決定的需求來做一些不相干的事情，如探索問題等。例如河貍在筑壩時，它沒有問自己為什么要這樣做以及是否有更好的方法。因此，選項C為正確答案。3、Wecaninferthatthosewhoparticipateinthenature-nurturedebatemostprobably______.A、askquestionsthatareunanswerablebyeithernaturalorculturallawsB、refusetoadmitthathumansareboundbynaturalorculturallawsC、areveryskepticalabouthumanculturalheritageD、subscribetoeitherbiologicalorculturaldeterminism標準答案：D知識點解析：根據(jù)最后一段，有關(guān)先天還是后天的爭論主要是關(guān)于人類是由先天決定的還是由后天決定的，因此爭論的雙方要么贊同生理(先天)決定開始，要么贊同文化(后天)決定一切。因此選項D為正確答案。IamstandingunderHammersmithBridgelookingatsomethingIhaveknownallmylifeasaLondonerbutambeginningtorealisethatIdon'thaveaclueabout.TheRiverThameshasbeenherealotlongerthanthecityitself,butithasbeenkeepingitssecretswellhiddenbeneaththosefamiliarmuddytonesofgreenandbrown.Onagreyafternoonsuchasthisone,thesurfaceoftheriverisparticularlyunforgiving,andatentativedipsoonbringsmeclosetofast-runningwater.ThisisthesortofstuffthatcarriespeopleawaytoawaterydoomandIdon'twantanypartofthat.ButI'mherewithanopenmindatthisfamilybeachpartyinHammersmith,partofaseriesofeventsinSouthEastMarineWeek.Itisnotabeachpartyinthetraditionalsense,needlesstosay,moreanopportunitytogetalittlegentleeducation.Ihadbeenvaguelyaware,overthepastfewyears,thattheriverwasgettingcleanerallthetime.Itsveryappearance,itappears,isdeceptive,becauseitscolourisaresultofthenaturalsiltswhichareconstantlydisturbedfromthebottom.Frombeingariverthatsupportednofishatall,itcannowboastmorethan100differenttypes.IwasawarethattheThamesoccasionallyplayedhosttoawell-publiciseddolphinorseal,butthisdiversitywasnewstome.Itisalltheresult,Iwasinformed,ofthefactthattheNorthSeapoursuptherivertwiceaday,bringingwithitalltheteeminglifeofthosesaltydepths.Itookadeepbreathandwentforalightdredgewithanet.Theresultsdidn'tlooklikemuchatall,butwhencarefullysiftedmysamplewasteemingwithtinyshrimps,whicharethebasicfoodstuffoftheriver,thetinylittlefellowsholdingthekeytothefoodchain,Therewere,thankfully,betterfishermenherethanme,andtherewasgreatexcitementwhensomeonecapturedaflounder.Granted,itwasaboutaninchlong,buttheflounderwasotherwiseperfectineverydetail.Furtherexcitementwastofollow,withthecaptureoftheshellofacrab,butthatdidnotlastlong.TheshellbelongedtoaChineseMittenCrab-so-calledbecauseitappearstohavemittensonitsclaws.RachelHillfromtheEnvironmentAgencyexplainedtomethatitateeverythinginitspath,sufferednoeffectivepredators,andcausedhavocbyitshabitofburrowingintotheriverbanks,whichareconsequentlybeingeroded.Furthermore,thefactthatitwasonlyashellmeantthatsomewherenottoofarawaytheformeroccupantwasgoingaboutitsbusinessonlythistimeitwouldbebigger.Thisunwantedvisitor,adelicacyintherestaurantsofChinatown,isheretostay.Furtherupthebeach,enthusiasticvolunteerswerecopingwithanothermenace,thisoneofhumanmaking.Theamountofrubbishonthisrelativelysmallstretchoftheriverwasastonishinganddepressing.Thereweretheexpectedplasticbottlesandhamburgercartons,tossedawaycarelesslybyidiots.Tomysurprise,therewasalsothewheelfromacar,completewithtyro.Themostsinisteritemswerealsoamongthesmallest:slimwhitestickswhichlookedasiftheymighthavecomefromachild'slollipopbutare,infact,cottonbuds.ThethoughtoccurredthatthousandsofLondonersmustcometothebanksoftheThameseachmorningtocleanouttheirears.Bytheendoftheafternoon,allthisrubbishhadbeenclearedawayinaquiteastonishingnumberofblackbags,butitwouldhavebeenbetterhaditnotbeenthereinthefirstplace.Therewas,however,greatcauseforoptimisminthebehaviourofthekidswhowerepresent.Theyhuddledexcitedlyroundmicroscopestolookattinyshrimpsandgobiestransformedintofearsome-lookingcreatures.Theylistenedintentlyasitwasexplainedtothemhowimportantitwastokeeptheriverclean.Eventheverysmallestwhowerepaintingtheirfishyfacemasksmighthavegoneawaywiththeideathatfishareagoodthingandworthlookingafter.Itoccurredtomethatifthegrown-upspersistinbehavinglikehumanChineseMittenCrabs,thenitwillbedowntothecominggenerationstoensurethatthegoodworkwhichhasalreadybeendoneonthisgreatriverisnottobewasted.4、Theauthorwantedtofindout______.A、whatcausesthemuddysurfaceoftheRiverThamesB、whatchildrencanlearnaboutthehistoryoftheRiverThamesC、thediversityoffishintheRiverThamesD、whatwasthereundertheRiverThames標準答案：D知識點解析：在第1段第2句，作者說泰晤士河下總是藏著什么秘密，而且文章主要是關(guān)于從河底打撈上來的東西和它們的意義。選項D為正確答案。5、WhichofthefollowingposesathreattotheRiverThames?A、FishthatcomefromtheNorthSea.B、Tinyshrimps.C、Flounders.D、ChineseMittenCrabs.標準答案：D知識點解析：根據(jù)第3段后半部分，ChineseMittenCrab在河岸掘洞，使河岸松動。因此選項D為正確答案。6、WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueoftheriverThames?A、Itisnotsafetoswiminit.B、Itlooksdirtierthanitreallyis.C、Itisnotcleanenoughtosupportalargevarietyoffish.D、Itisusedbysomepeopleasakindofdumpingground.標準答案：C知識點解析：選項A不是答案：根據(jù)第1段最后兩句，泰晤士河水流湍急，在這兒游泳有溺水身亡的危險；選項B不是答案：根據(jù)第2段第4句，河水看上去渾濁是因為河底淤泥泛上河面的結(jié)果；選項C是答案；根據(jù)第2段最后幾句，泰晤士河內(nèi)現(xiàn)在有100多種魚類；選項D不是答案；根據(jù)第4段，從河底打撈上來的是人們?nèi)舆M河里的垃圾。因此，該題答案應(yīng)選C。7、HowdoestheauthorfeelabouttheconditionoftheRiverThames?A、Worriedbuthopeful.B、Pessimistic.C、Uncaringandindifferent.D、Extremelysatisfied.標準答案：A知識點解析：根據(jù)最后一段，作者感到還有希望，因為孩子們對保護魚類感興趣；如果成年人不停止他們的破壞行為，保護泰晤士河的任務(wù)將落在未來幾代人的身上?？梢娮髡邔ξ磥磉€是抱有希望。選項A為正確答案。專業(yè)英語八級（閱讀）練習(xí)試卷第2套一、常規(guī)閱讀理解(本題共10題，每題1.0分，共10分。)WeliveinsouthernCaliforniagrowinggrapes,afirstgenerationofvintners,ourhomeadjacenttothevineyardsandthewinery.It'saveryprettyplace,andinordertoearnthemoneytorealizeourdreamofmakingwine,weworkedformanyyearsinabusinessthatdemandedseveralhouseholdmoves,anincredibleamountofrisk-takingandlongabsencesfrommyhusband.Whenitwastime,wetradedinouroldlife,cinchedupourbeltsandbeganthecreationofthewinery.Wemakesmallamountsofpremiumwine,andourlivesaredictatedbytherhythmofnatureandfiledemandsofthelovingvines.ThevinesstartsproutingtinygreentendrilsinMarchandApril,andthebabygrapesbegintoforminminiature,soperfectthattheycanbedippedingoldtoformjewelry.Thegrapesswellandripeninearlyfall,andwhentheirsugarcontentisattherightlevel,theyareharvestedcarefullybyhandandcrushedinsmalllots.Thewineisfermentedandtendeduntilitisreadytobebottled.Thevinesshedtheirleavesandareprunedandmadereadyforthedormantmonthsandthenextvintage.Itsoundsnice,doesn'tit?Livinginthecountry,ourdaysspentintheancientroutineofthevineyard,knowingthatthecourseofourlivesasvintnerswaschoreographedlongageandthatifwepracticeddiligently,ourwinewouldbegoodandwewouldbesuccessful.Fromthestartweknewtherewasapricefortheprivilegeofbecomingawine-akingfamily,connectedtothelandandthecapricesofnature.Weworkhardatsomethingwelove,weareslowtopanicoverthedailyemergencies.Wearenimbleatsolvingproblemsastheyarise.Somehazardstocompletingasuccessfulvintageareexpected:rainjustbeforeharvestingcancausemold;electricityunexpectedlyinterruptedduringthecoldfermentationofwhitewinecandamageit;adelayedpaymentfromamajorclientwhenthemoneyisneeded.Thereareoutsideinfluencesthatdisruptproductionandtakepatience,goodwillandperseverance.Forexample,theBureauofAlcohol,TobaccoandFirearmsregulateseveryfacetofthewinebusiness.Awinery'srecordsareauditedasoftenastwoorthreetimesayearandeverylabel—newlywrittenforeachyear'svintage—mustbeapproved.Butthegreatestthreattothewinery,andonethatalmostmadeusloseheart,cameoutofalawyer'simagination.Ourlittlewinerywasservednoticethatwewerenamedinalawsuitaccusingusofendangeringthepublichealthbyusingleadfoilsonourbottles(itwastheonlymaterialuseduntilrecently)"withoutwarningconsumersofapossiblerisk."Thereitwas,out"winery'snamelistedwiththeindustry'sgiants.Imusthaveaskedahundredtimes:"Whogetsthemoneyifthelawsuitissuccessful?"Theanswerwas,andIneverwasabletoassimilateit,theplaintiffsandtheirlawyerswhofiledthesuit!Sincethelawsuitwasbroughtonbehalfofconsumers,itseemedtomethatconsumersmustgetsomethingifitwasprovedthataleadfoilwasdangeroustothem.Weweretoldoneofthetwoconsumerclaimantswasanemployeeofthefirmfilingthesuit!Thereareattorneyswhofocustheircareersonlawsuitslikethis.Itisanimmensedangertothesmallbusinessman.Cashreservescanbeusedupintheblinkofaneyewheninthecompanyoflawyers.Aslongasit'spossibleforanyonetosueanybodyforanything,weareallindanger.Aslongasthelegalprofessionallowsmemberstopracticelawdishonorablyandlawyersarecongratulatedforwinningbigmoneyinthisway,we'llallbeplaguedwithacorruptiblejusticesystem.1、ThegrapesareharvestedonadatethatA、mayvary.B、istraditionallyset.C、dependsontheapprovaloftheregulatorybureau.D、isdeterminedbytheavailabilityofthepickers.標準答案：A知識點解析：推斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句“…whentheirsugarcontentisattherightlevel，theyareharvestedcarefullybyhandandcrushedinsmalllots.”可知收獲的日期依賴葡萄的含糖量，所以選[A]“不確定”。而[B]傳統(tǒng)上固定的”；[C]“依賴審查局的批準”；[D]“由采摘葡萄的人決定”，都不符合文意。2、Accordingtotheauthor,thelifeofvintnersismostcontrolledbyA、theBureauofAlcohol,TobaccoandFirearms.B、unexpectedchangesintemperature.C、thesugarcontentofthegrapes.D、thetempooftheseasons.標準答案：D知識點解析：細節(jié)題。第二段提到“ourlivesaredictatedbytherhythmofnature”(大自然的節(jié)奏(變動決定我們的生活)，[D]“大自然的節(jié)奏”其實就是“自然規(guī)律”，符合題意。[A]是外界干擾因素；[B]“意外的天氣變化”不起決定性作用；[C]“葡萄的含糖量”決定葡萄是否成熟。3、Whatdosetheword"dormant"inParagraph2mean?A、Longlasting.B、Active.C、Latent.D、Temporary.標準答案：C知識點解析：推斷題。第二段最后一句介紹了葡萄從落葉、停止生長到下一年收獲的自然過程，依照邏輯推斷dormantmonth是指葡萄的生長休眠期，因此[C]“休眠的”符合題意。4、Thewritercomplainsthatwhenshequestionedthelawyers,sheA、nevergotananswer.B、nevergotasimpleanswer.C、makesnosenseoftheanswershegot.D、misunderstandstheanswershegot.標準答案：C知識點解析：推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位于第七段，根據(jù)第二句“Theanswerwas，andIneverwasabletoassimilateit…”(這個回答是……，但我從沒有弄明白過)，故[C]“不明白她得到的答案的意思”符合題意。而[A]“從沒得到答案”，[B]“從沒得到明確的答案”和[D]“誤解她所得到的答案”都不符合assimilate的意思。5、ThewriterthinksthatthelegalprofessionA、strivestoprotectconsumers.B、connivesatthedishonorablepractice.C、doesagoodjobofpolicingitsmembers.D、ispartofanincorruptiblesystem.標準答案：B知識點解析：細節(jié)題。最后一段指出，只要法律允許律師的不誠實行為，助長只為賺錢不顧正義的腐敗風(fēng)氣，我們都會是這種腐敗法律體系的受害者?？芍?，現(xiàn)在的法律縱容了不誠實行為，故[B]為答案。Foraboutthreecenturieswehavebeendoingscience,tryingscienceout,usingsciencefortheconstructionofwhatwecallmoderncivilization.Everydispensableitemofcontemporarytechnology,fromcanallockstodialtelephonestopenicillin,waspiecedtogetherfromtheanalysisofdataprovidedbyoneoranotherseriesofscientificexperiments.Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumandevelopmentlongenoughtosettlebackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument.Voiceshavebeenraisedinprotestsincethebeginning,risinginpitchandviolenceinthenineteenthcenturyduringtheearlystagesoftheindustrialrevolution,summoningurgentcrowdsintothestreetsanydaythesedaysontheissueofnuclearenergy.Giveitback,saysomeofthevoices,itdoesn'treallywork,we'dtrieditanditdoesn'twork,gobackthreehundredyearsandstartagainonsomethingelselesschancyfortheraceofman.Theprincipaldiscoveriesinthiscentury,takingallinall,aretheglimpsesofthedepthofourignoranceaboutnature.Thingsthatusedtoseemclearandrational,mattersofabsolutecertainty—Newtonianmechanics,forexample—haveslippedthroughourfingers,andweareleftwithanewsetofgiganticpuzzles,cosmicuncertainties,ambiguities;someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears,somearecanceledoutright,someundergorevisedversionsoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.JustthirtyyearsagowecallitabiologicalrevolutionwhenthefantasticgeometryoftheDNAmoleculewasexposedtopublicviewandthelinearlanguageofgeneticswasdecoded.Forawhile,thingsseemedsimpleandclear,thecellwasaneatlittlemachine,amechanicaldevicereadyfortakingtopiecesandreassembling,likeatinywatch.Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablycomplex,filledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday'simagination.Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo,thereiseverythingtodo.Whatliesahead,orwhatcanlieaheadiftheeffortsinbasicresearcharecontinued,ismuchmorethantheconquestofhumandiseaseortheimprovementofagriculturaltechnologyorthecultivationofnutrientsinthesea.Aswelearnmoreaboutfundamentalprocessesoflivingthingsingeneralwewilllearnmoreaboutourselves.6、Whatcan’tbeinferredfromthefirstparagraph?A、Manyvaluableitemswereproducedinthepast.B、Mansupportsscientificprogressunanimously.C、Someheldhostileattitudetowardscienceinthepast.D、Threehundredyearsisnotlongenoughinscience.標準答案：B知識點解析：細節(jié)題。第一段談的是在過去的300年里，人們不斷地研發(fā)、嘗試和利用科學(xué)，以此建立起了現(xiàn)代文明，[A]符合文意；每一項的發(fā)明都需要一系列科學(xué)實驗，每一種促進人類進步的新途徑都需要長時間的驗證討論后方可達成一致，也就是說，人類在支持科學(xué)進步上并不是統(tǒng)一的，[B]與文意不符，故為答案；根據(jù)文中“…criticalappraisalofthescientificmethod，”可柞出[C]；根據(jù)第三句和第四句可推出[D]。7、TheprincipaldiscoveryinthiscenturyshowsA、manhasoverthrownNewton’slawsofphysics.B、manhassolvedanewsetofgiganticpuzzles.C、manhaslostmanyscientificdiscoveries.D、manhasgivenupsomeoftheonceacceptedtheories.標準答案：D知識點解析：細節(jié)題。從第二段后半部分推斷，[A]“人類已推翻了牛頓物理理論”不符合文意，文中沒用overthrow一詞；[B]“人類已解決一組重大難題”文中未提；[C]“人類已失去了很多科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)”文中也沒表述；[D]“人類已經(jīng)放棄了一些以前接受的理論”符合文中的“somearecanceledoutright”，故為答案。8、Inthepastfewyears,scientistshavefoundA、manhasmuchtolearnaboutDNAB、theexposureofDNAtothepublicisunnecessary.C、thetinycellinDNAisaneatlittlemachine.D、manknowsnothingaboutDNA標準答案：A知識點解析：推斷題。第三段是關(guān)于DNA的發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們以為已經(jīng)認識了這種細胞，但在最近幾年發(fā)現(xiàn)這種細胞復(fù)雜得難以想象，也就是說，人們還需要對DNA加深了解，故選[A]。[B]“對公眾展示DNA沒有必要”顯然不正確，且文中未提及；[C]是舊有的、不完全的認識；[D]過于絕對。9、Thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthispassageistotellthatscienceA、hasgreatlyimprovedman’slifeB、isjustatitsbeginningC、hasmadeprofoundprogressD、hasdonetoolittletohumanbeings標準答案：B知識點解析：推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段作者的結(jié)論推斷，人類在科學(xué)發(fā)展方面還需要做大量的研究，這只是一個開始，故選[B]。而[A]“大大改善了人類的生活”；[C]“已經(jīng)取得長足的進步”和[D]“對人類貢獻太少”都不是作者要論述的內(nèi)容。10、Thewriter’sattitudetowardsscienceisprobablyA、indifferent.B、critical.C、approving.D、neutral.標準答案：C知識點解析：態(tài)度題。從全文來看，作者論述了科學(xué)的發(fā)展和認識是無止境的，人類需要不斷地探索，所以作者的態(tài)度是“支持的”，應(yīng)選[C]。[A]“漠不關(guān)心的”；[B]“批判的”和[D]“中立的”都不合文意。專業(yè)英語八級（閱讀）練習(xí)試卷第3套一、常規(guī)閱讀理解(本題共8題，每題1.0分，共8分。)Peoplearemovingtocitiesindroves.In1950,two-thirdsoftheworlds'populationlivedinthecountryside.NewYorkwasthentheonlysettlementwithmorethan10millionpeople.Todaythereare20suchmegacities,andmoreareontheway.Mostofthesemegacitiesareindevelopingcountriesthatarestrugglingtocopewithboththespeedandthescaleofhumanmigration.EstimatesofthefuturespreadofurbanizationarebasedontheobservationthatinEurope,andinNorthandSouthAmerica,theurbanshareofthetotalpopulationhasstabilizedat75%--85%.Iftherestoftheworldfollowsthispathitisexpectedthatinthenextdecadeanextra100millionpeoplewilljointhecitiesofAfrica,and340millionthecitiesofAsia:theequivalentofanewBangkokeverytwomonths.By2030nearlytwo-thirdsoftheworld'spopulationwillbeurban.Inthelongrun,thatisgoodnews.Ifcountriesnowindustrialisingfollowthepatternofthosethathavealreadydoneso,theircity-dwellerswillbebothmoreprosperousandhealthier.Manisgregariousspecies,andtheWords"urbane"and"civilised"bothderivefromtheadvantagesoflivinginlargesettlements.Historyalsoshows,though,thatthetransitioncanbeuncomfortable.TheslumsofManchesterwere,intheirtime,justasawfulasthoseofNairobitoday.Butpeoplemovedthereforexactlythesamereason:howevernastyconditionsseemed,theopportunitiesofurbanlifeoutstrippedthoseofthecountryside.Thequestionishowbesttohandlethechange.Ifthereisonethingthateverybodyagreeson,itisthaturbanizationisunstoppable.Migrantsattemptingtoescapepoverty,andrefugeesescapingconflict,arepilingintocitiesinwhattheexecutivedirectorofUN-HABITAT,Anna,Tibailjuka,describesas"prematureurbanization."DrTibaijukabelievesitmightbepossibletoslowthepaceofmigrationfromthecountrysidewithpoliciesthatenhancesecurityandrurallivelihoods.Thereisroomfordebate,though,overwhetherbetterruraldevelopmentinanyformcanseriouslyslowthepaceofurbanisation--orevenwhethersuchaslowdownwouldbeagoodthing.MichaelMutter,anurbanplanningadviserattheBritishgovernment'sDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID),saysthattherelevantindicatorssuggestthatinmanycountriestheeffective"carryingcapacity"ofruralareashasbeenreached.AshappenedinEuropeinthe18thcentury,populationgrowthandtechnologicalimprovementstoagriculturearecreatingasurpluspopulation.Thatsurplushastogosomewheretoearnitsliving.Indeed,somepeoplegosofarsotoarguethatgovernments,internationaldonorsandaidagenciesspendtoomuchonruraldevelopmentandneglectthecities.Mostcountrieshavearuraldevelopmentpolicy,butonlyafewhaveurbanones.DFID,forexample,spendsonly5%ofitsbudgetdirectlyonurbandevelopment.Moreover,thesecriticspointoutthat,althoughruralareasoftenhaveworsesanitation,illiteracyandhomelessnessthancities,suchfiguresaredeceptive.Beingilliterate,homelessorwithoutaccesstoaflushtoiletarefarmoreseriousproblemsinacrowdedcitythaninthecountryside.Ofthemanylessonsbeinglearntfrompasturban-developmentfailures,oneofthemostimportantisthatimprovementsmustinvolvelocalpeopleinameaningfulway.Evenwhenitcomestothepoorestslumdwellers,somegovernmentsandcityauthoritiesarerealizingthatpeoplearetheirowngreatestassets.SlumdwellersInternationalisacollectionof"grassroots"federationsofpeoplelivinginslums.Itsideaissimple.Slum-dwellersinaparticularplacegettogetherandformafederationtostrengthenlocalsavingsandcreditschemes,andtolobbyforgreaterco-operationwiththeauthorities.Suchfederationsarehavingabigimpactonslum-upgradingschemesaroundtheworld.Bysurveyinglocalneedsandactingasvoicesforslum-dwellers,thesefederationshavebeenabletoshowtheauthoritiesthatslum-dwellersarenotsimplyahomogenousandanonymousmassofurbanpoor,butarerealpeopleinneedofrealservices.Theyhavealsobeenabletoapplypressureforimprovementsinsecurityoftenure--eitherthroughtemporaryguaranteesofresidencyor,betterstill,formalownership.Suchsecuretenuregivespeopleanincentivetoimprovetheirdwellingsandisthusthecrucialfirststeptoupgradingaslumintoasuburb.Overthepastsixyears,SouthAfrica'sgovernmenthasbeenpursuinganactiveprogrammeofhousingimprovement.Thegovernmentquicklyrealizedthat,withthepoorinthemajority,providingsocialhousingforallwouldbeimpossible.Theministerforhousing,SakieMthembi-Mahanyele,saystheapproachthathasworkedsofarhasbeenacombinationofgovernment,theprivatesectorandthepoorthemselves.Thepoor,saysMrsMthembi-Mahanyele,haveresponsibilities,andthegovernmentmeetsthemhalfway.Thosewithanincomeareexpectedtocontributesomeofittothebuildingoftheirhouses.Thosewithoutareaskedtocontribute"sweatequity"byhelpingtobuildwiththeirownhands.SouthAfricahasalsotransferredownershipofmorethan380,000councilhouses,worthmorethan28billionrand($2.7billion)toprivateindividuals.Withthesehousesascollateralforloans,ownershavealreadystartedtoupgradeandimprovetheirproperties.Thereisstillalongwaytogo.Anestimated2-3millionmorehousesareneeded.Sheaddsthatthegovernmentisstillwrestlingwithfinancialinstitutionstogetabetterdealforthepoor.1、Thepassageismainlyconcernedwith______.A、thesideeffectsofurbanizationB、megacitiesindevelopingcountriesC、thecausesbehindimmigrationtocitiesD、waystoslowdownthepaceofimmigration標準答案：B知識點解析：主旨題。本文主要討論了發(fā)展中國家大城市中的一些問題。都市化是一種趨勢，人們因此而從中受益。但是在這過程中會有一些問題。如發(fā)展中國家大城市所面臨的移民問題以及對城市發(fā)展重視不夠等問題。文章還討論了一些大城市發(fā)展過程中的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)，并用南非的例子來說明政府怎樣來改善大城市居民的生活。2、ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatNairobiis______.A、amegacitywithslumsB、apalaceofhungerandconflictC、anindustrializedcityD、aruralareawithasurpluspopulation標準答案：A知識點解析：推理題。根據(jù)文章第4段，歷史上的曼徹斯特和今天的內(nèi)羅畢一樣，都存在著貧民窟，但人們以同樣的理由進入曼徹斯特，因為城市的機會要大于農(nóng)村。因此我們可以推斷，內(nèi)羅畢是一個條件并不完善的大城市，選項A正確答案。3、AnnaTibaijuka(para.5)andMichaelMutter(para.7)seemtodifferover______.A、thebenefitsofurbanizationB、theprocessofurbanizationC、thecausesofurbaniza