暑假作業(yè)11閱讀理解

完成時間：月日天氣：作業(yè)11閱讀理解細(xì)節(jié)理解類細(xì)節(jié)理解題干擾選項特征張冠李戴 是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容。 無中生有 符合常識，但不是文章的內(nèi)容。曲解文意 與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動。顛倒是非 在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反。 正誤參半 部分正確，部分錯誤。推理判斷類掌握推理判斷題的考查角度(1)高頻考點：推斷隱含意義、寫作意圖、觀點態(tài)度。 (2)低頻考點：推斷下段內(nèi)容、文章出處、讀者對象。推理判斷題正確選項特征1．“立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推得。2．選項中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對概念。如only,never,all,absolutely等，正確答案的表述一般有一點模糊，會用一些相對能夠留有一些余地的詞匯，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,probably等。推理判斷題干擾選項特征1．曲解文意：即推測意義與文章表層意義有區(qū)別。推理判斷題中有些選項來自文章中的某一句或某幾句話，命題者可能會利用里面的詞設(shè)計出干擾項，看似表達(dá)文章的意思，其實是借題發(fā)揮，是對原文意思的曲解。2．張冠李戴：即把文章中作者的觀點與其他人的觀點混淆在一起。題干問的是作者的觀點，選項中出現(xiàn)的卻是其他人的觀點；題干問的是其他人的觀點，選項中卻出現(xiàn)了作者的觀點。3．偷梁換柱：干擾項用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞，卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個單詞，造成句意的改變。4．無中生有：這種類型的干擾項往往是基本的生活常識或普遍認(rèn)可的觀點，但在文章中并無相關(guān)的信息支撐點。其次，這種干擾項也有可能與設(shè)置的問題毫不相干。5．魚目混珠：魚目混珠類型的干擾項常出現(xiàn)在詞句理解類試題的選項中，即利用某個詞或句子的字面含義代替其在文章特定語境中的具體含義。6．?dāng)U縮范圍：為了準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)文章內(nèi)容，命題者特別注意對文意范圍的限定，有時通過加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等詞語對文意加以限制。“擴縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項中通過改變或去掉限制性詞語，將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變，從而給考生解題造成干擾的命題方法。詞義猜測類掌握詞句猜測題的考查角度(1)猜測生詞或熟詞生義；(2)猜測短語的意義；(3)猜測替代詞所替代的內(nèi)容(如it,one,they,this,that,these,those等)；(4)猜測句意。明確方法技巧（1）根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進行猜測（2）根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進行猜測（3）根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(前綴、后綴、派生、合成等)進行猜測（4）根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進行猜測（5）根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進行猜測（6）根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進行猜測（7）根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進行猜測（8）意義吻合定句意主旨大意類題型掌握主旨大意題的考查角度主旨大意類題型主要測試學(xué)生對文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。明確方法技巧1.閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題2.尋找文章的主題句主題句的特點是：1.相對于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來解釋，支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的。一POETRYCHALLENGEWriteapoemabouthowcourage,determination,andstrengthhavehelpedyoufacechallengesinyourlife.Prizes3GrandPrizes:TriptoWashington,D.C.foreachofthreewinners,aparentandoneotherpersonofthewinner’schoice.Tripincludesroundtripairtickets,hotelstayfortwonights,andtoursoftheNationalAirandSpaceMuseumandtheofficeofNationalGeographicWorld.6FirstPrizes:ThebookSkyPioneer:APhotobiographyofAmeliaEarhartsignedbyauthorCorinneSzaboandpilotLindaFinch.50HonorableMentions:Judgeswillchooseupto50honorablementionwinners,whowilleachreceiveaTshirtinmemoryofEarhart’sfinalflight.RulesFollowallrulescarefullytopreventdisqualification.■Writeapoemusing100wordsorfewer.Yourpoemcanbeanyformat,anynumberoflines.■Writebyhandortypeonasinglesheetofpaper.Youmayuseboththefrontandbackofthepaper.■Onthesamesheetofpaper,writeortypeyourname,address,telephonenumber,andbirthdate.■MailyourentrytousbyOctober31thisyear.1.Howmanypeoplecaneachgrandprizewinnertakeonthefreetrip?A.Two. B.Three. C.Four. D.Six.2.Whatwilleachofthehonorablementionwinnersget?A.Aplaneticket. B.AbookbyCorinneSzabo.C.AspecialTshirt. D.AphotoofAmeliaEarhart.3.Whichofthefollowingwillresultindisqualification?A.Typingyourpoemout. B.Writingapoemof120words.C.Usingbothsidesofthepaper. D.MailingyourentryonOctober30.【答案】13ACB【解析】本文為應(yīng)用文，內(nèi)容為詩歌競賽的規(guī)則和獎項。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)3GrandPrizes中第一句“TriptoWashington,D.C.foreachofthreewinners,aparentandoneotherpersonofthewinner'schoice.”可知，旅行可以攜帶兩個人，故選A。2.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)50HonorableMentions這一段“Judgeswillchooseupto50honorablementionwinners,whowilleachreceiveaTshirtinmemoryofEarhart'sfinalflight”，由此可知，紀(jì)念獎是送的T恤，故選C。3.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由Rules中“Followallrulescarefullytopreventdisqualification.Writeapoemusing100wordsorfewer.”，寫詩用詞不能超過100詞，故選B。二Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismotherinlaw,shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.FouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathreestoreyVictorianhouseinBristol——oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.“Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingatahouse,”saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:“WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit’sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismotherinlaw.”AndwhatdoesNickthink?“Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIremendit?Yes,IthinkIwould.”It’shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2002to419,000in2013.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremoremon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparents;manymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome,iftheyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of2534yearoldslivewiththeirparents,paredwith16%in1991.ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.Storieslikethataremoremoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband’sfamilywhentheygetmarried.4.WhomainlyusesthegroundfloorintheVictorianhouseinBristol?A.Nick. B.Rita. C.Kathryn D.Thedaughters.5.WhatisNick’sattitudetowardssharingthehousewithhismotherinlaw?A.Positive. B.Carefree. C.Tolerant. D.Unwilling.6.Whatistheauthor’sstatementaboutmultigenerationalfamilybasedon?A.Familytraditions. B.Financialreports. C.Publishedstatistics. D.Publicopinions.7.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries. B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain. D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.【答案】47BACD【解析】這是一篇新聞報道。短文報道了在英國，由于年輕人負(fù)擔(dān)不起離家的費用，而老年人又面臨著被孤立的風(fēng)險，越來越多的家庭選擇住在一起，出現(xiàn)了多世同堂的現(xiàn)象。4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.”可知，但Rita在一樓有自己的廚房、浴室、臥室和客廳。由此可知，Rita在布里斯托爾的維多利亞式住宅中使用一樓。故選B項。5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段“AndwhatdoesNickthink?“Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIremendit?Yes,IthinkIwould.”可知，尼克是怎么想的?“從我的角度來看，一切都很順利。我推薦它嗎?是的，我想我會推薦在一起居住的?！庇纱伺袛喑?，尼克對和和岳母合住房子的態(tài)度是積極的。故選A項。6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段“Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2002to419,000in2013.”官方報告顯示，三代同堂的家庭數(shù)量從2002年的32.5萬戶增加到2013年的41.9萬戶。根據(jù)第七段“Itissaidthatabout20%of2534yearoldslivewiththeirparents,paredwith16%in1991.ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.”可知，據(jù)說，2534歲的年輕人中有20%和父母住在一起，而1991年這一比例為16%。據(jù)估計，英國多代同堂的家庭總數(shù)約為180萬。由此可知，作者關(guān)于多世同堂家庭的論述基于發(fā)布的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)。故選C項。7.主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其根據(jù)第一段“Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.”可知，由于年輕人負(fù)擔(dān)不起離家的費用，而老年人又面臨著被孤立的風(fēng)險，越來越多的家庭選擇住在一起。所以短文主要是關(guān)于英國生活方式的一種上升趨勢。故選D項。三Inmyeverydaylife,Iamonanongoingjourneytofigureoutdifferentwaystoreducemycarbonfootprintontheplanet.Acarbonfootprintisthemeasureofinfluenceouractivitieshaveontheenvironment,inparticularclimatechange.Itiscalculatedbytheamountofgreenhousegasweproduceinourdailylives.Fortunately,nowadaysitismucheasiertomakeecofriendlylifestylechoicesthan,let'ssay,20yearsago.Butonequestionhasbeenonmymindalotlately:isitbettertobuynewecofriendlyproductsorusedtraditionallyproducedgoods?Afterdoingsomeresearch,Ihavedecidedthatsomethingsarebetternewandothersarebetterused.Letmetrytoexplain.Acarbonfootprintismadeupoftwoparts,theprimaryfootprintandthesecondaryfootprint.Theprimaryfootprintisameasureofourdirectemissions(排放)ofcarbondioxide(CO2)fromtheburningoffuels,includinghouseholdenergyconsumptionandtransportation.ThesecondaryfootprintisameasureoftheindirectCO2emissionsfromthewholelifecycleofproductsweuse—thoserelatedtotheirproductionandbreakdown.Basedonthisunderstanding,wehaveagooddealofcontrolandresponsibilityoverourcarbonfootprint.Thingslikedishes,clothesandfurniturefallintothe“secondaryfootprint”group,solessismoreandwecanfocusonfindingusedgoodstoavoidtheaddedproduction.However,forthecarandtheotherappliances(設(shè)備)thatweneedwecangowithnew,energysavingmodels.Iheardsomewherethatelectronicsandappliancesgiveoff90%oftheircarbonfootprintaftertheyleavethefactory.Soitseemsmostreasonabletogofortheenergysavingmodels.Themainconcernhereistheamountofenergythatgoesintothemakingofnewproductsandwhetherornotthatextracarbonisworththefootprinttheproductwillmakeonceitgetstoyou.8.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Whatappliancestobuytosaveenergy. B.Whatacarbonfootprintmeansinourlife.C.Howtoidentifydifferentcarbonfootprints. D.Howtomakeecofriendlylifestylechoices.9.Whatdoweknowaboutthesecondarycarbonfootprint?A.Itisrelatedtoourconsumptionoffuels. B.Itismadewhenwearebuyingtheproducts.C.Itislessharmfulthantheprimarycarbonfootprint. D.Itiscountedasoursthoughnotdirectlymadebyus.10.Whichofthefollowinghelpsreduceourcarbonfootprintaccordingtotheauthor?A.Usingsecondhandtextbooks. B.Usingoldandexpensivecars.C.Buyingnewbutcheapclothes. D.Buyingnewwoodenfurniture.11."Thefootprint"underlinedinthelastsentencereferstotheCO2producedin_______.A.usingtheproduct B.recyclingtheproductC.makingtheproduct D.transportingtheproduct【答案】811DDAC【解析】這是一篇說明文，介紹了作者在面對環(huán)保時的選擇：買新的環(huán)保產(chǎn)品還是舊的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品？針對這個問題，作者提出了碳足跡的概念并具體提出正確做法。8.主旨大意題。由文章第一段最后和第二段可知，作者最近有一個問題：是買新的環(huán)保產(chǎn)品還是用傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品更好？在做了一些研究之后，作者進行理論解釋和提出相應(yīng)建議，文章更重選擇那一類產(chǎn)品，而非什么樣的電器，故選D。9.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段可知，二次足跡是我們使用的與產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)和分解相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品的整個生命周期的間接二氧化碳排放量的度量，由間接可排除A，B不是購買而是且使用中的，C于文無據(jù)，D項最符合使用過程中間接產(chǎn)生二氧化碳的要求。10.推理判斷題。由文章第四段可知，像盤子、衣服和家具之類的東西屬于“二次足跡”組，很少會產(chǎn)生二次足跡，所以可以集中精力尋找二手貨，以避免增加生產(chǎn)，教科書就是屬于這種類型。故選A。11.詞義猜測題。選擇節(jié)能車型似乎最為合理，這里主要關(guān)心的是用于制造新產(chǎn)品的能源量，以及這些額外的碳是否值得產(chǎn)品在到達(dá)你面前時所產(chǎn)生的足跡，即是產(chǎn)品被創(chuàng)造出來而產(chǎn)生的碳足跡，與前面makingofnewproducts對應(yīng)。故選C。四Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourholidaylist,furprobablydidn'tcrossyourmind.Butsomeecologistsandfashion（時裝）enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria（海貍鼠）.UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguiltfreefurunlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear,”saysCreeMeCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.SomeofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheoneinBrooklynlastmonth.NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild.“Theecosystemdowntherecan'thandlethisnonnativespecies（物種）.It'sdestroyingtheenvironment.It'sthemorus,”saysMichaelMassimi,anexpertinthisfield.Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecatsizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit'snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear,sopartofMouton'sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.Thenthere'sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashions.ModelPaigeMorgansays,“Togivepeopleaguiltfreeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat'sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork.”DesignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletoearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.She'stryingtoeupwithalabeltoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitisecofriendly.12.WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn?A.Topromoteguiltfreefur. B.Toexpandthefashionmarket.C.Tointroduceanewbrand. D.Tocelebrateawinterholiday.13.Whyarescientistsconcernedaboutnutria?A.Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously. B.Nutriaareanendangeredspecies.C.Nutriahurtlocalcatsizedanimals. D.Nutriaareillegallyhunted.14.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean?A.Boomed. B.Becamemature.C.Remainedstable. D.Crashed.15.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It'sformal. B.It'srisky.C.It'sharmful. D.It'straditional.【答案】1215AADB【解析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了海貍鼠毛皮市場的發(fā)展及人們對穿著海貍鼠毛皮制成的不同風(fēng)格的時裝的各種觀點。12.考查推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到第二段“UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.”“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguiltfreefurunlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear…”，故選A。13.考查細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到第三段“ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.”和第四段“NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild‘Theecosystemdowntherecan'thandlethisnonnativespecies.It'sdestroyingtheenvironment…’”，故選A。14.考查詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句的后半部分“thecatsizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy…”（貓那么大小的動物瘋狂地繁殖），與之相反，海貍鼠市場在20世紀(jì)80年代末崩潰了，故選D。15.考查推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到最后一段“Togivepeopleaguiltfreeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat'sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork”，故選B。五Sacagaweawasnotafraid.Althoughshewasonly16yearsoldandtheonlyfemaleinanexplorationgroupofmorethan45people,shewasreadytocourageouslymakehermarkinAmericanhistory.In1803,PresidentThomasJeffersonboughtmorethan825,000squaremilesoflandfromFrance.Toexplorethisnewpartofthecountry,JeffersonsentLewisandWilliamClarkonatwoyearjourneytoreportonwhattheyfound.Theyneededlocalguidestohelpthemthroughthisunknownterritory.BorntoaShoshonechiefaround1788,Sacagaweahadbeenkidnapped(綁架)byanenemytribewhenshewasabout12,thensoldtoaFrenchCanadiantrapper.WhenthetrapperwashiredasaguideforLewisandClark'sexpeditionin1804,SacagaweaalsojoinedasaninterpretertotalktoNativeAmericanpeopleontheir8,000milejourney.Sacagaweasoonbecamearespectedmemberofthegroup.Shewasskilledatfindingplantsforfoodandmedicinetohelpkeeptheexplorersalive.Whenaboatcapsized(翻)ontheMissouriRiverastheywerecrossingintowhatisnowMontana,Sacagaweasavedimportantbooksandmuchneededsupplies.Whentheyneededhorsestocrossrougharea,sheconvincedaShoshonetribe—ledbyherlonglostbrother—togivethemsome.ShewassoesteemedbyLewisandClarkthatwhentheyreachedthePacificOceaninNovember1805,Sacagaweawasaskedtocasthervoteforwheretheyshouldbuildafort(營地).SacagaweaprovedherselfagainafterthegrouptookadifferentroutehomethroughwhatisnowIdaho.Astheypassedthroughherhomeland,SacagawearememberedShoshonetrailsfromherchildhoodandhelpedtheexpeditionfindtheirwaythrough.Clarkevenpraisedherashis“pilot”.ShereceivednopayforherservicesanddiedonDecember20,1812.ButSacagawea'sbraveryandskillliveonintheexpedition'sjournals,whicharefullofpraiseforthe16yearoldShoshonegirlwhoguidedthemostfamousAmericanexpeditionofalltime.16．WhydidtheexplorershireSacagawea?A．Todotrade. B．Tofighttheenemy.C．Tobesafer. D．Tohelpmunicate.17．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“esteemed”inParagraph4mean?A．Respected. B．Suspected.C．Influenced. D．Promoted.18．WhatdoyouthinkofSacagawea'sroleintheexpedition?A．Active. B．Irreplaceable.C．Tricky. D．Unreliable.19．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Aspecialhonor. B．Agreatexpedition.C．Anoutstandinggirl. D．Anunknownterritory.【答案】1619DABC【解析】這是一篇記敘文。文章講述女孩Sacagawea幫助探險隊成功探險的故事。16．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段SacagaweaalsojoinedasaninterpretertotalktoNativeAmericanpeopleontheir8,000milejourney.可知，探險家雇傭Sacagawea目的是幫助他們和當(dāng)?shù)赜〉诎踩私涣?。故選D。17．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)劃線單詞后半句whentheyreachedthePacificOceaninNovember1805,Sacagaweawasaskedtocasthervoteforwheretheyshouldbuildafort.當(dāng)他們在1805年11月到達(dá)太平洋時，Sacagawea被要求投票決定他們應(yīng)該在哪里建造營地?？赏浦琒acagawea受到Lewis和Clark

的尊敬，他們才會要求Sacagawea決定在哪里露營；由此可知，劃線單詞“esteemed”的意思是repected“尊敬”之意，故選A。18．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段描述SacagaweaprovedherselfagainafterthegrouptookadifferentroutehomethroughwhatisnowIdaho.…andhelpedtheexpeditionfindtheirwaythrough.Clarkevenpraisedherashis“pilot”.Sacagawea再次證明了自己的能力，她的團隊選擇了一條不同的路線，穿過現(xiàn)在的愛達(dá)荷州回家。當(dāng)他們經(jīng)過她的家鄉(xiāng)時，Sacagawea想起了她童年時在Shoshone部落留下的的足跡，并幫助探險隊找到了道路。Clark甚至稱贊她是他的“領(lǐng)航員”?？芍?，Sacagawea在探險活動的地位是無可替代的。故選B。19．主旨大意題。本文講述女孩Sacagawea幫助探險隊成功探險的故事，由此可知，Anoutstandinggirl.一個杰出的女孩。切題。故選C。一We'veallbeenthere,whenareallyessentialitemthatyouhadtoorderonlinearrivesinsuchanunbelievableamountofpackagingthatitmakesyoufeellikeit'sanunpreparedgameofpassingtheparcel.It'smadeevenworsebythefactthatsomeofthepackagingcan'tberecycled.Infact,10milliontonnesofpackagingwasteareproducedintheUKeveryyear.Alotofthisendsupinlandfill,two?thirdsofwhichcouldhaveinsteadbeenrecycled.Thegoodnews,however,isthathowpackagingwasteismanagedisinforaBIGshake?upinlinewiththe“polluterpaysprinciple”.Byplacingthemainpointofdutytopayonbrandowners,theywillbeencouragedtochoosemoresustainablepackagingoptionswhicharerecyclableandreusableasmuchaspossible.Otherwise,theywillhavetopayhigherfees.ThisisasystemknownasExtendedProducerResponsibility(EPR)—meaningthatthosewhohavecontroloverpackagingdesigndecisionswillbeencouragedtodotherightthingfortheplanetatthebeginningandconsiderwhathappensattheendofthepackaging'slifefromthestart.Whatthismeansisthatinsteadoflocalauthoritiespickingupthebillforhouseholdwastemanagement,panieswillhavetopayformanagingyourhouseholdpackagingwaste,andtheywillbemetwiththeassociatedlittlecoststoo.And,asanaddedbonus,thenewEPRlawsonpackagingwillalsomeanthatproducersarerequiredtoputclearmandatory(強制性的)labellingonpackaging.Forexample,thiscouldbe“RECYCLE”or“DONOTRECYCLE”.Ofcourse,wehopethatthe“DONOTRECYCLE”categorylabellingistheminority.Itisaimedthatby2030,78%ofpackagingwillberecycledintheUK.1.Whatcanweknowfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Two?thirdsofpackagingwasteisrecycled.B.Over?packagingisoftenthecaseinlife.C.Thequalityofgoodscannotbeguaranteed.D.Onlineshoppingisgettinglesspopular.2.Whowillberesponsibleforpayingpackagingwastecostsaccordingtothelaw?A.Designers. B.Producers.C.Customers. D.Localauthorities.3.WhatcantheEPRlawsleadthebrandownerstodo?A.Payhighertaxesandrecyclepackagingwaste.B.Putclearlabellingonpackagingandpromotesales.C.Cutpackagingwasteandimprovepackagingrecycling.D.Followthepackagingdesigntrendandtherightthings.4.Whatcanbelearnedabouttheitemsorderedonlineinthefuture?A.Theirlabellingonpackagingwillbesimpleandgenerous.B.Themajorityoftheirpackagingneedn'tberecycled.C.Theywillbeofhighqualityandinexpensive.D.They'llarriveintherightamountofrecyclablepackaging.[語篇解讀]語篇類型:說明文。主題語境:人與自然。主旨:為應(yīng)對過度包裝和包裝不能回收利用的問題而制定的環(huán)保政策EPR和它可能帶來的影響與作用。1.B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“insuchanunbelievableamountofpackaging”和第二段中“10milliontonnesofpackagingwasteareproducedintheUKeveryyear”可推知,第一、二段告訴我們過度包裝在生活中是常有的事。2.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“inlinewiththe‘polluterpaysprinciple’”和第五段中“panieswillhavetopayformanagingyourhouseholdpackagingwaste”可知,按照新的法律,污染者,即產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者,將負(fù)責(zé)支付包裝垃圾處理費用。3.C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“theywillbeencouragedtochoosemoresustainablepackagingoptionswhicharerecyclableandreusable”和最后一段中“thenewEPRlawsonpackagingwillalsomeanthatproducersarerequiredtoputclearmandatory(強制性的)labellingonpackaging”可知,新的EPR法令會促使品牌所有者減少包裝浪費,改善包裝回收利用狀況。4.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中“Ofcourse,wehopethatthe‘DONOTRECYCLE’categorylabellingistheminority.Itisaimedthatby2030,78%ofpackagingwillberecycledintheUK.”可推知,未來網(wǎng)上訂購的商品將用合適數(shù)量的可回收包裝打包遞送。二ChinesescientistshaveidentifiedanewproteinthatrestrictsHIVinfection,adiscoverythatcouldpavethewayforthedevelopmentofnewdrugsagainstthevirus.Theprotein,P?selectinglycoproteinligand1(PSGL?1),whichexistsinhumancells,caninhibit(抑制)theprocessbywhichHIVreproduces,accordingtoresearchpublishedinthesciencejournalNatureMicrobiologythismonth.However,thestudyalsoshowedthatPSGL?1canbenegativelyaffectedbyVpu—anaccessory(附屬)proteinofHIV—whichcanneutralizetheabilityofPSGL?1toresistHIV.FurtherresearchisunderwaytodevelopadrugthatcaninhibittheHIVproteinsothatPSGL?1canrestrictHIV,accordingtoTanXu,aresearcheratTsinghuaUniversity'sSchoolofPharmaceuticalSciences,aleadingauthorofthestudy.SeveralotherproteinsinhumancellsthatcouldresistHIVhavebeendiscoveredoverthepast10years,buttheviruscanalsoevade(避開)them.PSGL?1showsparticularpromiseinthatitcaninhibitHIVinmultipleways—especiallybyblockingtheinfectiousnessofvirusoffspring,Tansaid.“Wearestartingtoresearchintosmallmolecule(分子)poundsinthehopeoffindingonethatcanrestorePSGL?1'santi?HIVfunction.Inthisway,wecandevelopaveryeffectiveantiviraldrugforpeoplewithHIV/AIDS,”hesaid.Tansaiditwillrequireatleastthreetofiveyearsfortheresearchtoreachthepreclinicalstage,andmoretimeafterthatbeforeaclinicaltrialispossible.TheresearchwasconductedbyresearchersatTsinghuaUniversityinBeijing,FudanUniversityinShanghaiandGeorgeMasonUniversityintheUnitedStates.ExistingtreatmentmethodsforpeoplewithHIV/AIDS,whichmostlyrelyonabinationofdifferentdrugs,canpreventthediseasefromprogressingbutcannotcureit,andlong?termuseofdrugscanresultindrugresistance.Anestimated37millionpeopleintheworldlivewithHIV,accordingtotheJointUnitedNationsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS.Thestudyprovidesnewleadstodevelopingantiviraldrugs,TsinghuaUniversitysaidinastatement.1.WhatcanwelearnaboutPSGL?1fromthepassage?A.BoththeproteinPSGL?1andtheproteinVpuareHIVproteins.B.PSGL?1canrestrictthefunctionoftheproteinVpu.C.PSGL?1'smoleculepoundshavebeenidentified.D.TheproteinPSGL?1functionsbetterthanothersinresistingHIV.2.Whatcanweinferfromthelastthreeparagraphs?A.TheexistingtreatmentforAIDSarefarfromperfect.B.Itwillbeadecadebeforetheantiviraldrugsisputonthemarket.C.Americanscientistsplayedaleadingroleintheresearch.D.HIV/AIDSwillnolongerbeadeadlyproblemowingtothenewdiscovery.3.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.ThereisalongwaytogobeforecuringAIDS.B.MorepeoplearefacedwiththethreatofHIV.C.ChinesescientistsareleadingthewayincuringAIDS.D.AnewproteintoresistHIVwasconfirmedbyscientists.4.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Aguidebook. B.Afiction.C.Amagazine. D.Abrochure.[語篇解讀]語篇類型:說明文。主題語境:人與社會。主旨:中國科學(xué)家新發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種可以抑制艾滋病病毒感染的蛋白質(zhì),這可能為研發(fā)抗艾滋病病毒的新藥品開辟路徑。1.D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“PSGL?1showsparticularpromiseinthatitcaninhibitHIVinmultipleways—especiallybyblockingtheinfectiousnessofvirusoffspring,Tansaid.”可知,PSGL?1具有多種抗艾滋病病毒功能,展現(xiàn)良好的前景——尤其能抑制新生病毒的傳染性。故PSGL?1蛋白在抵抗艾滋病病毒方面比其他蛋白功能更好。2.A推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段“ExistingtreatmentmethodsforpeoplewithHIV/AIDS,whichmostlyrelyonabinationofdifferentdrugs,canpreventthediseasefromprogressingbutcannotcureit,andlong?termuseofdrugscanresultindrugresistance.”可知,目前艾滋病的治療方式是多種藥物的結(jié)合,往往治標(biāo)不治本,長期使用還會讓人產(chǎn)生抗藥性,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)稱不上完美。3.D主旨要義題。根據(jù)文章第一句中“ChinesescientistshaveidentifiedanewproteinthatrestrictsHIVinfection”和下文內(nèi)容可知,文章大意為科學(xué)家證實了一種新的抗艾滋病病毒的蛋白質(zhì)。4.C推理判斷題。本文主要講述中國科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種新的抗艾滋病病毒的蛋白質(zhì),以及其后續(xù)的研究和影響。所以本文最有可能來自雜志。三ThevillageofMisfatAlAbriyeenhaschangeditsfortunesbytransformingmud?brickhomesintofinehotels.Thevillageof800people,locatedonthecliffsofOman's“GrandCanyon”,openeditsnarrowstreetsyearsagotoforeignersandlocalsseekingadventureinthedesertsandgreencornersoftheGulfarea.VillagerYacoubAl?Abrisaiditallstartedin2010whenhisunclesuggestedtheytakeanotherlookatthemudhousesthathadlainignoredforyearsintheancientsettlementaboutthreehours'drivefromthecapitalMuscat.Theownershadabandonedthecenturies?oldhomes,fearingtheycouldtopple,andmovedtotheoppositesideofthevillagewheretheybuiltnewacmodation.Thebrown?walledhomes,madeofmudbrickswithpalm?leaveroofs,wereturnedintosimplebutelegantinnswithwoodfurnitureandhandcraftsmadeusingskillshandeddownfromtheirancestors.“Westartedwithonlyfiverooms,thenweincreasedthenumberandboughtotheroldhouses.Todaywehave15roomsandthereareplanstocontinueexpandinguntilwereach50,”Al?Abrisaid.Atanaltitudeofmorethan1,000meters,thetinyvillagewhichishometohistribeisacharmingcollectionoftraditionalhouseslocatedalongdozensofsmallalleys(小巷)overlookinglandsburstingwithbananaplantsandcitrusandpalmtrees.ItispartofaregionknownastheGrandCanyonofOmanwheretouristscanhiketherockymountainsandvalleys,andexploretheoldwaysoflocalpeople.Theregionisalsofamedforitscenturies?oldstoriesthatarestillwidelytoldinsimilarvillagesacrossthecountry.Renoda,aDutchpsychologistlivinginMuscat,wasvisitingwiththreeofherfriends.“It'sperhapsthe10thtimethatIhavevisitedthishotelsincelastyear.Iehereforanightortwoeverymonthseekingcalm,relaxationandfort,”shetoldAFP.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“topple”inparagraph2mean?A.Move. B.Fall.C.Disappear. D.Shrink.2.Whataretheroomsofthevillagehotelslike?A.Splendid. B.Outdated.C.Ordinary. D.Traditional.3.Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A.Theuniquelifestyleofthelocalpeople.B.Thespecialsituationofthesmallvillage.C.Thereasonsforthepopularityofthevillage.D.Theintroductionofthehistoryofthevillage.4.WhatcanbeinferredaboutRenoda?A.Shelivesastressfullifeinthecity.B.Sheenjoysadventuroustraveling.C.Visitingthevillagersispartofherwork.D.Shewantstoliveinthishotelper